hospitality and its origin

Amity School of HospitalityAmity UniversitySector 125, Noida

Uttar Pradesh

Term Paper:

HOSPITALITY AND ITS ORIGIN

Prepared and presented for the partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of

B.Sc. in Hotel Management (2008 – 2011)

Submitted by: Submitted to: Name: AMAN KALRA Mr. M.P. SharmaEnrollment no: A2706008064

1. Made By: Aman Kalra

Amity School of HospitalityAmity UniversitySector 125, Noida

Uttar Pradesh

Term Paper:

HOSPITALITY AND ITS ORIGIN

Prepared and presented for the partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of

B.Sc. in Hotel Management (2008 – 2011)

Submitted by: Submitted to: Name: AMAN KALRA Mr. M.P. SharmaEnrollment no: A2706008064


INDEX

S.No. Particulars Page Number

1. Undertaking 3

2. Acknowledgement 4

3. Guide Certificate 5

4. Executive Summary 6

5. Objective 7

6. Introduction To Hospitality 8

7. Origin of Hospitality and Hotel Industry

28

8. Link between Tourism and Hospitality Industry

48

9. Tourism 58

10. Tourism System 74

11. Tourism By State 88

12. Bibliography 103

UNDERTAKING


I hereby declare that this project report title “Hospitality and its Origin” is the result of my hard work and is not plagiarized from any other project.

Name: AMAN KALRA Date: 11/05/2010Enrollment No: A2706008064Amity School of HospitalityAmity University

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


I gratefully thank Mr. M.P. Sharma who guided me in my quest for the completion of this project.

She gave my all the important information required for the project. Without her help the project would not have been possible.

I am also thankful to all the people in different Hotels and Restaurant who have given their support and suggestions to improve the project.

Name: AMAN KALRA Date: 11/05/2010Enrollment No: A2706008064Amity School of HospitalityAmity University

GUIDE’S CERTIFICATE

I have the pleasure to certify that AMAN KALRA a student of Amity School of Hospitality, Noida has prepared the Research Project “Hospitality and its Origin” under my supervision and


guidance. The presented report is the result of his own research to the best of my knowledge. This is being submitted to the institute for partial fulfillment of the requirements of the three year full time Degree in Hotel Management.

--------------------------- Date: 11/05/2010Guide Name and SignatureMr. M.P. Sharma

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

This project has been a great learning experience for me; at the

same time it gave me enough scope to implement my analytical ability. Full project

givesan insight about the term ‘Hospitality’ its

explanation in brief, How it originated.. And


About the base of its origin (TOURISM). It is purely based on whatever the

researcher learned at THE Amity School OF Hospitality . All the topics have been covered in

a verysystematic way. The language has been kept

simple so that even a layman could understand. The whole theoretical part is covered with

relation to the product.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective for making this project was to know the basics of Hospitality in brief. Also, discussing about the history of Hospitality and how it actually originated, its definition, its dimensions and also a related topic called “Hospitality Management”.

In terms of Origin of Hospitality, Tourism also plays an important role since the growth in Tourism has been a major-most factor held responsible and helpful for the growth of Hospitality and industry. The nature and the main concept behind the term “Tourism”; various


approaches of studying Tourism; Tourism system are some topics covered hereunder.

Here, we have also discussed about how Hospitality is linked to Tourism.

INTRODUCTION

There are two broad (and crude) approaches to defining ‘hospitality’: the first semantic, the second evidential. The semantic approach centers on the variety of definitions offered by informed commentators, from dictionary compilers to those engaged in research and teaching in the university subject ‘Hospitality management’.The evidential approach, in contrast, derives its impetus from excavation of secondary literature, theoretical and conceptual in nature, seeking to locate and define hospitality within the ‘real world’ of evidence. The evidential approach has not been much developed whereas Semantic discussions are relatively plentiful. Indeed, a notable feature of


attempts to define hospitality by ‘hospitality management’ academics is that they have largely taken place in an evidential and empirical Vacuum, without reference to generic ‘real world’ applications of the concept.

