hops and cider -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Hops and Cider 2016 CiderCon Portland, OR
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What are Hops?
• Lengthy, vigorous, perennial bine (not vine) that produces cone shaped “fruits”
• Females hops are grown on a trellis. Often about 18’ high. Male hops are generally eradicated when found and are only useful for breeding
• Hops require a lot of water and sunlight, and prefer sandy/loose soil.
• Commercially grown between latitudes 40-50 North and South
• Dozens of unique varieties both public and proprietary
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What are Hops?
• In Northern Hemisphere harvest is typically late August to late September
• In Southern Hemisphere it is typically in March
• Each hop variety has an optimal pick window during the harvest season. This is becoming problematic from a harvest scheduling standpoint
• Excellent yield per acre=4000#. Low yield < 1500#
• Very little commercial value other than beer industry- • Little usage in teas, some usage as antibiotics
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Hop Field w/ Trellis
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Crosby Farms, OR
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Hop Cones
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Galaxy Cones
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Ella Cones
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Small Hop Cones
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How are Hops Picked?
• Picking is somewhat labor intensive
• Can remove bine/cones from field and separate later
• Can remove cones from bine in field
• Pros and cons of each pick method
• Large trellis vs short trellis and dwarf varieties: Pros and Cons
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Combine Picker
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Combine Picker
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Top Cutter Picker
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How are Hops Processed?
• Cones are separated from bine and other leaf/stem material
• Kilned at <130 F to reduce moisture from ~80% to 9%
• Dried cones often compressed into ~200# bales for storage
• Dried cones or bales broken apart, milled into powder and die formed into pellets
• Different sizes and types of pellets, T90 is the current standard. Also T45, T35, T90 enriched, extract pellets, etc.
• Pellets can be used to make various types of liquid extracts
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Loading the Kiln
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Loaded Kiln
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Hop Pellets
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Hops are Food
• Pellets and bales are stored below freezing to maintain freshness, often 26-28 F
• Sometimes in reduced oxygen warehouses to promote stability
• Bales less stable than pellets and pellets less stable than extracts. Bales breathe, pellets and extracts don’t
• Pellets packed anaerobically in Mylar bags. No O2
• Extracts in cans/bottles and are shelf stable for years
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What’s in Hops?
• Extraordinarily complex: There are hundreds of compounds that are not well known or studied
• Hops have lupulin glands that contain oils and resins
• Resins are hard and soft • Alpha and Beta acids are part of the soft resins
• Oils are mixtures of different types of compounds • Hydrocarbons, oxygenated, sulphurous
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Picture of Lupulin
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Alpha Acid
• Each variety has its own range of alpha acid concentration
• Varies within that range by year and growing area as well as picking/processing factors
• Low alpha is 1-2%, “super high” alpha is 18-20%
• Through heat (180 F+) 3 primary alpha acids undergo isomerization to 3 primary iso-alpha acids • Humulone, co-H, ad-H and their iso- counterparts
• Alpha acid not very bitter or soluble in beer. Isomerization greatly increases solubility and bitterness
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Iso-Alpha Acids (iso-aa)
• Each of the three have distinct properties, and exist as cis and trans isomers
• Contrary to rumor, iso-cohumulone is not more bitter or harsh than iso-H or iso-adH. Don’t believe the hype.
• In beer, iso aa degrade across time so beer loses perceived (and measured) bitterness
• International Bitterness Unit: IBU • 1 IBU does not equal 1 ppm iso-aa
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Picture of aa and isoaa
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Beta Acids
• Not present to same degree as Alpha acids. 8% Beta is high.
• Once obsolete but now can be valuable
• Cannot isomerize because of unique chemistry, but can oxidize into problematic compounds (hulupulones)
• Have antimicrobial properties and few sensory properties • Biocidal against many gram+ bacteria
• Used in sugar industry and now experimenting as coating on meat and processed food packaging
• Used by distillers in spirits and ethanol industry
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Essential oils
• Varietal dependent amount and composition
• 4% w/w is a very high oil content
• Can easily be lost via poor hop processing
• Can be lost via production techniques
• Can be scrubbed out from fermentation exhaust
• Not all are incredibly stable in beer. Degrade or morph across time
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Hop Oil Components
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Other Hop Compounds
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Common Hop Oil Components
• Myrcene: Lemon like, pleasant floor cleaner.
• Caryophyllene: Spicy, allspice gumdrops, carrot.
• Geraniol: Floral, like geraniums
• Linalool: Fruity, sweet taste. (Fruit Loops)
• Citranellol: Citronella, lemon grass, citrus
• Nerol: Floral, rose
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Use of Hops in Cider
• Generally no heat so therefore no bitterness contribution • Careful of pasteurization making bitterness • Careful of lightstruck (skunky) if you have isoaa
• Cider’s lower pH (than beer) will decrease isomerization for less bitterness pickup potential
• Yeast vs no contact w/ yeast • Some yeast express beta glucosidase activity
• Ability to scavenge a sugar molecule from a hop molecule which thus changes the properties of said hop component
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Dry hopping
• A process in which hops are added to finished or nearly finished beer or cider
• Everyone has an opinion and method that works best for their needs: No industry standard
• Typically done at cold temperatures, usually < 40 F
• Traditionally relatively lengthy contact times. Several weeks not uncommon • Recent research has shown that most of the relevant hop
compounds are extracted in a few hours. (pellets, recirculated)
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Dry Hopping
• Can buy specialized hop dosing equipment • Torpedoes
• Hop Cannons
• Hop Guns
• Hop Rockets
• Pellets vs cones:
• Remember that what goes in must come out • Need separation process, especially w/ cone hopping
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Dry Hop Recommendations
• Use pellets: Better extraction and less product loss
• Mix w/ water prior to addition. Recirculate after addition • Pellets will swell and can form thick concrete like paste
so don’t be shy w/ the water during mixing. Avoid excessive agitation or delays to prevent paste
• Avoid dumping dry pellets into top of tank. • Safety issue
• Mixing issues
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Square Mile: Spur and Vine Hopping
• Hop pellets mixed with sterile water and added to the fermenter near the end of fermentation. • Tank mixed after addition for good distribution
• Some fermentation helps mix and resolve DO
• Yeast present for potential beta-glucosidase action
• Contact time: • Several days at fermentation temperature (low 60’s F)
• Several days at lagering temperature (32F)
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Hop Market
• Supply and demand is currently a bit out of whack and favors the demand side of the equation. It will likely be this way for a few more years
• High demand and strained supply means higher prices
• Certain varieties are very difficult to procure. Keep an open mind and don’t necessarily go for the darling varieties
• If developing a hopped cider make sure you have access to the hops you need
• Consider contracting your hops needs with a supplier or broker
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Hop Head
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Thanks
• CiderCon Organizers
• Square Mile for support to be here
• Attendees
Contact: