honey production and marketing overview · v. viji kumar1, dr. n. gladstone joy2 1research scholar,...

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Volume-7, Issue-6, November-December 2017

International Journal of Engineering and Management Research

Page Number: 30-42

Honey Production and Marketing – Overview

V. Viji Kumar1, Dr. N. Gladstone Joy

2

1Research Scholar, Commerce, Manonmaniyam Sundaranar University, Tamilnadu, INDIA

2Associate Professor, Commerce, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam, Tamilnadu, INDIA

ABSTRACT In this article we describe the production and

marketing of honey - overview. In past societies, honey was

great importance, particularly for its medicinal purposes.

Today, honey is produced is almost every country of the

world, with 90 per cent being eaten directly as table honey.

The remaining 10 percent is used as an ingredient in a diverse

range of products. Beekeeping is an essential and increasingly

commercial activity the purpose of which to increase revenue

earning capacity. Directly through hive products and,

indirectly through the provision of pollination services. In

this article we describe the production problems and

marketing problems in global level. It is this globalization of

apiculture and the fierce drive of competition that has caused

many of the problems and difficulties that face today

beekeepers.

Keywords-- Marketing, Production, Energy

I. INTRODUCTION

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Honey production is a traditional industry like

other village industries scientific and modern beekeeping

is of recent origin in India.

Honey production is an ideal activity for

development and subsidiary occupation in agriculture in a

country like India. It provides supplementary income to a

large number of rural hilly and tribal population and also

for horticulturists and agriculture because of rich flora

available in abundance in rural area.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To review the honey industry.

To study the production aspects of honey

To study the Marketing aspects of honey

To find out the problems of productions and

marketing of honey

To offer suggestions for the improvements of

honey industry

REVIEW OF THE STUDY

Review of literature is needed for making a

worthwhile contribution to the field in which the study is

undertaken. Review of related literature is essential to keep

updating the field of research. Knowledge of related

research enables the researcher to define the frontiers of

his field. Through analyzing related research one learns

procedures and instruments have proved useful and which

seem less promising.

The study of related literature places the

researcher in a better position to interpret the significance

of the results obtained by him. Further, review of literature

helps in understanding the nature of the research

investigation and provides evidence that the researcher is

familiar with what has been already known. As the

effective research is based upon the past knowledge a

survey of past literature helps to eliminate the duplication

of what has been already done. A brief resume of various

related literature is presented in this Research.

Raghavan, T.L., in his article, “Honey and its

bounty” points out that honey is the optimum utilization of

available resource for improving the profitability of the

sugar industry. The author deserves accolade for his right

perspective of human problem in industry and success was

due to his own individual personality and leadership

qualities.

Harbert Mace in his article “The Bee Keeper‟s

hand book” Point out that the strength of the colony and

other factors. The greater production of surplus honey

when bees are provided with ready built comb shows that

wax is costly to produce. Even it wax secretion is, as some

think, Quite in voluntary, it is obviously encouraged by

retention of food in the stomach and so long as cells are

ready to receive honey, bees do not retain it long.

Verma, L.R., in his article “Beekeeping in

integrated mountain development,” explains honey has a

tendency to granulate during storage because of its high

glucose content which during prolonged storage undergoes

a process of crystallization. Although, granulation does not

affect the taste, such honey does not affect good price in



the market because consumers suspect that granulated

honeys have been adulterated with the addition of table

sugar, and sucrose.

Peter S. Singh in his article “computer whiz takes

up beekeeping” points out that computerized scientific and

optimal management of bee colony has helped change the

honey yield and its quality. When he comes up with his

“Expert system” on apiaries which he is currently working

on , it would be the first of its kind”.

Sidhu J.S and G.S. Monder in their article “Honey

the untapped potential”, points out that it will require

stringent efforts on the part of the government to realize

this natural potential. This direction is to create awareness

amongst small and marginal farmers, processors and

consumers regarding benefits of honey production as well

as consumption for this purpose the co ordinate efforts of

all agricultural extension agencies along with media are

needed

Punitha, K., in his research work “ Marketing of

honey in kanyakumari district” points out that in

kanyakumari district with its ever green forest, beekeeping

is a main occupation and its is low cost technology with

high potentials for economic returns. Beekeeping is also

done at the house hold and commercial level to generate

additional income and employment.

