horticulture and agriculture team: cpp yeah you know me! danilo diaz steve ephraim natalie kitchel...

Horticulture and AgricultureHorticulture and Agriculture

Team: Team: CPP Yeah You Know Me!CPP Yeah You Know Me!

Danilo DiazDanilo DiazSteve EphraimSteve EphraimNatalie KitchelNatalie KitchelJennifer OrrisonJennifer OrrisonMason ProphetMason Prophet

HORTICULTUREHORTICULTURECultivation: Tools and ProcessesCultivation: Tools and Processes

Earlier that 8000BCE, horticulture was starting Earlier that 8000BCE, horticulture was starting to be developed.to be developed.

Early developments consisted of the evolution Early developments consisted of the evolution of a digging stick into the spade, then into the of a digging stick into the spade, then into the plough, the basket, and the hoe.plough, the basket, and the hoe.

Assumed that women invented them because Assumed that women invented them because they were the primary cultivators.they were the primary cultivators.

Mason Prophet

The HoeThe Hoe

Used to loosen soil and kill weeds Used to loosen soil and kill weeds during field cultivation.during field cultivation.

Found in virtually all horticulture Found in virtually all horticulture societies.societies.

In one Neolithic culture, women are In one Neolithic culture, women are buried with hoes and men are not.buried with hoes and men are not.

Images of women using a hoe are found Images of women using a hoe are found in art from several native cultures of in art from several native cultures of North America and South America.North America and South America.

Mason Prophet

The SpadeThe Spade

Spades are another tool for Spades are another tool for cultivation.cultivation.

Originally made of wood, and by Originally made of wood, and by women.women.

In Incan culture, it was believed that In Incan culture, it was believed that if the planting was not done by if the planting was not done by women, the crops would not grow.women, the crops would not grow.

Mason Prophet

The PloughThe Plough Women are not credited with the invention Women are not credited with the invention

of the plough because:of the plough because: The image of the modern ploughThe image of the modern plough The idea that women would not have The idea that women would not have

been strong enough to use them.been strong enough to use them.

Mason Prophet

The PloughThe Plough

However, this is likely to be an However, this is likely to be an unfair assumption because:unfair assumption because: Early ploughs were much Early ploughs were much

different from later, animal different from later, animal drawn ones, and were probably drawn ones, and were probably pulled by two women.pulled by two women.

At the time early ploughs were At the time early ploughs were being developed, women were being developed, women were the primary workers of the the primary workers of the population.population.

Mason Prophet

Supporting EvidenceSupporting Evidence The idea that women’s lack of strength is the The idea that women’s lack of strength is the

basis for their incapability to invent and use the basis for their incapability to invent and use the first ploughs. However, it is challenged by strong first ploughs. However, it is challenged by strong evidence that women’s daily tasks included:evidence that women’s daily tasks included: Collecting and hauling firewood, and other Collecting and hauling firewood, and other

fuelsfuels Harvesting and hauling grainHarvesting and hauling grain Collecting and moving clay for potteryCollecting and moving clay for pottery Building houses or sheltersBuilding houses or shelters

This evidence also supports theories that women This evidence also supports theories that women may have actually been stronger than men.may have actually been stronger than men.

Mason Prophet

IrrigationIrrigation Along with the plough, irrigation is a second Along with the plough, irrigation is a second

characteristic that separates horticulture from characteristic that separates horticulture from agricultureagriculture

Women were probably the first irrigatorsWomen were probably the first irrigators Originated in the Near EastOriginated in the Near East Two types:Two types:

Bringing water to plantsBringing water to plants Palestinian Women leading spring water to grain and vegetable Palestinian Women leading spring water to grain and vegetable

plotsplots Bringing plants to waterBringing plants to water

Navajo women sowing squash and beans in the fans of washes in Navajo women sowing squash and beans in the fans of washes in the Arizona Desertthe Arizona Desert

Both types are seen in history around 8000BCEBoth types are seen in history around 8000BCE

Mason Prophet

Fire as a land-clearing toolFire as a land-clearing tool

Used by men and womenUsed by men and women Men cut down most of the Men cut down most of the

trees and brush before a trees and brush before a burnburn

Otis Mason claims that Otis Mason claims that women may have been the women may have been the first to control fire so that it first to control fire so that it may be used for this may be used for this purpose.purpose.

