honors biology ch. 10 sexual reproduction and genetics
TRANSCRIPT
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Honors
Biology
Ch. 10
Honors
Biology
Ch. 10
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
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- one member of a pair comes from each parent
I. MeiosisI. MeiosisA. Homologous Chromosomes:
- pairs of chromosomes that are very similar
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B. Diploid:B. Diploid:- a full set of homologous
chromosomes (2n)- in humans: 46 (23 pairs)- in pea plants: 14 (7 pairs)
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Human Chromosomes
(23 homologous pairs)
Human Chromosomes
(23 homologous pairs)
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C. Haploid:C. Haploid:- a half set of chromosomes (1n)- occur in Gametes (specialized
reproductive cells: sperm and egg)
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D.Process of Meiosis:D.Process of Meiosis:- specialized cell division in which the
chromosome number is cut in half- homologous pairs of chromosomes are
separated- produces haploid gametes- occurs in 2 stages:
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1.Meiosis I:1.Meiosis I:a) similar to mitosis, but, during
metaphase, homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad
b) Crossing-over occurs: exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes
c) The homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I.
c) 2 cells are produced that contain 1 replicated chromosome from each homologous pair.
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Meiosis IMeiosis IHomologous chromosome
s pair and cross over
Homologous chromosomes exchange DNA
& align on equator
Homologous chromosomes
move to opposite
poles
Prophase I IProphase I IMetaphase IMetaphase I Anaphase IAnaphase I Telophase ITelophase I
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red
red
Purple
Purple
round
round
Long
Long
PP
PP
pp
pp
LL
LL
ll
ll
PP
pp
pp
LL
LL
ll
ll
PP
LL
pp LL
ll
ll
PP
pp
PP
LL
pp LL
ll
ll
PP
pp
LL
LL
ll
ll
PP
PP
pp
pp
PP
PP
pp
pp
LL
LL
ll
ll
PP
pp
pp
LL
LL
ll
ll
Crossing Crossing OverOver
Crossing Crossing OverOver
SisterSisterChromatidsChromatids
ReplicatedReplicatedChromosomeChromosome
ReplicatedReplicatedChromosomeChromosome
LL
LL
ll
ll
PP
PP
pp
pp
SisterSisterChromatidsChromatids
Homologous
Homologous
Chromosomes
Chromosomes
PP
PP
pp
pp
LL
LL
ll
ll
PP
pp
pp
LL
LL
ll
ll
pp LL
PP ll
LLPP
llpp
old combinationold combination
new combinationnew combination
new combinationnew combination
old combinationold combination
FlowerColor
PollenShape
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ChiasmataChiasmata
Crossing-over in a tetrad of a grasshopper.
Each cross-over is called a chiasma. This example shows 5 chiasmata.
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2.Meiosis II:2.Meiosis II:a) similar to mitosis but DNA replication
does not occur before divisionb) Sister chromatids separate during
anaphase II.c) 4 haploid daughter cells are produced
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Meiosis IIMeiosis II
Prophase IIProphase II
Metaphase IIMetaphase II
Anaphase IIAnaphase II
Telophase IITelophase II
FourHaploid
Cells
FourHaploid
Cells
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SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis OogenesisOogenesis
SpermatogoniaSpermatogonia
Primary Spermatocyt
e
Primary Spermatocyt
e
Secondary Spermatocyt
es
Secondary Spermatocyt
es
SpermatidsSpermatids
Spermatozoa
Spermatozoa
Primordial Germ Cells
Primordial Germ Cells
Mitosis
Meiosis
Meiosis
Oogonia
Oogonia
Primary Oocyte
Primary Oocyte
Secondary Oocyte & Polar Body
Secondary Oocyte & Polar Body
Ovum & Polar Body
Ovum & Polar Body
Unequal division of cytoplasm produces oocytes and polar
bodies.