Sharma, B.S., and Ramesh Chand in their article,

“Diversification and employment through apiculture”,

points out that the goal of expansion of beekeeping activity

is tenable, when we look at the present level of per capital

consumption of honey in our country. It appears that the

increased production will easily be absorbed by the

domestic demand.

Dr. E. Raja Justus in his articles, “ Bee- keeping

industry in Tamil Nadu” points out that Bee- keeping is a

profitable industry when compared with other village

industries. The Bee- keeping industry in Tamil Nadu is

showing increasing trend as far as employment is

concerned. The value of production of the Bee-keeping

industry in Tamil Nadu is constantly increasing. This is a

good sign of development and growth of the industry”.

Nisha and K.K. Kaushik in their articles, “ Bee-

keeping A case study” points out that Bee-keeping is

considered a labourintersive industry which requires little

capital and is extremely easy to establish. Bee-keeping

besides providing support to visit own industry by

providing secondary product, Bee-keeping is an income

generating activity for tenant farmers, land less people

farm laborers who have no access to land for the purpose

of farming for themselves”

II. HISTORICAL OF HONEY IN INDIA

India is a vast country with varied climates and

ecological conditions ranging from tropical tosub-tropical

in its southern, central and eastern regions, from sub-

operate to temperatealong its north and north west and

semi arid to desert conditions towards the west. The

majorgeographical regions facilitating beekeeping

development are classified into: 1) Southernpeninsular

region; 2) North east region; 3) Indo-Gangetic plains; and

4) Northern hill region.

The geographical position of India and the related

agro-climatic condition favor the growth ofa wide variety

of flora -natural and cultivated. The extensive area of

forest and millions ofacres of cultivated land sustains a

large proportion of insects and honeybees. Due to

diversityin flora, topography and activities of people,

beekeeping and management is diverse.Beekeeping in

India has been adapted to various ecosystems,

socioeconomic profiles andhabitat preferences. India has

four native species of honeybees and has also introduced

exotic specie.

The main harvest of honey is from following

species

Apisceranaor the Asiatic honey bee (or the Eastern

honey bee): Apiscerana beekeeping is practiced in India

since time immemorial. It is a good pollinator, and has

survival capacity due to the co-evolution of native floral

sources, pests and predators accustomed to the same

climatic conditions. Beekeeping with Apisceranais largely

practiced in Southern and Central India.

Apisdorsata (the rock bee or giant bee):

Apisdorsatacontributes a large share of honey production

in India. It is found in foothills of Himalayas and

orthernregionsofthe country. In central India in the forests

and plains large number of Apisdorsatacolonies are present

from which the tribals collect large amount of honey.

TheSunderban forests in West Bengal and Southern part of

India are also rich in Apisdorsata.

Apisflorea (Little bee): It is common in central part of

India, occurs in arid and desertregion of extreme climates,

and also in plains and forests. A large quantity of

Apisfloraehoney is collected from the Kutch area of

Gujarat.

Trigonairridipennis (Dammar bee): It is common in all

parts of the country. It is a verysmall bee and collects

nectar from small flowers. Since the quantity of honey

produced is small, these bees are not commercially used. It

is a very important crop pollinator and the honey has

repute in folk medicine.

Apismellifera (European honey bee or western honey

bee): It is an exotic speciesimported initially to Punjab

from Western Countries and has become popular

amongcommercial beekeepers because of its higher honey

yield. The melliferagraduallyspreads to Himachal, Bihar,

Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and recently to Kerala,

Karnataka and Maharashtra. Currently, largest amount of

honey is produced fromApismellifera.

India can be divided into the following four major

bee species regions.



Figure No: 1 - Bee species regions

Regions

Bee species

North

Delhi

Uttar Pradesh

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Uttarakhand

Jammu and Kashmir

APIS MELLIFERA

(The Europen or Italian bee)

APIS CeranaIndica

(The India hive bee)

South

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Kerala

TamilNadu

Pondicherry

Andaman and Nicobar

APIS CeranaIndica

(The Indian hive bee)

East

Bihar and West Bengal

Orissa

Chhattisgarh

Jharkhand

All North Eastern States(8) .