1) SEMANTIC DEFINITIONSDictionary definitions of terms are, by their very nature, generic in character and thus tend towards the vague. However, there is merit in reflecting upon at least some of these since it permits an appreciation of the parameters of nuance, or spin, places on definitions of hospitality. Thus, we have hospitality as the ‘friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests or strangers’ and as ‘kindness in welcoming strangers or guests’. Further elaboration of the meaning of hospitality may be obtained from related definitions. One of particular interest is the term “hospitable” is very similar to ‘hospitality’ as ‘offering or affording welcome and entertainment to strangers… of persons... of things, feelings, qualities etc… Disposed to receive or welcome kindly; open and generous in mind or disposition… Hence hospitableness, a hospitable quality or character’. These definitions of ‘hospitality’ and ‘hospitableness” share a high degree of commonality, especially in the emphasis they place on the attitudinal and behavioral dimensions of hospitality, notably in relation to those providing Hospitality.


These dictionary terms resonate with both semantic and evidential definitions of hospitality. However, it is important to reiterate that their generic character falls short of an inclusive understanding of the concept of hospitality.

Turning to those definitions emanating from informed commentators in the field of ‘hospitality management’ we will find both a greater degree of specificity, and evidence of symmetry with dictionary definitions of hospitality. one approach that has, historically, dominated the thinking of most hospitality management academics and practitioners, exhibits the tendency to take a narrow, commercial, economic and industrial perspective to defining hospitality. Hospitality is thus conceived of in terms of the activities associated with the hospitality industry.

Some definitions of Hospitality by some people:1.‘The method of production by which the needs of

the proposed guest are satisfied to the utmost and that means a supply of hoods and services in a quantity and quality desired by the guest and at a price that is acceptable to him so that he feels the product is worth the price’.

2.‘Offering food, beverage and lodging, or, in other words, of offering the basic needs for the person away from home’

3.‘The provision of overnight accommodation for people staying away from home, and the provision of sustenance for people eating away from home.’


4.‘A harmonious mixture of tangible and intangible components – food, beverages, beds, ambience and environment, and behavior of staff.’

2) EVIDENTIAL DEFINITIONSAs intimated earlier, relatively little academic investigation has been undertaken of the concept, as opposed to the practice, of hospitality. One advantage of this is that the intellectual terrain that does not exist is relatively easy to map. Another is that a high degree of clarity can be attained in focusing investigation on the relationships between generic concepts of hospitality and related terms and those reflecting some ‘application’ (as in the case, for example, of the ‘hospitality industry’). As a corollary of this, a serious limitation of current reflections on the concept of hospitality is the absence of extended theorizing about, and empirical investigation of, the subject. This not only circumscribes the potential for generalization, but additionally undermines in some way in that conceptual framework which does exist. Failure to attend to what we do know about hospitality as a social phenomenon leads, as we have already seen, to relatively arbitrary definitions of hospitality which have little value beyond the immediate context in which they have been developed.

First, there are consistent references to the themes of order and conformity in the hospitality exchange.


This is characterized by discussions of the role(s) of rules, customs, manners, rituals, and habits in regulating hospitality exchanges.Second, this orderliness tends to reflect the establishment and maintenance of social relations as a central aspect of the hospitality exchange, whether this is reciprocal in nature or not. Hospitality can arise in both symmetrical and asymmetrical relationships and embrace varying combinations of the personal and social.Third, all hospitality situations, whether public or private, are imbued with symbolic associations and significance. As a consequence it is possible to differentiate between them on the basis of either the motives underlying the provision of a particular form of hospitality and/or the nature of the hospitality experience.Fourth, hospitality, especially in the public domain is characterized by increasing commodification and subject to the dictates of fashion; wherein to be fashionable is synonymous with conformity on the one hand and, paradoxically, with change and innovation on the other.Fifth, another recurring theme in the literature is the enduring nature of the essence of hospitality across space and time in the face of different and changing socio-economic and politico-cultural influences. Though the particular motives for, form of, and symbolic significance attributed to, different incidences of hospitality clearly vary across space and time, the essence of hospitality remains remarkably stable.


