Honors Biology Module 1Lesson 1

Tom DeRosa

Creation Studies Institute

1

Comparison of a Car Engine to a Living Cell

Vs.

2

What is Life?

1. A highly organized system of parts that work together to accomplish a common goal.

2. The living system must provide the following; Homeostasis – staying the same

ReproductionGrowth and developmentUtilization of energy by changing

to one form to anotherResponding to stimuliRepair themselves

3

All living things are made of highly complex systems.

4

Irreducible Complexityby Michael Behe

If any one of the well defined interacting components that work together in a biological system to accomplish a common purpose would cease to function, the system would fail in accomplishing it’s designated purpose.

5

6

7

DNA And Chromosomes

8

“Chimps and humans share almost 99% of their DNA. New Discoveries reveal how we can be so alike”

“As Scientists keep reminding us, evolution is a random process in which haphazard genetic changes interact with random environmental conditions produce an organism somehow fitter than its fellows.” 9

What does one percent mean?

1. It is not Physical differences

Do you look like 99% monkey?

A caterpillar and Butterfly have the same DNA

2. Chromosomes in humans are 46 while chimps have 48 pairs.

3. Only 29 % proteins are in our body in the same

4. There is no explanation of how mutations can be part of it.

10

Information

Information

Information

Information

Information

Information

Information

DNA Caterpillar = DNA Butterfly

11

12

Neutral Mutations

Beneficial Mutations

Insignificant Number

13

““Nor shall I here discuss the various definitions Nor shall I here discuss the various definitions which have given the term species. No one which have given the term species. No one definition has satisfied all naturalists…. definition has satisfied all naturalists…. Generally the term includes unknown element Generally the term includes unknown element of a distant act of creation.” of a distant act of creation.” Chapter 2 “Variation Under Chapter 2 “Variation Under Nature.” Nature.” On the Origins of SpeciesOn the Origins of Species. .

Charles Darwin 1859Charles Darwin 185914

How do you define species?

“When we turn to the technical literature on species, the nature of species becomes much less clear. Biologists offer a dozen definitions of the term ‘species’ " (Claridge, Dawah, and Wilson 1997). Marc Ereshefsky, “Species,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2002/entries/species, 2002

15

Metabolism The sum total of all processes in an organism

which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions

Metabolism can be split into two categories: anabolism and catabolism.

16

• Anabolism – The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life

Catabolism – The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks

17

The Bottom of the Food Chain• Photosynthesis – The process by which

green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food,

• Herbivores – Organisms that eat only plants

18

The Top of the Food Chain

• Carnivores – Organisms that eat only organisms other than plantsOmnivores – Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms

19

20

Another way of classifying

• Producers – Organisms that produce their own food

Consumers – Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food

Decomposers – Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms

21

22

Autotrophs – Organisms that are able to make their own food

Heterotrophs – Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food

23

Reproduction

24

Asexual reproduction – Reproduction accomplished by a single organism

Sexual reproduction – Reproduction that requires two organisms

Inheritance – The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring

Mutation – An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents

Scientific Method

• Hypothesis – An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question Theory – A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data Scientific law – A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data

25

Well-substantiated

Incorporate facts

LawsInferences

Tested hypothesis.

Theory

26

27

Part 2 Lesson 2

Tom DeRosa

Creation Studies Institute

28

Spontaneous Generation

• Among these ideas, for centuries, since at least the time of Aristotle (4th Century BC), people (including scientists) believed that simple living organisms could come into being by spontaneous generation. This was the idea that non-living objects can give rise to living organisms.

29

Limitations of Science Spontaneous Generation• Jean Baptist van Helmont Experiment

30

Sweaty shirt Grains of wheat In a wooden Box

within 21 days

Aristotle Disproven

31

In 1668, Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat.

Spontaneous generation lasted 1900 years before proven wrong

Louis Pasteur proved “Only Life begets life” 1859

32

Microbiology

Bacteria, and other microorganisms, were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. In doing so Leeuwenhoek made one of the most important discoveries in biology and initiated the scientific fields of bacteriology and microbiology.

33

Microorganisms – Living Creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye.

Chemical Evolution exists today.

• Abiogenesis: The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions.

• Chemical Evolution: proposes that inert molecules as Nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen compounds mixed with water and gases to form the building blocks of life. Such idea is preposterous.

34

35

The Replicator Molecule Selfish Gene by Dawkins

“At some point a particularly remarkable molecule was formed by accident. We will call it the Replicator. It may not necessarily have been the biggest or the most complex molecule around, but it had the extraordinary property of being able to create copies of itself. This may seem a very unlikely sort of accident to happen. So it was. It was exceedingly improbable.” (1976)

Biological Classification

36

King Philip Cried Out, “For Goodness Sake”Kids Playing Catch On Freeway Get Squashed

The Five Kingdoms

• Monera

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Animalia

37

Two types of cells• Prokaryotic cell – A cell that has no distinct,

membrane-bounded organelles

Eukaryotic cell – A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles

Organelles are distinct structures within the cell to carry the individual tasks needed to complete the functions of life.

38

39

Prokaryotic cell

40

Eukaryotic Cell – Animal Cell

41

Kingdom Monera

• Single Cells or an association of single cells

• Consist of Prokaryotic cells

• Examples: Bacteria, Blue green Algae

42

Kingdom Protista

Protista consist of eukaryotic cells that can be unicellular, multicellular or colonial. Some move around and act like animals, others perform photosynthesis like plants, and still others seem to "think" they're fungi!

Examples: Amoebae, paramecia and algae

43

Kingdom Fungi

• Made up of decomposers.

• Have eukaryotic cells.

• Most fungi are multi-cellular,

• They are macroscopic – you can see with the naked eye.

• Example: Mushrooms and bread molds

44

Kingdom Plantae

• Composed of autotrophs (organisms that produce their own food). There are a few exceptions

• Multicelled organisms with eukaryotic cells.

• Called “plants.” - trees, grass, flowering bushes, etc.,

45

Kingdom Animalia• Multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells.

Members of kingdom Animalia are • Heterotrophs (dependent on other organisms

for food) Of course, members of kingdom • Animalia are called “animals.” Grasshoppers,

birds, cats, fish, and snakes are all members of kingdom

46

Species

• A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units

47

““Nor shall I here discuss the various definitions Nor shall I here discuss the various definitions which have given the term species. which have given the term species.

No one definition has satisfied all naturalists…. No one definition has satisfied all naturalists…. Generally the term includes unknown element of a Generally the term includes unknown element of a

distant act distant act of creation.”of creation.”

Charles Darwin 1859Charles Darwin 1859

48

How do you define species?

“When we turn to the technical literature on species, the nature of species becomes much less clear. Biologists offer a dozen definitions of the term ‘species’ " (Claridge, Dawah, and Wilson 1997). Marc Ereshefsky, “Species,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2002/entries/species, 2002

50

51

52

Naming Organisms Based on Classification

• Taxonomy – The science of classifying organisms Binomial nomenclature – Naming an organism with its genus and species name

53

54

Baraminology • This classification system, attempts to

determine the kinds of creatures that God specifically created on earth. “baraminology”

• Hebrew words bara, which means “create,” and min, which means “kind.”

• Baraminology is the study of created kinds.

55