APIS MELLIFERA

APIS CeranaIndica

(The Indian hive bees)

West

Rajasthan

Gujarat

Mahatashtra

Mahya Pradesh

Goa

APIS MELLIFERA

(The European or Italian bee)

APIS CeranaIndica

(The India hive bee)

Data:Secondary data

Production of honey has been the major aim of

the industry. Modern beekeeping also includes production

of bees wax bee collected pollen, bee venom, royal jelly,

propolis has also of package bees, queen bees and nucleus

colonies, All these are possible only with a proper

management of bees utilizing the local plant resources and

adapting to the local climatic conditions modern

beekeeping makes heavy use of bee keeping equipment

and honey processing plant. By the advent of modern

beekeeping in India many new organization have come up

.organization like TNAU, the YMCA, KHADI,

COPERATIVE SOCIETIES, and NGO‟S.

Organizations to promote Apiculture in India:

Khadi and village Industries Commission (KVIC)

Directly Aided Organization

All India Beekeeper‟s Association

Department of Agriculture and colleges

Kvk .krishivigyankendr

YMCA –young Men‟s Christian Association

Honey Co-operative Society

National Bee Board

Private Apicultural Farms.

Major sources of production of honey in India:

The major sources of production of honey in india

are soapnut, coriander, niger, mixed forest flora, mustard,

citrus, litchi, karanj, mustard mixed flora, cashew,

eucalyptus, barseem, sunflower, acasia, sulah, orchard

flora, rubber, coffee, angula, cardmom, coconut,janun,

halda, gela orange, and tamarind.



Major sources of production of honey in different states

Sl No. State Major sources(Flowers)

1 Andhra Pradesh Soapnut, coriander, Watermelon, niger, tamarind

2 Arunachal Pradesh Mixed forest flora

3 Assam Mustard, Citrus. Mixed flora

4 Goa Cashew nad other plantation mixed

5 Gujarat Mixed cultivated and forest flora

6 Haryana Mustard, eucalyptus, barsseem, sunflower

7 Himalchal Pradesh Acacia, sulah, orchard flora

8 Jammu and Kashmir Acacia, sulah, orchard flora

9 Gujarat Mixed cultivated and forest flora

10 Karnataka Rubber coffee, anagula, mixed forest flora

11 Kerala Rubber,cardamom coconut, forest flora

12 Madhya pradesh Cultivated and forest flora

13 Maharashtra Jamum, Harda, gela Forest flora

14 Manipur Citrus and forest flora

15 Meghalya Orange and forest flora

16 Mizoram Forest flora

17 Nagland Forestt flora

18 Orissa Mustard forest flora

19 Punjab Mustard, eucalyptus, barseem, sunflower

20 Rajasthan Cultivated and forest flora

21 Sikkim Orchard and mixed forest flora

22 Tamilnadu Rubber cardamom, tamarind forest flora, cashew,naval

23 Tripura Rubber and forest flora

24 Bihar Mustard, eucalyptus, barseem, sunflowers

25 Uttar Pradesh Mustard, eucalyptus, barseem,sunflowers

26 West Bengal Mustard, litchi and forest flowers

27 Delhi Cultivated flora

28 Pondichery Cultivated flora

Source: Secondary data - KVIC

III. HONEY PRODUCTION IN INDIA

Beekeeping as a cottage or a village industry has

been promoted in India since the beginning of this century.

Many states governments and Non-government

organizations prepare and execute development

programmers for the development of beekeeping in India.

Honey production in India:

Year IN 000’MT

2001-02 10

2002-03 10

2003-04 10

2004-05 10

2005-06 52

2006-07 51

2007-08 65

2008-09 65

2009-10 65

2010-11 112

2011-2012 84

2012-2013 92

2013-2014 76



2014-2015 81

2015-2016 89

Source: secondary data: Indian horticulture database 2016

Table 1 shows the production of honey in India

during the period from 2001-2002 to 2015-2016.

In the year 2001 to 2002 honey production was 10

metric tons. It increased to 52 metric tons 2005 to 2007.