A possible objection to this last line of argument is that the motives for, incidence, and formats of, hospitality provision have varied over time, and continue to do so in both similar and different contemporary environments, cultures and countries. However, the fact that specific motives for the existence of hospitality and its particular manifestations do exhibit spatio-temporal variations is not a compelling reason to reject the view that the essence of the concept remains constant across time and space.

TOWARS A SYNTHESIS:

Drawing on the above discussion of the semantic and evidence approaches to defining hospitality, it is possible to identify number of important and recurrent characteristics ascribed to hospitality. Put simply, hospitality:

Is concerned with producing and supplying certain physical products; namely accommodation and/or food and/or drink;

Involves an exchange relationship, which may be primarily economic, social, or psychological in nature;

Consists of a combination of tangible and intangible elements, the precise proportion of


each varying according to the specifics of different hospitality exchange situations;

Is associated with particular forms of human behavior and interaction;

Is not inevitably synonymous with hospitable behavior, which is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the existence of hospitality;

Is an activity entered into on a voluntary basis by the parties involved;

May be provided and consumed for a variety of different motives;

Can vary in its specific form, function, and motivational basis across time and space, but in essence remains qualitatively the same;

Is an activity designed to produce commensality and mutual enhancement for the parties who engage in it;

Involves people in the process of the hospitality exchange; and

Is an exchange which takes place within an intermediate time frame, and one which reflects the close temporal connection between its production and consumption aspects.


Distilling these characteristics into a coherent definition is no easy task, but is offered as follows:

A contemporaneous human exchange, which is voluntarily entered into, and designed to enhance the mutual well being of the parties concerned through the provision of accommodation, and/or food and/or drink.

This captures the generic essence of hospitality, placing the issue of human exchange at the very heart of the hospitality concept (Refer Fig.1). At the same time, it indicates the nature of the dimensions and parameters that serve to differentiate hospitality from other forms of human exchange.


Figure 1 The Dimensions of hospitality

Thus, the term accommodation is used in a wider sense than that normally ascribed to it within the context of hospitality. Here it is used to refer to any accommodation, whether permanent or temporary, used to house the hospitality exchange. Clearly this usage of the term embraces both domestic and commercial premises and posits that hospitality occurs within the context of a place. In this sense it is also capable of including the type of ‘outdoor’ venues sometimes used as accommodation for the provision of hospitality. For example, domestic events like barbecues, picnics, and garden parties, and commercial activities such as catering at sporting


events, occur at a place and use either indoor or outdoor accommodation to house the hospitality exchange. In addition, the placement of the term accommodation before those of food or drink, which is not normal practice in the literature, reinforces this contention and has further value in helping to differentiate the incidence of hospitality from other forms of human exchange including food and/or drink.

Clearly, any precise definition of hospitality such as that proffered here is unlikely to be either uncontentious or clear cut. Nevertheless, this and related definitions are vital for establishing a consistent view of what constitutes hospitality, the hospitality industry, and hospitality management. The cavalier and unsystematic ways in which these terms have been hitherto employed demands clarity, even an artificial clarity, if progress if to be made towards meaningful elaboration and discourse on the nature of hospitality. As an intermediate step on the road to transmuting the above definition into one appropriate to hospitality management the following is offered as a new definition of the hospitality industry:

The Hospitality Industry is comprised of commercial organizations that specialize in providing accommodation and/or, food, and/or drink, through a voluntary human exchange, which is contemporaneous in nature and undertaken to enhance the mutual well being of the parties concerned.


