hope & optimism: a synthesis kevin l. rand indiana university – purdue university indianapolis
TRANSCRIPT
Hope & Hope & Optimism: A Optimism: A
SynthesisSynthesis
Kevin L. RandKevin L. Rand
Indiana University – Purdue University Indiana University – Purdue University
IndianapolisIndianapolis
Depressive SymptomsDepressive Symptoms xx xx Anxiety Symptoms Anxiety Symptoms xx xx Positive emotionsPositive emotions xx xx Positive appraisal of stressPositive appraisal of stress xx xx Adaptive copingAdaptive coping xx xx Academic performanceAcademic performance xx xx Athletic performanceAthletic performance xx Post-illness adjustmentPost-illness adjustment xx xx Pain tolerancePain tolerance xx
Hope Hope OptimismOptimism
Hope & Optimism are Hope & Optimism are GoodGood
Are Hope & Optimism the Are Hope & Optimism the Same?Same?
Hope & Optimism strongly associatedHope & Optimism strongly associated rr ~ .50 (Snyder et al., 1991) ~ .50 (Snyder et al., 1991) rr ~ .80 in latent space (Bryant & Cvengros, 2004) ~ .80 in latent space (Bryant & Cvengros, 2004)
Similar patterns of associationSimilar patterns of association Aspinwall & Leaf (2002)Aspinwall & Leaf (2002)
Frequently conflated in literatureFrequently conflated in literature Peterson & Seligman (2004)Peterson & Seligman (2004)
There is a need to clarify distinctionsThere is a need to clarify distinctions Tennen, Affleck, & Tennen (2002)Tennen, Affleck, & Tennen (2002)
Distinguishing Hope & Distinguishing Hope & OptimismOptimism
Magaletta & Oliver (1999)Magaletta & Oliver (1999) EFA: pathways, agency, optimism, & self-EFA: pathways, agency, optimism, & self-
efficacy are distinctefficacy are distinct Hope scores predicted general well-being Hope scores predicted general well-being
beyond optimism & self-efficacybeyond optimism & self-efficacy Bryant & Cvengros (2004)Bryant & Cvengros (2004)
CFA: hope & optimism are distinct, 2CFA: hope & optimism are distinct, 2ndnd--order constructsorder constructs
Hope = Hope = self-efficacy self-efficacy Optimism = Optimism = positive reappraisal positive reappraisal
AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1
LOT10LOT1 LOT4 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9
Pathways Agency
Hope
Optimism
PositiveExp.
NegativeExp.
?
DistinguishDistinguishing Hope & ing Hope & OptimismOptimism
SynthesizinSynthesizing Hope & g Hope & OptimismOptimism
Study MethodStudy Method SampleSample
345 students in undergraduate psychology class345 students in undergraduate psychology class 59.4% female; 78.6% Caucasian59.4% female; 78.6% Caucasian Mean age = 19.77 years (Mean age = 19.77 years (SDSD = 2.29 years) = 2.29 years)
MeasuresMeasures Hope (AHS), Optimism (LOT-R)Hope (AHS), Optimism (LOT-R) High School GPAHigh School GPA Grade Expectancy (Grade Expectancy (e.g., “I predict my final grade = e.g., “I predict my final grade =
70%”)70%”) Final Class GradeFinal Class Grade
ProcedureProcedure Start of semester: Self-report questionnaireStart of semester: Self-report questionnaire End of semester: course grade from instructorEnd of semester: course grade from instructor
2(113, n=312) = 202.49;
RMSEA = .052;
SRMR=.050;
CFI=.97
.67
AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1
LOT10LOT1 LOT4 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9
Pathways Agency
Hope
Optimism
PositiveExp.
NegativeExp.
.66 .45 .65 .27 .50
.57 .59 .74 .59 .85 .71
.04 .34
.98* -.81**
.24
.24
.72* .98*
.49 .04
.48 .44 .66 .58 .68 .49 .79 .70
.77 .81 .56 .66 .54 .76 .38 .51
GoalAttitude
.87
.87
.22
.31
.25
.19.22
1.0*
.82*
.77*
1.0*
HSGPA
GradeExp.
ClassGrade
.25
Synthesized Model of Hope Synthesized Model of Hope & Optimism& Optimism
Goal AttitudeGoal Attitude: Global belief that the act of : Global belief that the act of pursuing goals is worth the effort required to do pursuing goals is worth the effort required to do soso
Goal Attitude has two facets:Goal Attitude has two facets: Hope = Beliefs about the selfHope = Beliefs about the self
Pathways = Appraisal of one’s abilitiesPathways = Appraisal of one’s abilities Agency = Appraisal of one’s available Agency = Appraisal of one’s available
energy/motivationenergy/motivation Optimism = Beliefs about the worldOptimism = Beliefs about the world
Positive Expectancy = There are good things in the world to Positive Expectancy = There are good things in the world to approachapproach
Negative Expectancy = There are bad things in the world to Negative Expectancy = There are bad things in the world to avoidavoid
Future QuestionsFuture Questions Does optimism uniquely influence expectancies for Does optimism uniquely influence expectancies for
events perceived to be outside of one’s control?events perceived to be outside of one’s control? Are hope and optimism influenced by attachment?Are hope and optimism influenced by attachment?