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E. Importance of Meiosis:E. Importance of Meiosis:- provides genetic variation in the next
generation
1.1. Independent AssortmentIndependent Assortment- chromosomes randomly separate
during meiosis- results in gametes with different
combinations of chromosomes- for pea plants, 27 = 128 different
combinations
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The Independent Assortment of Homologous Chromosomes in
Meiosis
The Independent Assortment of Homologous Chromosomes in
Meiosis
Key
Maternal set ofchromosomes
Paternal set ofchromosomes
Possibility 1
Two equally probable arrangements ofchromosomes at
metaphase I
Possibility 2
Metaphase II
Daughtercells
Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4
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2. Crossing over2. Crossing over- produces recombined chromosomes
that carry genes derived from two different parents
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The Results of Crossing over During
Meiosis
The Results of Crossing over During
MeiosisProphase Iof meiosis
Nonsisterchromatids
Tetrad
Chiasma,site ofcrossingover
Metaphase I
Metaphase II
Daughtercells
Recombinantchromosomes
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3. Random Fertilization3. Random Fertilization- combines chromosomes from 2
parents- results in over 70 trillion possible
combinations of genes from any 2 parents
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IIII.. Mendel’sMendel’s LawsLaws ofof
HeredityHeredityIIII.. Mendel’sMendel’s LawsLaws ofof
HeredityHeredityHeredity:- the passing of traits from parent
to offspring
Genetics:- the study of heredity
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Early Idea about GeneticsEarly Idea about Genetics
HomunculusHomunculus
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A. Gregor Mendel:A. Gregor Mendel:- father of genetics - Austrian monk - developed the
basic principles of Heredity
(1880's)
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B. Mendel’s ExperimentsB. Mendel’s Experiments
1. Used garden peas- several crops
per year- small, fast
growing- developed
"purebreds"
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- easy to control pollinate
Pea Pea FlowerFlower
Pea Pea FlowerFlower
StamensStamens(male)(male)
produceproducepollenpollen
StamensStamens(male)(male)
produceproducepollenpollen
PistilPistil(female)(female)producesproduces
eggseggs
PistilPistil(female)(female)producesproduces
eggseggs
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- seven distinct, inherited traits
Plant size
Flower location
Flower color
Pod color
Pod shape
Seed shape
Seed color
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2. Used math and statistics to support theories
3. Published results in 1859- rejected by academic peers- in 1900 his work was rediscovered
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P F1
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F1 F2
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III. Principles of Heredity
III. Principles of Heredity
A.Concept of Unit
Characters:- traits are controlled by "factors" (genes) which occur in pairs- one from each parent
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B. Principle of Dominance
and Recessiveness:
B. Principle of Dominance
and Recessiveness:- some alleles dominate, or mask, the
effect of other alleles- Allele: one of the "versions" of a gene
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C.Law of Segregation:C.Law of Segregation:- during meiosis (production of
gametes), each pair of genes separate
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Cross Fertilization of Parents
Cross Fertilization of Parents
Purebred (Homozygous)
Purple-floweredParent
Purebred (Homozygous
) White-floweredParent
Cross-FertilizeCross-Fertilize
All Purple-flowered
(Heterozygous) Offspring
Pollen
PollenPPPP pppp
PP ppPpPp
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F1
Self-FertilizeSelf-Fertilize
F2 F2 F2 F2
75% Purple75% Purple25% White25% White
Self-fertilization of F2
PpPp
PPPP PpPp PpPp pppp
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1. Gametes:1. Gametes:- specialized, reproductive cells (sperm, egg)- have 1/2 a set of chromosomes
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1. Gametes:
2. Genotype:- genetic make-up of an organism
3. Phenotype:- physical appearance of an organism
- specialized, reproductive cells(sperm, egg)
- have 1/2 a set of chromosomes
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4. Homozygous: - alleles in a gene pair
that are identical- TT or tt
TT Tt tt
5. Heterozygous: - alleles in a gene
pair that are different
- Tt
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D.Principle of Independent Assortment:
D.Principle of Independent Assortment:- alleles separate randomly during
meiosis
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IV. Applying Mendel‘s Principles
IV. Applying Mendel‘s Principles
A.Probability:- the likelihood that an event may happen
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B.B.Rules of Probability:Rules of Probability:B.B.Rules of Probability:Rules of Probability:1.Product Rule of
Probability:- when events occur in combination, the probability of each event is multiplied by the probability of the other
1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8
What are the odds of rolling 3 tails in a row?
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Cystic Fibrosis F = Normalf = cystic fibrosis
1 out of 25 are heterozygous in UK
Odds of any heterozygous man and woman
marrying =
1/25 x 1/25 =
Odds of a heterozygous man and woman
having a child with cystic fibrosis =
1/625 x 1/4 =
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2.2. Probability has No Memory:Probability has No Memory:2.2. Probability has No Memory:Probability has No Memory:- Previous events do not influence the
probability of future events
What are the odds on the next toss being a tail?
1/2
The odds of rolling 3 tails in a row are 1/8.
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V. Gene Linkage and PolyploidyV. Gene Linkage and PolyploidyA. Gene Linkage
- Chromosomes contain thousands of genes.- Genes are physically linked together on a chromosome.- During crossing over this linkage can be broken temporarily.- Frequency of crossing over can be used to make chromosome maps.
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V. Gene Linkage and PolyploidyV. Gene Linkage and PolyploidyA. Gene Linkage
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V. Gene Linkage and
PolyploidyV. Gene Linkage and
PolyploidyA. Gene Linkage
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B. PolyploidyB. Polyploidy- The occurrence
of one or more extra sets of all
chromosomes in an organism.
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B. PolyploidyB. Polyploidy- The occurrence of one or more
extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism.
- Rare in animals but occurs commonly in plants.
- Produces new plant varieties
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Coffee beans, 4n = 44
Banana, 3n = 33
Cotton, 4n = 52
Potatoes, 4n = 48
Corn, 4n = 20
Canola oil, 4n = 38
Bread wheat, 6n = 42
Rope from sisal, 5n = 180
A Sample of Agricultural
Crops That Are Polyploid
A Sample of Agricultural
Crops That Are Polyploid
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The Evolution of Wheat
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The EndThe End
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3. When an event can happen in more than one combination, the probability of the event is the sum of the probability of each.
OR
1/4
What are the odds of getting ‘a head and a tail’
any order?
+ 1/4= 1/2