STRUCTURES AND FINCTIONS OF HOSPITALITY

The basic function of hospitality is to establish a relationship or to promote an already established relationship. Acts of hospitality achieve this in the course of exchange of goods and services, both material and symbolic, between those who give hospitality (hosts) and those who receive it (guests). Since relationships necessarily evolve within moral frameworks, one of the principal functions of any act of hospitality is either the case of an existing relationship to consolidate the recognition that hosts and guests already share the same moral universe or in the case of a new relationship to enable the construction of a moral universe to which both host n guest agree to belong.

Acts of hospitality thus either consolidate structures of relations by symbolically affirming them, or (in the case of the establishment of a new framework of relations) are structurally transformative. In the latter case givers and/or receivers of hospitality are (in each other’s eyes at any rate) not the same after the event as they were before. Hospitality converts: strangers into familiars, enemies into friend, friends into better friends, outsiders into insides, non-kin into kin. These principles find expression in ethnographic descriptions of a wide variety of social systems.

Ethnographers of hunting and gathering societies, make much of the fluidity and flexibility of the bands


which make up the social structure. People customarily leave one group and join another more or less as they please. But, relatively unmarked as it is in comparison with other societies, the business of joining a group is normally accompanied by a small symbolic ‘announcement’, if it may be described as such, consisting of the newcomer establishing his/her right to share a part of the food of an existing band member, a slight but significant act of hospitality signifying the acceptance by the band of a new member.

SOMETHING ABOUT HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

We have already noted that those operating in the academic field known as ‘hospitality management’ tend to employ commercially and economically specific definitions of hospitality. Such definitions do not normally admit generic understandings of hospitality as a social phenomenon.So, what exactly is Hospitality management? Precisely, nothing. There is hospitality and there is management. Both are social, economic, and political activities. Both are the products of human action. Neither can be granted any epistemologically privileged status. Both, however, can be more or less defined, or, more precisely, circumscribed. ‘Hospitality management’, does not exist other than as a linguistic label employed to describe programmes of study, styles of research, and so on, prevalent in higher education. However, it may be fairly objected, is


“Hospitality Management” not “Management of Hospitality”? To this we can reply ‘Yes, most certainly’ if we mean the application of one set of intellectual constructs and practices (management) to another (hospitality). The advantage of this explicit formulation of the term “hospitality management’ is that it free us to determine what constructs, and what practices and applications might be studied as a form of scholarly activity in their own right(i.e. theoretically) as well as permitting of pragmatic prescription(the activity of managing hospitality). It also frees us from any predetermined context of our study. We might justifiably study how hospitality is managed in the home, or in hospitals, prisons or in commercial enterprises.

This appealingly rationalist definition lends itself to multi/inter-disciplinary study; it is above all a liberating approach. There is a problem, whoever, in that it clashes with another, second, type of ‘definition’ of hospitality management. In essence, this concept of hospitality management embraces two key assumptions, namely:

Hospitality Management is about the management of (essentially but not exclusively) commercial organizations in the business of providing the three key related services of food, drink and accommodation; and

Hospitality Management principally entails the application of management concepts and


techniques to the provision of these goods and services.

The weaknesses of this approach are easy to identify. First, the used of the term ‘hospitality management’ in this sense is a misnomer. There may be a perception that ‘hospitality’ is being ‘managed’ (many who operate within this framework sincerely hold this to be self-evident) but we must insist that such a view is mistaken.

Our Second definition of hospitality management has no theory of hospitality. Rather, in an ironic methodology sense, certain ‘measurement concepts’ come to stand for hospitality, concepts from which we are meant to infer hospitality (or its absence) from the organizations under scrutiny. Such concepts are the product of a strand of management thinking which properly, as a theoretical level, ought to constitute objects of study. This is because, as intimated earlier, management as a set of intellectual concepts and practices cannot be assumed to have an epistemologically privileged status. Yet those who subscribe to this second view generally do concede just such a status to ‘management’ knowledge.