This study shows that an increase in honey production was

very little over the years. That is total honey production

increased from 112 metric tons in 2010-2011

Figure: 1 Honey production

Just 4 States-West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab

and Bihar contributed about 61% to the country‟s honey

production in 2015-16.Based on potential of production

the sates categorized under „High Potential‟ are Punjab,

WB, Bihar, Kerala, Karnataka, UP, TN &Uttarakhand. The

National Commission on Agriculture had visualized the

need for deploying about 150 million Bee colonies for

pollinating 12 major agricultural crops in the country.

Presently, 200million Bee colonies are required for

enhancing their yield which will provide employment to

215 lakh persons and produce 10 million tons of honey and

increase in crop production.

IV. HONEY EXPORT AND IMPORT IN

INDIA

Table No: 2 Honey Export and import in India

YEAR

EXPORT(IN

000‟MT) IMPORT(IN 000‟MT)

2000 2 1.2

2001 3 1.1

2002 7 3.4

2003 7 0.2

2004 10 2.6

2005 17 0.5

2006 8 1

2007 12 2.5

2008 16 2.8



2009 13 1.1

2010 23 2.4

2011 29 0.09

2012 25 1.3

2013 30 0.3

2014 28 0.3

2015 30 0.8

2016 38 0.4

Data –secondary data: Indian horticulture database 2016

The export and import of Indian honey to foreign

countries in the year 2000 to 2016 is given Table: 2.

India is one of the major exporters of honey.

Major destinations included USA, Saudi Arabia, UAE,

Morocco, Bangladesh; Canada etc. In 2015-16 India

exported 38.2 thousand MT of honey valued at ₹ 706

corers.

Secondary data: Indian horticulture database 2016

V. HEALTH BENEFITS IN HONEY

The main uses of honey are in cooking, baking, as

a spread on breads, and as an addition to Various

beverages such as tea and as a sweetener in some

commercial beverages. Honey Can be used as instant

energizer as it contains sugars which are quickly absorbed

by our Digestive system and converted into energy.

In Ayurveda honey is called as "Yogavahi",

substance which has the quality of penetrating the Deepest

tissue. When honey is used with other herbal preparations

it enhances the medicinal Qualities of those preparations

and also helps them to reach the deeper tissues. Honey is

also Used as a medicine because of its antioxidant and

antibacterial properties.

Honey Nutritional value per 100 Gram

Energy 1,272kj(304)Kcal

Carbohydrates 82.4g

Sugars 82.12g

Dietary fiber 0.2g

Fat 0

Protein 0.3g



Water 17.10g

Vit.B2 0.038mg

Vit.B3 0.121mg

Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.068mg

Vit.B6 0.024mg

Folate(vit B9) 2µg

Vit.C 0.5mg

Calcium 6mg

Iron 0.42mg

Magnesium 2mg

Phosphorus 4mg

Potassium 52mg

Sodium 4mg

Zinc 0.22mg

Source: secondary data- USDA Nutrient database

Problems of honey production

Lack of crop diversification

Less area under horticulture and vegetables

Less area under tree cover

Floral scarcity/ Death period

Wrongly placed colonies in an apiary.

Burning of straw

Use of Chemicals in Agriculture

Lack of awareness regarding pollination

Honey bee diseases, pests and enemies

Lack of management techniques

Bee behavior, hives and beekeeping equipments

Bee forage

Examination of colonies

Bee Nutrition

Queen Rearing

Hive products

Cleaningnes and arrangement of apiaries

Lack of regional research centre.

Non-availability of infrastructure for producing

genetically-superior Queen Bees for supply to

beekeepers

Lack of technical knowledge for efficient

management of bee colonies for higher honey

yield

Insufficient research for disease Management and

control

Non-availability of finance

Failure in creating consumer Awareness about

honey and its products

De-forestation

Indiscriminate uses of insecticides, Pesticides

Global warming and periodic Changes in climatic

conditions.

Weather

Plants as nectar and pollen sources for honey bees

Honey bee health

Knowledge of bee keepers and community

Problems of honey marketing

Demand of consumers

Competition

Lack of awareness of honey

Brand name, Packaging

Lack of bargaining power

Lack of organizational support.