Mason Prophet

FertilizerFertilizer

Women may have invented fertilizer in Women may have invented fertilizer in several culturesseveral cultures

Observation of affect of feces on plant Observation of affect of feces on plant growth during child training and food growth during child training and food collection.collection.

Menstrual blood and herring were used Menstrual blood and herring were used as fertilizer by women in different as fertilizer by women in different culturescultures

Women were the primary cultivatorsWomen were the primary cultivators

Mason Prophet

Domestication and selective breeding Domestication and selective breeding of plantsof plants

Foods that make up 75% of all human food energy comes Foods that make up 75% of all human food energy comes from 8 cereal grains:from 8 cereal grains: WheatWheat RiceRice MaizeMaize BarleyBarley OatsOats SorghumSorghum MilletMillet RyeRye

All of the listed cereal grains were originally domesticated All of the listed cereal grains were originally domesticated in prehistory, when women were the primary cultivatorsin prehistory, when women were the primary cultivators

Mason Prophet

AgricultureAgriculture

When society started to When society started to depend more heavily on depend more heavily on cultivation and cultivation and agriculture, women agriculture, women began to lose their place began to lose their place as primary cultivators as primary cultivators due to a dramatic shift due to a dramatic shift called the Takeover called the Takeover Theory.Theory.

Danilo DiazDanilo Diaz

Takeover TheoryTakeover Theory

Women’s participation in cultivation?Women’s participation in cultivation?

Men takeover in western cultures…Men takeover in western cultures…


Developments that Affected the Developments that Affected the Transition to Agriculture...Transition to Agriculture...

A birth explosionA birth explosion

A change from female to male-centered religionA change from female to male-centered religion

The professionalization of the cultivative role The professionalization of the cultivative role


The Birth ExplosionThe Birth Explosion Creates more difficult & dangerous periodsCreates more difficult & dangerous periods

Early lactationEarly lactation Late pregnancyLate pregnancy

Increasing her workloadIncreasing her workload Food-providingFood-providing ProcessingProcessing Child-careChild-care

Emotional traumaEmotional trauma Children’s deathChildren’s death


Change From Female to Male-Change From Female to Male-centered Religioncentered Religion

Controversial overthrow of goddess-worship in Controversial overthrow of goddess-worship in middle eastmiddle east

Triumph of male deities in the area after 3000 BCTriumph of male deities in the area after 3000 BC Negative psychological effects on womenNegative psychological effects on women Opposite effect on men (intangibly) Opposite effect on men (intangibly)


The Professionalization of the The Professionalization of the Cultivative RoleCultivative Role

Farming became a full time jobFarming became a full time job Gardens became fieldsGardens became fields

Had to be ploughed and cultivated numerous timesHad to be ploughed and cultivated numerous times

Irrigation developed into a complex matterIrrigation developed into a complex matter Region wide canals and ditchesRegion wide canals and ditches

Women lose out as it converted into a Women lose out as it converted into a commercialized and professionalized fieldcommercialized and professionalized field


Takeover Through 18Takeover Through 18thth CenturyCentury

Africa and AsiaAfrica and Asia Women do 2/3 to 3/4 of the workWomen do 2/3 to 3/4 of the work

Not in chargeNot in charge

European colonists intruders taught males of European colonists intruders taught males of “improved” agricultural technology (Africa)“improved” agricultural technology (Africa)

Statistics of women’s contributions are N/AStatistics of women’s contributions are N/A Writing of history turned into a male roleWriting of history turned into a male role

What men did…What men did…


Women Inventors and Women Inventors and InnovatorsInnovators

Queen Zubaidya/Zubayda (Semiramis/Sammuramat)Queen Zubaidya/Zubayda (Semiramis/Sammuramat) Specialized in engineering and irrigation innovationsSpecialized in engineering and irrigation innovations Held the highest office in her city, MeccaHeld the highest office in her city, Mecca Constructed a reservoir and aqueduct at her own expenseConstructed a reservoir and aqueduct at her own expense

Princess Eanswith of Kent (England)Princess Eanswith of Kent (England) Refused her intended groomRefused her intended groom Founded and devoted her life to a monasteryFounded and devoted her life to a monastery