Avoidance vs. AnxietyAvoidance vs. Anxiety Do hope and optimism have separate mechanisms Do hope and optimism have separate mechanisms
for influencing well-being?for influencing well-being? AppraisalsAppraisals
Optimism → Primary AppraisalOptimism → Primary Appraisal Hope → Secondary AppraisalHope → Secondary Appraisal
CopingCoping Optimism → Mental AccommodationOptimism → Mental Accommodation Hope → Problem SolvingHope → Problem Solving
Extra SlidesExtra Slides
___ 1. I can think of many way to get out of a jam. P___ 2. There are lots of ways around any problem. P___ 3. I can think of many ways to get the things in life that
are important to me. P___ 4. Even when others get discouraged, I know I can find
a way to solve the problem. P
___ 5. I energetically pursue my goals. A___ 6. My past experiences have prepared me well for my
future. A___ 7. I’ve been pretty successful in life. A___ 8. I meet the goals that I set for myself. A
Adult Hope ScaleAdult Hope ScaleHOW TRUE IS EACH STATEMENT OF YOU1= Definitely False 4= Slightly False 5= Slightly True 8= Definitely True
___ 1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best. O___ 2. I’m always optimistic about my future. O___ 3. Overall I expect more good things to happen to me than
bad. O___ 4. If something can go wrong for me it will. P
___ 5. I hardly ever expect things to go my way. P___ 6. I rarely count on good things happening to me. P
Life Orientation Test-Life Orientation Test-RevisedRevised
To what extent is each item generally true for you1= Not True……………………………………………………5= Very True
Cognitively-based traitCognitively-based trait xx xx Future orientedFuture oriented xx xx Expectancy-value modelExpectancy-value model xx xx Explicit internal influence Explicit internal influence xx xx Explicit external influenceExplicit external influence xx Explicit emotional etiologyExplicit emotional etiology xx Influence appraisalsInfluence appraisals xx xx Influence coping responsesInfluence coping responses xx xx Influence well-beingInfluence well-being xx xx
Hope Hope OptimismOptimism
Theoretical OverlapTheoretical Overlap
2(77, n=360) = 505.10;
RMSEA = .12; GFI = .83;
NNFI = .86; CFI=.88
LOT1
FutureOrientation
1.0*
LOT4 LOT10 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9
.65 .62 .57 .68 .60 .51
.59 .62 .66 -.57 -.63 -.70
AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1
.86 .83 .60 .77 .68 .81 .59 .69
.37 .41 .63 .48 .57 .43 .64 .56
2(71, n=360) = 180.74;
RMSEA = .07;
GFI = .93;
NNFI = .95; CFI=.96
LOT1
1.0*
LOT4 LOT10 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9
.60 .58 .48 .54 .35 .31
.64 .65 .72 .68 .81 .83
AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1
.69 .63 .47 .56 .57 .70 .46 .49
.55 .61 .73 .66 .66 .55 .73 .71
Optimism Pessimism
Pathways Agency1.0*
1.0*
1.0*
-.44.68
-.80
.65 -.56.68
2(72, n=360) = 188.93;
RMSEA = .067;
GFI = .98;
NNFI = .96;
CFI=.97
.58
AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1
LOT10LOT1 LOT4 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9
Pathways Agency
Hope
GeneralOptimism
Optimism Pessimism
.58 .47 .54 .35 .32
.65 .65 .73 .68 .81 .82
.16 .34
.92* -.81**
.82
1.0*
1.0*
.77* .84*
.41 .29
.54 .61 .73 .65 .66 .54 .73 .71
.70 .63 .47 .57 .57 .70 .46 .50
2(73, n=360) = 219.02;
RMSEA = .075;
GFI = .97;
NNFI = .94;
CFI=.95;
2(1, n=360) = 30.09, p
< .001
.57
AHS12AHS10AHS9AHS2AHS8AHS6AHS4AHS1
LOT10LOT1 LOT4 LOT3 LOT7 LOT9
Pathways Agency
Hope
GeneralOptimism
Optimism Pessimism
.57 .49 .54 .35 .32
.65 .66 .71 .68 .81 .82
.16 .40
.92* -.77**
1.0*
1.0*
1.0*
.70* .75*
.51 .44
.57 .62 .71 .65 .65 .54 .74 .71
.68 .61 .49 .57 .58 .71 .45 .49