Lack of Transport

Lack of communication possibilities

No product promotions

Lack of Advertisement

Low production

Low product price (honey and honey products)

Poor quality of honey

Lack of skilled between buyers

Poor linkages between buyers

No market information

Lack of agmark( Without Agmark the honey is

not commercially recognized)

Poor market access

Lack of storage facilities

Location problem

Season problem

Intermediate charges

Geography of origin

Quality of management

Legislation, regulations from honey importers

Demand of consumers

Competition.

VI. CHI SQUARE ANALYSIS

The Chi square test shows the association

between one variable with another variable and results in

analyzing a hypothesis. The hypothesis is accepted or

rejected according to its significance level.

The study is based on this result:



If P value > 0.05 – Not Significant at 5% level

If P value < 0.05 – Significant at 5% level

Totally twenty five variables were taken and five

point scale was used to measure the level of marketing

problems of honey production in Tamil Nadu District. The

master table is prepared with help of micro soft excel and

uploaded to SPSS software for further analysis. The mean

and SD were calculated (Mean 111.35 ; SD 8.377) and the

total score of level of marketing problems of honey is

divided into three categories i.e, low, medium and high.

The total score upto 102.97 were grouped as low level of

marketing problems; the source between 102.98 and

119.72 were grouped as medium level of marketing

problems ; and the total score above 119.72 were grouped

as high level of marketing problems. The range is between

75 and 125. Eighty nine respondents had low level of

marketing problems, four hundred and twenty one

respondents had medium level of marketing problems and

the remaining ninety respondents had high level of

marketing problems.

In order to find out the influence of various

independent variables relating to the sample respondents

such as Age group and the level of problems of honey

marketing these null hypotheses were tested with the help

of Chi – square test and the result of the same is presented

after the concern cross table.

Table No: 1

Age group and the Level of problems of honey marketing in Tamil Nadu

Sl.

No. Age Group

Number of

beekeepers Mean SD

Level of Problems of Honey Marketing

Low Medium High

1 up to 40 years 112

(18.7%) 107.73 9.344

37

(33.0%)

60

(53.6%)

15

(13.4%)

2 41 years to 50

years

291

(48.5%) 110.87 8.764

44

(15.1%)

208

(71.5%)

39

(13.4%)

3 51 years to 60

years

91

(15.2%) 113.25 5.476

2

(2.2%)

78

(85.7%)

11

(12.1%)

4 Above 60 years 106

(17.6%) 114.88 6.314

6

(5.7%)

75

(70.8%) 25

(23.6%)

Total 600 111.35 8.377

89

(14.8%)

421

(70.2%)

90

(15.0%)

Table 1 shows that One hundred and twelve

(18.7%) beekeepers are come under the age group of 31

years to 40 years, two hundred and ninety one (48.5%)

beekeepers are come under the age group of 41 years to 50

years. Ninety one (15.2%) beekeepers are come under the

age group of 51 years to 60 years and the remaining one

hundred and six (17.6%) beekeepers are come under the

age group of above 60 years. Majority (48.5%)

beekeepers are come under the age group of 41 years to 50

years. there are no such beekeepers are there the age group

of upto 30 years. the highest mean score belongs to the

age group of above 60 years and the lowest SD belongs to

the age group of 51 years to 60 years.

Table 1 reveals that the percentage of the low

level of problems of honey marketing in Tamil Nadu is the

lowest (2.2%) among the age group of 51 years to 60

years. At the same time the percentage of the high level

(23.6%) of problems of honey marketing in Tamil Nadu

among the age group of above 60 years. Hence, it can be

inferred that the relationship between the age group of the

beekeepers and the level problems of honey marketing is

not significant.

VII. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

(ANOVA)

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a hypothesis-

testing technique used to test the equality of two or more

population means by examining the variances of samples

that are taken. ANOVA allows one to determine whether

the differences between the samples are simply due to

random error whether there are systematic treatment

effects that cause the mean in one group to differ from the

mean in another.ANOVA is based on comparing the

variance (or variation) between the data samples to

variation within each particular sample. If the between

variation is much larger than the within variation, the

means of different samples will not be equal. If the

between and within variations are approximately the same

size, then there will be no significant difference between

sample means.

HYPOTHESIS

The following are the hypothesis framed by the

researcher to find out the different exists.

H1 : There is no significant variance between the age group

and Honey Demand and Supply of the sample respondents

and the Level of problems of honey production.