Improving the agricultural practicesImproving the agricultural practices


Continued…Continued…

Chimpu Urina (Chimbo Urma)Chimpu Urina (Chimbo Urma) Zoologist, naturalist, and inventorZoologist, naturalist, and inventor Introduced several new plants to cultivationIntroduced several new plants to cultivation

Studied plant toxins to formulate arrow poisons for hunting and warStudied plant toxins to formulate arrow poisons for hunting and war


InventionsInventions Sybilla Righton MastersSybilla Righton Masters

Maize-stamping mill Maize-stamping mill New way of working and staining in strawNew way of working and staining in straw Palmetto leaf to produce women’s bonnetsPalmetto leaf to produce women’s bonnets

Mary Wortley MontaguMary Wortley Montagu Brought about the idea of vaccinating livestock against infectious diseasesBrought about the idea of vaccinating livestock against infectious diseases

Catherine Littlefield GreeneCatherine Littlefield Greene Short-staple cotton ginShort-staple cotton gin

Suggested key ideas which eventually led to the inventionSuggested key ideas which eventually led to the invention


Women's role in the 19th & 20th Women's role in the 19th & 20th Century in Agriculture Century in Agriculture

Plant Culture/Planting & Cultivating Plant Culture/Planting & Cultivating FertilizationFertilization Irrigation & drainage Irrigation & drainage New foodsNew foods New plants New plants Plant DiseasesPlant Diseases

STEVEN EPHRAIMSTEVEN EPHRAIM

Plant Culture/ Planting & Plant Culture/ Planting & CultivatingCultivating

Dr. M. Claire ShephardDr. M. Claire Shephard: involved in inventing of two systemic fungicides. : involved in inventing of two systemic fungicides. Dimethirimol and ethirimol. Dimethirimol and ethirimol.

Seed Treatments. To coat the seeds with fertilizer or pesticides rather than the Seed Treatments. To coat the seeds with fertilizer or pesticides rather than the entire fields. entire fields.

Miranda Smith: Miranda Smith: lived in New York City and was credited for starting lived in New York City and was credited for starting Rooftop Gardens Project. Rooftop Gardens Project.

New Forms of Cultivating around the worldNew Forms of Cultivating around the worldHsing Yen-tzu: method of planting spring wheat in frozen grounds.Hsing Yen-tzu: method of planting spring wheat in frozen grounds.Yetateriana Novgorodova: hotbed techniques w/bonfires, sprinkling rountines Yetateriana Novgorodova: hotbed techniques w/bonfires, sprinkling rountines

for growing vegetables in Siberia.for growing vegetables in Siberia.


FertilizationFertilization

Elisabeth BryentonElisabeth Bryenton Created mixture that Created mixture that

provided plants as much provided plants as much nitrogen as needed to nitrogen as needed to grow at a fraction of the grow at a fraction of the cost.cost.


Irrigation and Drainage Irrigation and Drainage

Harriet W.R. Strong Harriet W.R. Strong Invented a system of dams Invented a system of dams

and reservoirs for water and reservoirs for water storage and flood storage and flood control.control.

Started by growing walnut Started by growing walnut trees and citrus fruit.trees and citrus fruit.


New FoodsNew Foods

Elizabeth WhiteElizabeth White, , daughter of cranberry daughter of cranberry growers discovered ways of growers discovered ways of growing a new berry, growing a new berry, Tru-Tru-Blu-BerriesBlu-Berries

Dr. Catherine H. Dr. Catherine H. BaileyBaileyCreating new hybrids of Creating new hybrids of peaches, nectarines apples peaches, nectarines apples and pears. and pears.


New PlantsNew Plants

Many female Many female agriculturists are agriculturists are credited for the work in credited for the work in developing new and developing new and unique flowers. Most of unique flowers. Most of these flowers are roses. these flowers are roses.


