hopi agriculture-dry farming techniques · 2014-10-30 · hopi agriculture overview...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming
Techniques
Presented
By
Michael Kotutwa Johnson
![Page 2: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
“Agriculture activities serve to
reinforce traditions and customs in
each new generation, for as one
Hopi gardener said, ‘This is not
about growing vegetables; it is
about growing kids.’”
Kuwanwisima, 2005
![Page 3: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Hopi Agriculture Overview
Historical-Cultural Relevance
Location, Climate and Geography
Tools and Implements
Dry Farming Techniques
Field Management
Harvesting, Storage and Seed Selection
Pictures of Hopi Corn Field
Final Thought
![Page 4: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hopi Agriculture a Way of Life
![Page 5: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Water, Planting Stick, Seed
![Page 6: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Importance of Hopi Agriculture
Consumption Based (Nutritional Value)
Ceremonial Use (e.g Hopi Baby Naming
Ceremony)
Enhancement of Hopi Social Structure
(e.g. Planting Parties)
![Page 7: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Working with the Environment
![Page 8: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Blending In
![Page 9: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Location
![Page 10: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Geography/Climate
Northeastern Part of Arizona
Colorado Plateau
4500-5500 Foot Elevation
6-10 Inches Annual Rain Fall *
Desert Shrubs and Grasses
Sandy and Clay Loam Soils
![Page 11: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Arid Climate
![Page 12: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Modern Implements of Hopi
Agriculture (Adaptation)
![Page 13: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Traditional Planting Stick
![Page 14: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Evolution of Traditional Tools
![Page 15: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Location of Fields
Alluvial Flood Plains
Sandy Slopes
Natural Seeps or Springs
Washes or Channels
![Page 16: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Alluvial Flood Plains
![Page 17: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sandy Slopes
![Page 18: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Natural Seeps and Springs
![Page 19: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Washes or Channels
![Page 20: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dry Farming Techniques
Field Clearing and Soil Type
Plant Spacing
Planting Depths and Techniques
Field Management
![Page 21: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Soil Type
Hopi corn (Sandy
Loams)
Hopi beans ( Sandy
Soils)
Hopi squash and
melons (Sandy Soils)
![Page 22: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Field Clearing
Generally in Late
October or Early
February
Tractor or Hand
Cleared Dependent of
Size of Field
![Page 23: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Hopi Plant Spacing
![Page 24: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Corn
3 to 5 Paces Between
Plants
![Page 25: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Beans
1 to 2 Paces Between
Plants
![Page 26: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Melons and Squash
6-8 Paces Between
Plants
![Page 27: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Planting Depths and Techniques
![Page 28: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Observation
Planting Depths vary from
year to year and depend
on the level of soil
moisture.
Soil Moisture and
Planting Depth can also
be determined by the
amount of vegetation
available during planting
season.
![Page 29: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Planting Depths
Corn (6-18 inches)
Beans (3-4 inches)
Squash and Melons
(2-4 inches)
![Page 30: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Planting Techniques
Traditional and Modern Approaches
![Page 31: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Traditional (Corn)
Clearing a small space with your hand and foot.
Using Planting Instrument to dig hole to appropriate depth.
Placing seeds into hole.
Pushing the moist soil back into the hole with dry soil on top.
![Page 32: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Modern (Corn)
Use of tractor with
modified planter
(usually a one row
planter)
![Page 33: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Field Management - Soil, Water,
Pest, Weed and Crop
![Page 34: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Soil Management (Erosion Control)
Field Size
Plant Protection/Wind
Breaks
Check Dams
Minimal Tillage
![Page 35: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Field Size
Small Fields usually 1-2 Acres
Large Fields 5 Acres or usually problematic due to loss of soil erosion by wind and rain.
![Page 36: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Plant Protection/Erosion Control
![Page 37: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Weed Management
![Page 38: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Problem Weeds
![Page 39: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Weed Control
A combination of
tractor and hand
hoeing is required to
control spread of
unwanted weeds (No
use of Herbicides).
![Page 40: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pest Management
![Page 41: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Pest Management
Frequent Canopy
Checks (Observation)
Inventive Methods
(No use of Pesticides)
![Page 42: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Water Management
Crops Planted on Alluvial Flood Plains, Washes or near springs.
Check Dams Erosion Control Device
Planting in Soils Conducive to Moisture (Clay soils problematic due to ponding after monsoon storms).
![Page 43: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Crop Management
![Page 44: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Harvesting, Storage and Seed
Selection
![Page 45: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Beans (Legumes)
![Page 46: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Melons and Squash
![Page 47: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Traditional Corn Storage
![Page 48: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Modern Corn Storage
![Page 49: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Seed Selection
![Page 50: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Seed Selection Cont.
![Page 51: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Some Favorite Pictures
![Page 52: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Monsoon Storms
![Page 53: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Rainbows
![Page 54: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Melon Patch
![Page 55: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Corn Row
![Page 56: Hopi Agriculture-Dry Farming Techniques · 2014-10-30 · Hopi Agriculture Overview Historical-Cultural Relevance Location, Climate and Geography Tools and Implements Dry Farming](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070811/5f09c2c17e708231d4286213/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Final Thought
“One must first understand ones own environment
before one can begin to work within that niche. I
contend, that our survival like the Hopi crops,
depends on the interactions of all living and non
living things to help preserve the delicate
balance we may or may not realize we are all
part of.
Michael Kotutwa Johnson