Table: 3

Age group and the Level of problems of honey marketing

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F P- Value

Between Groups 8.701 3 2.900 10.151

0.001

Within Groups 170.297 596 .286

Total 178.998 599

Table 3 the calculated P- value (0.001) is less

than 0.05 at 5% significant level. Therefore null

hypothesis is rejected. It is concluded from the above

analysis that there is significant variance between the age

group of the sample beekeepers and the Level of problems

of honey marketing in Tamil Nadu.

Table: 4

Demand of Honey sales and the Level of problems of honey production

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F P- Value

Between Groups 6.575 2 3.288 11.383

0.001


Total 178.998 599




analysis that there is significant variance between the

demand of honey and the level of problems of honey

marketing in Tamil Nadu.

Supply of Honey sales and the Level of problems of honey production

Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F P- Value

Between Groups 5.492 1 5.492 18.927

.000


Total 178.998 599




analysis that there is significant variance between the

supply of honey and the level of problems of honey

marketing in Tamil Nadu.

VIII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND

LEVEL OF PROBLEMS HONEY

MARKETING OF THE BEEKEEPERS –

CORRELATION

Karl Pearson‟s coefficient of correlation is

calculated to find out the relationship between socio-

economic variables and level of problems of honey

marketing in Tamil Nadu. The variables are Age group

(X1), Gender (X2), Religion (X3), Educational level (X4),

years of experience (X5), cost (X6), colour of bee (X7),

colour of honey (X8), local market price (X9), Honey

Demand (X10), Honey Supply (X11), organizational support

(X12) and problems in honey marketing (X13) in Tamil

Nadu. The calculated coefficients are tabulated below.

The variable „local market price‟ and „problems

of honey marketing have positive and significant (1%

level) correlation with Age group of the beekeepers. The

variable „Sex‟, „Cost‟, „Colour of bee‟, „Colour of honey‟,

„honey demand‟, „honey supply‟ and „organizational

support‟ have negative significant (1% level) correlation

with Age group of the beekeepers.

The variable „Religion‟, „Educational level‟,

„Cost‟, „Colour of bee‟, „local market price‟, „honey

supply‟ and „organizational supporting‟ have positive and

significant (1% level) correlation with Gender of the

beekeepers. The variable „Years of experience‟, „Colour of

honey‟, „honey demand‟ and „problems of honey

marketing‟ have negative significant (1% level) correlation

with Gender of the beekeepers.

The variable „Educational level‟, „years of

experience‟, ‟Cost‟, „Local market price‟ and „Supply‟

have positive and significant (1% level) correlation with

Religion of the beekeepers. The variable „Colour of bee‟,

„Colour of honey‟, „Honey demand‟ and „organisational

support‟ have negative significant (1% level) correlation

with Religion of the beekeepers.

The variable „years of experience‟, „cost‟, „Local

market price‟ and „honey supply‟ have positive and

significant (1% level) correlation with Educational Level

of the beekeepers. The variable „Colour of bee‟, „Colour of

honey‟, „demand‟ and „problems of honey marketing‟

have negative significant (1% level) correlation with

Educational level of the beekeepers.



The variable „Local market price‟ and „honey

supply‟ have positive and significant (1% level) correlation

with Years of experience of the beekeepers. The variable

„Cost‟, „Colour of bee‟, „Colour of honey‟ and

„organisational support‟ have negative significant (1%

level) correlation with Years of experience of the

beekeepers.

The variable „Colour of bee‟, „Colour of honey‟,

„Honey Supply‟ and „Organizational support‟ have

positive and significant (1% level) correlation with Cost of

the beekeepers. The variable „Local market price‟ and

„Problems of honey marketing‟ have negative significant

(1% level) correlation with Cost of the beekeepers.

The variable „Colour of honey‟, „Honey demand‟

and „Organisational Support‟ have positive and significant

(1% level) correlation with Colour of Bee of the

beekeepers. The variable „Local market price‟ and

„Problems of honey marketing‟ have negative significant

(1% level) correlation with Colour of Bee of the

beekeepers.

The variable „Honey demand and „organizational

support‟ have positive and significant (1% level)

correlation with Colour of Honey of the beekeepers. The

variable „Local market price‟, „Honey supply‟(1% level)

and „problems of honey marketing‟ (5% level) have

negative significant correlation with Colour of Honey of

the beekeepers.

