hormones that affect energy metabolism © michael palmer 2014
TRANSCRIPT
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Hormones that affect energy metabolism
© Michael Palmer 2014
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Langerhans’ islets in the pancreas produce insulin and glucagon
© Michael Palmer 2014
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A little bit of history: The purification of insulin—the problem
© Michael Palmer 2014
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The purification of insulin—Banting’s solution
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Historical side note: Norman Bethune, Banting’s famous classmate
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Structure of insulin and its precursors (1)
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Structure of insulin and its precursors (2)
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Sequences of human, swine, and bovine insulins
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Insulin secretion in the β-cell is controlled by glucose and triggered by membrane depolarization
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The sulfonylurea receptor controls an associated potassium channel
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KATP
channels also regulate the tone of smooth muscle cells
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Tolbutamide promotes closing of the KATP
channel
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The insulin receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase
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Insulin receptor first phosphorylates itself and then a number of insulin receptor substrate proteins
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Insulin effects on glycogen synthesis
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The role of insulin in glucose transport
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Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the surface exposure of GLUT 4 transporters
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Transcriptional regulation by insulin
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Other hormones
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Glucagon and epinephrine act via G-protein-coupled receptors
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The glucagon and epinephrine receptors activate adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A
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Metabolic effects of protein kinase A
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Glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones act on nuclear hormone receptors to activate transcription
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DNA binding by thyroid hormone receptors
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Metabolic effects of glucocorticoid hormones
● induction of enzymes for glycogen synthesis, glycogen breakdown, and gluconeogenesis
● induction of enzymes for protein breakdown, supplying substrates for gluconeogenesis
● induction of adrenergic receptors
…overall, glucocorticoids increase blood glucose
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Glucocorticoid receptor agonists and antagonists
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Control of food intake by leptin
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