homework text book: read pages 264-266. do questions 1-5 on page 266. review book: read pages 83-85....
TRANSCRIPT
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HOMEWORK
• Text Book: Read pages 264-266. Do questions 1-5 on page 266.
• Review Book: Read pages 83-85. Do questions 17-23 on page 85.
• Write out questions and answers.
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HOW DO SOILS FORM?
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How Do Soils Form?
• Soil is a mixture of weathered rock, microorganisms, and organic remains that usually covers the bedrock.
• The composition of the soil depends on the rocks from which they weathered and the local climate.
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How is soil created from rock?
• Physical weathering breaks solid rock into small particles.
• Chemical weathering changes the minerals, often increasing the clay content.
• Plants and animals add organic materials in the form of waste products and the remains of dead organisms.
• Therefore, soil is the result of mechanical and chemical weathering and biological activity over long periods of time.
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How do we classify where a soil is formed?
• The material from which a soil is formed is called a its Parent Material.
• Based on the soil’s parent material, soil can be classified as either a residual or transported soil.
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Soil Composition
• The parent bedrock determines what kinds of minerals a soil contains.
• The parent rock and climatic conditions of an area determine the length of time it takes for soil to form.
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Describing the Soil Types
• Because climatic conditions are the main influence on soil development, soils are often classified based on the climates in which they form.
• The four major types of soil are polar, temperate, desert, and tropical.
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Soil Types
Polar Soils– Polar soils form at high latitudes and high
elevations in places such as Greenland, Canada, and Antarctica.
– These soils have good drainage but no distinct horizons because they are very shallow, sometimes only a few centimeters deep.
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Soil Types
Temperate Soils– Temperate soils vary greatly and are able to
support such diverse environments as forests, grasslands, and prairies.
– The specific amount of rainfall in an area determines the type of vegetation that will grow in temperate soils.
– Grasslands, which have an abundance of humus, are characterized by rich, fertile, soils.
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Soil Types
Desert Soils– Deserts receive low levels of precipitation.
– Desert soils often have a high level of accumulated salts and can support only a limited amount of vegetation.
– Desert soils have little or no organic matter and a very thin A horizon, but they often have abundant nutrients.
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Soil Types
Tropical Soils– Tropical areas experience high temperatures
and heavy rainfall, leading to the development of intensely weathered and often infertile soil.
– The intense weathering combined with a high degree of bacterial activity leave tropical soils with very little humus and very few nutrients.
– These soils experience much leaching of soluble materials, such as calcite and silica, but they have high concentrations of iron and aluminum.
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Soil Types
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Soil Profiles
• A soil profile is the vertical sequence of soil layers.
• A soil horizon is a distinct layer, or zone, within a soil profile.
• There are three major soil horizons: A, B, and C.
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Soil Profiles
• A soil profile is a vertical cross section of the soil that displays the horizons.
• Soil horizons are layers within the profile that result from soil forming processes.
• The horizons can differ in texture, structure, color, development, and parent material.
• The horizons are named based on their textural, color, and structural properties.
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Soil Horizons
– Horizon A contains high concentrations of organic matter and humus.
– Horizon B contains subsoils that are enriched with clay minerals.
– Horizon C, below horizon B and directly above solid bedrock, contains weathered parent material.
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Soil Horizons
• In mature soils, three distinct zones or soil horizons can be seen in the soil profile.
• The O horizon has a very high accumulation of organic matter above the mineral portion of the soil.
• The A horizon, called topsoil, has a high accumulation of organic matter and tends to be very dark in color because it usually contains Humus.
• Humus is organic matter that forms from decayed plants and animals.
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Soil Horizons
• The B horizon begins with the subsoil. The subsoil is usually red or brown from the iron-oxides that formed in the A horizon and were washed down into the B horizon. It is a zone of clay accumulation.
• The C horizon is composed of weathered unconsolidated parent material.
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Typical New York State
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Section Assessment1. Match the following terms with their
definitions.___ residual soil
___ transported soil
___ soil profile
___ soil horizon
A. the vertical sequence of soil layers
B. soil located above its parent material
C. a distinct layer, or zone, within the vertical sequence of soil layers
D. soil that has been moved to a location away from its parent bedrock
C
A
D
B
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Section Assessment
2. What differences would you expect to find between soil profiles taken from a slope and a valley floor?
Soils on slopes tend to be thin, course, and infertile, whereas soils formed in valleys tend to be thick and fertile.