The variable „Honey supply‟ and „problems of

honey marketing‟ have positive and significant (1% level)

correlation with Local marketing Price of the beekeepers.

The variable „Local market price‟, „Honey demand‟ and

„Organizational support‟ have negative significant (1%

level) correlation with Local market price of the

beekeepers.

The variable „Organizational Support‟ has

positive and significant (1% level) correlation with Honey

Demand of the beekeepers.

The variable „Organizational Support‟ has

positive and significant (1% level) correlation with Honey

Supply of the beekeepers. The variable „Honey demand‟

and „Organisational support‟ have negative significant (1%

level) correlation with Honey Supply of the beekeepers.

The variable „Problems of Honey marketing‟ has

negative significant (1% level) correlation with

Organisational Support of the beekeepers.

Table No : 6 Karl Pearson‟s coefficient of correlation

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13

X1

Pearson Correlation 1

Sig. (2-tailed)

N 600

X2

Pearson Correlation -.196**

1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N 600 600

X3

Pearson Correlation -.005 .624**

1

Sig. (2-tailed) .902 .000

N 600 600 600

X4

Pearson Correlation .050 .660**

.634**

1

Sig. (2-tailed) .218 .000 .000

N 600 600 600 600

X5

Pearson Correlation -.049 -.090* .434

**

.115*

*

1

Sig. (2-tailed) .227 .027 .000 .005

N 600 600 600 600 600

X6


.682**

.406**

.264

*

*

-

.302*

*

1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

N 600 600 600 600 600 600

X7


.176**

-.240**

-

.100*

-

.517*

*

.531*

*

1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .014 .000 .000

N 600 600 600 600 600 600 600

X8 Pearson Correlation -.281**

-

.204**

-.389

**

-

.462*

*

-

.217*

*

.193*

*

.617**

1



Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

N 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600

X9

Pearson Correlation .411**

.190**

.506**

.490

*

*

.140*

*

-

.087*

-

.568**

-

.490**

1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 .034 .000 .000

N 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600

X10


-

.214**

-.334

**

-

.346*

*

.066 -.011 .592**

.766**

-

.739**

1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .107 .784 .000 .000 .000

N 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600

X11


.778**

.748**

.535

*

*

.327*

*

.581*

*

.049 -

.231**

.141**

-.069 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .230 .000 .001 .092

N 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600

X12


.333**

-.172**

.027 -

.467*

*

.659*

*

.834**

.398**

-

.670**

.451*

*

.195*

*

1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .517 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

N 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600

X13

Pearson Correlation .272**

-

.169**

-.057

-

.091* -.048

-

.175*

*

-

.152**

-

.091*

.131**

-

.141*

*

-

.177*

*

-

.205**

1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .161 .026 .237 .000 .000 .025 .001 .001 .000 .000

N 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

From the Table 6 it is concluded that that the

variable „Local market Price‟ with high degree of positive

correlation with age group of the beekeepers at 1% level

of significance. The variable „Honey Supply‟ with high

degree of positive correlation with Gender of the

beekeepers at 1% level of significance. The variable

„Honey Supply‟ with high degree of positive correlation

with Religion of the beekeepers at 1% level of

significance. The variable „Honey Supply‟ with high

degree of positive correlation with Educational level of

the beekeepers at 1% level of significance.

The variable „Honey Supply‟ with high degree of

positive correlation with years of experience of the


„Organizational Support‟ with high degree of positive

correlation with Cost of the beekeepers at 1% level of

significance. The variable „Organizational Support‟ with

high degree of positive correlation with Colour of bee of

the beekeepers at 1% level of significance.

The variable „Honey demand‟ with high degree

of positive correlation with Colour of honey of the


„Honey supply‟ with high degree of positive correlation



with Local market price of the beekeepers at 1% level of

significance. The variable „Organizational support‟ with

high degree of positive correlation with Honey demand

price of the beekeepers at 1% level of significance. The

variable „Organizational support‟ with high degree of

positive correlation with Honey Supply price of the

beekeepers at 1% level of significance.