INVENTORSINVENTORS Josephine D. BrownellJosephine D. Brownell in 1937 patented 2 roses, wilt-resistant and in 1937 patented 2 roses, wilt-resistant and

continually blooming. Between 1949-1955 created 31 more.continually blooming. Between 1949-1955 created 31 more. Esther Johnson, Anna Miller, Elizabeth A. Briggs and Marie SchaeferEsther Johnson, Anna Miller, Elizabeth A. Briggs and Marie Schaefer

created the walnut tree.created the walnut tree. Esther G. FisherEsther G. Fisher in 1950-1956 patented 8 different types of roses. in 1950-1956 patented 8 different types of roses.

most famous for the Merry-Go-Round in 1952 and the first lavender rosemost famous for the Merry-Go-Round in 1952 and the first lavender rose Louisette MeillandLouisette Meilland: “Ambassador”, can cost up to $45,000 to create but : “Ambassador”, can cost up to $45,000 to create but

can generate more then a million dollars in income.can generate more then a million dollars in income. Kathleen K. Meserve:Kathleen K. Meserve: created 6 blue Hollies from 1963-1978 created 6 blue Hollies from 1963-1978

Blue Girl, Blue Boy, Blue Prince, Blue Princess, Blue Angel, Blue Maid.Blue Girl, Blue Boy, Blue Prince, Blue Princess, Blue Angel, Blue Maid.


Plant Diseases Plant Diseases

Joanna B. TribbleJoanna B. Tribble: preventing diseases on : preventing diseases on vegetables.vegetables.

Rebecca J. WalkerRebecca J. Walker: protecting fruit trees from : protecting fruit trees from curculio.curculio.

Dr. Margaret C. ShephardDr. Margaret C. Shephard: covering pesticides : covering pesticides and agents that regulate plant growth.and agents that regulate plant growth.


Animal HusbandryAnimal Husbandry

Animal husbandry is the Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. breeding and raising livestock. It is an important part of It is an important part of farming and is considered a farming and is considered a form of art and science. The form of art and science. The science of animal husbandry is science of animal husbandry is called animal science.called animal science.

Jennifer Orrison

Animal Husbandry Cont’dAnimal Husbandry Cont’d

New Breeds and VarietiesNew Breeds and Varieties

Salina, Maria, and ElenaSalina, Maria, and Elena Henrietta KingHenrietta King Sally ForbesSally Forbes Helen Newton TurnerHelen Newton Turner

Jennifer Orrison

Animal Husbandry Cont’dAnimal Husbandry Cont’dCare of Livestock (Methods, Care of Livestock (Methods,

Apparatus, Research)Apparatus, Research)

Nancy Wilkerson, Annie Pentz, and Geneva Nancy Wilkerson, Annie Pentz, and Geneva ArmstrongArmstrong

- livestock and cattle cars- livestock and cattle cars Elizabeth Craig, Susan Smith, Cora Shellenberger, Elizabeth Craig, Susan Smith, Cora Shellenberger,

and Ingabrit Ingebritsonand Ingabrit Ingebritson- livestock feeding troughs- livestock feeding troughs

Mary LipscombMary Lipscomb- improved sheep shears- improved sheep shears

Miriam Louis RothschildMiriam Louis Rothschild- studied fleas - studied fleas

Helen SkeggsHelen Skeggs- growth-promoters in farm animals- growth-promoters in farm animals

Melinda BoiceMelinda Boice- in-vitro fertilization- in-vitro fertilization

Jennifer Orrison

Animal Husbandry Cont’d.Animal Husbandry Cont’d.

Dairy & Poultry InventionsDairy & Poultry Inventions

Women on FarmsWomen on Farms MilkingMilking Processing MilkProcessing Milk ChickensChickens IncomeIncome

Natalie Kitchel


Dairy InventionsDairy Inventions

Effie L. PrallEffie L. Prall Caroline Westcott Caroline Westcott

RomneyRomney Mary Engle PenningtonMary Engle Pennington

Natalie Kitchel


Poultry InventionsPoultry Inventions

Mary ArnoldMary Arnold Ellie H. FlorieEllie H. Florie Mary Engle PenningtonMary Engle Pennington Lizzie H. DickelmanLizzie H. Dickelman

Natalie Kitchel

Thank you!Thank you!

horticulture and agriculture team: cpp yeah you know me! danilo diaz steve ephraim natalie kitchel...

Documents

plough women

images of women

horticulture cultivation

modern plough

time early ploughs

early developments

horticulture societies

field cultivation