IX. FINDINGS

Majority (48.5%) beekeepers are come under the

age group of 41 years to 50 years. Majority

(68.5%) beekeepers are male. Majority (54.2%)

of the respondents are belongs to Christian.

Majority (95.3%) of the beekeepers getting sales

revenue through honey sales. Majority (58.8%) of

the beekeepers‟ seasons of the year is main

Factors that govern the price of the honey.

Majority (41.5%) of the beekeepers said that the

local market price of the honey is high.

Majority (94.7%) beekeepers are producing only

honey. Majority (52.3%) beekeepers are having

grey colour honey bee. Majority (45.5%)

beekeepers are producing yellow colour honey.

All the beekeepers are using honey as a food.

Majority (95.3%) beekeepers are market their

honey to earn money. Majority (66.5%) of the

beekeepers are selling through bee-keepers to-

operative. Majority (38.5%) of the beekeepers

selling the honey between Rs. 301 and Rs. 400

per kg.


honey price trend is stable. Majority (77.8%) of

the beekeepers said that the market force is main

reason for price fixing of the honey. Majority

(55.0%) of the beekeepers are selling honey near

by market place.


honey market demand is medium. All the six

hundred beekeepers are using bottles for

packages. Majority (99.3%) of the beekeepers are

having profit in their business..

The age group, religion, educational level, honey

production experience, cost of honey production,

source of capital of honey production, Honey bee

flower, price trend had significantly influence the

level of problems of honey production at 5%

level.

The gender, family members, family members,

sales revenue, supply of honey are not

significantly influence the level of problems of

honey production at 5% level.

The age group, gender, production experience,

marketing price range, honey price fixing, honey

price fixing, honey demand, honey supply are

significantly influence the level of problems of

honey marketing.

The religion, family members, price trend, honey

supply are not significantly influence the level of

problems of honey marketing

X. SUGGESTIONS

Government has arranged honey loan

Reduce the Tax

Go down and storage facilities should be provide

Government has arranged for honey research

centers.

To provide self-employment to beekeepers

To undertake research, and training&

development activities

To provide healthy bee colonies and equipments

at reasonable rates

Purchases of honey, wax and by product at

guaranteed rates

XI. CONCLUSION

Honey production and marketing has sprung forth

as one of the most important agro based industry that helps

to increase the crop yield manifold. The peculiarities of

theis agrobased industry are that it does not require any

raw material from the artisan like other industries. The raw

materials are in the form of nectar and pollen from flowers

which is freely available in nature. Beekeeping can be

started by anyone who takes a keen interest may be skilled,

unskilled having their own land or not. A technology that

is simple, easily accessible and at the same time

demanding the least capital investment, is suitable to this

type of honey industry. Beekeeping may even be started

with a single colony which can be increased to thousands

of them. It can provide unemployed and under employed

persons with full employment and extra income. There is

need to boost apiculture to boost crop productivity. The

untapped potential of beekeeping is yet to be exploited for

increasing opportunities, for gainful employment and

income in the rural areas.

REFERENCES

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production and competitiveness on small beekeeping farms

in selected districts of serbia. APSTRACT Applied Studies

in Agribusiness and Commerce, Budapest, 4(3-4), 65-69.

[2] Robinson, G. (1980). The potential for apiculture

development in the third world. American Bee Journal,

120(5), 398-400.

[3] Gemechis Legesse Yadeta. (2015). Honey production

and marketing in Ethiopian. American Journal of Life

Sciences, 3(1), 42-46.



[4] Teklu Gebretsadik & Dinku Negash. (2016). Honeybee

production system, challenges and opportunities in

selected districts of gedeo zone, southern nation,

nationalities and peoples regional state, ethiopia.

International Journal of Research Granthaalayah, 4(4),

49-63.

[5] Wilson, R T. (2006). Currrent status and possibilities

for improvement of traditional apiculture in sub-Saharan

Africa. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 18(8),

1-8.

[6] Gebremichael, B. & Gebremedhin, B. (2014).

Perception of smallholder farmers on improved box hive

technology and its profitability in northern ethiopia.

Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development,

6(12), 393-402.

[7] Charnes, A., W. W. Cooper, & E. Rhodes. (1978).

Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units.

European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-44.

honey production and marketing overview · v. viji kumar1, dr. n. gladstone joy2 1research scholar,...

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