A second problem with our second view concerns the internal contradictions that are an ever-present feature of efforts to defend the legitimacy of ‘hospitality management’ within academic like.There are three issues here.


The first is the utility of the term ‘hospitality’. In the UK it has generally come to substitute for other terms such as ‘hotel’, ‘restaurant’ and most, especially, ‘catering’. The creeping adoption of the term ‘hospitality’ without much thought as to its meaning may be seen as part of academics’ professionalization strategies. In many societies there is still extensive institutional and wider snobbery that negatively colors attitudes towards services in general, and hotels and catering in particular. Precisely because the term ‘hospitality’ remains undefined and without a rationale, however, these problems have not disappeared.

This leads to the Second issue again which is, of course, that ‘outsiders’ have every right to remain skeptical of cosmetic name changes, precisely because hospitality academics continue to assert the instrumental primacy of the first assumption noted earlier.

The Third and the final issue again follow this and is, simply, this: if Hospitality management is the application of management concepts and techniques to hotel and catering organizations, why do we need special school to do the job? The principal response to hospitality academics to this question has most often been industry – note, not hospitality management. This argument runs as follows. The uniqueness of this industry requires a selective application of management concepts and techniques, reflecting this uniqueness, in order to maximize business success.


Maximize business success. Many cling to this view (again sincerely) but they are wrong, wrong rationally, logically and empirically. There are a number of reasons for this and we do not propose to rehearse all the arguments here. The central problem with this position lies in the asymmetry it lends to our second view of hospitality management. Thus, the concepts and techniques of ‘management’ are viewed as (relatively) intellectually unproblematic. This has led to the search, if not for theories then for ‘models’ of hospitality management which borrow concepts from ‘general’ management discourse and seek to adapt these to the supposed peculiarities of the hospitality sector. This approach has profound limitations in terms of the assumptions that underpin it, a fact reflected in the remarkable sterility of hospitality research conducted according to such tenets.

The limitations of the second approach are illuminated by a third ‘tradition’ in the practice of hospitality management, teaching and research. This consists of the application of concepts and theories from management disciplines to aspects of the hospitality industry and management. In other words, the hospitality industry serves as a locus for disciplinary exploration. Most developed in this regard are the fields of industrial relations and human resource management. Here, researchers have explored ‘hospitality’ in their disciplinary contexts in much the same way as they might have explored car manufacture or yoghurt production or farming. The principal advantage of ‘disciplinary approaches’ to


hospitality lies, above all else, in identifying characteristics of the hospitality industry while emphasizing the linkages that exist between that industry and other. The main limitations of these approaches is that in all but the most sophisticated applications of such research, the certainties of the discipline being ‘applied’ are assumed and linked with equally powerful assumptions about the unproblematic nature of the hospitality industry. It should be emphasized at this point that it is not the intention to advocate here a ‘back door’ argument for the ‘special’ nature of the hospitality industry or hospitality management. The Hospitality industry and hospitality management is special, even unique, in the sense that any industry has particular characteristics that differentiate it from the other. This does not prevent the analytic treatment of the industry as any other.

At this point it may be worthwhile offering some diagrammatic representation of where we are in order to aid clarity. If we take the opening view then we are arguing that hospitality and management are two distinct conceptual domains (as shown in Fig.2). Here there are no assumptions as to the possible directions of research but we can build these by extending the model to produce a holistic set of possibilities (as shown in Fig.3). Of course, the model can be extended and further differentiated. In Fig.4, we have our ‘Second view’ of hospitality management and in Fig.5, the ‘Third view’.


Figure 2 Hospitality and management 2 distinct conceptual domains

Figure 3 Set of Possibilities


Figure 4 “Second View” of Hospitality management

Figure 5 ‘Third View’ of Hospitality management


ORIGIN OF HOTEL INDUSTRY AND HOSPITALITY

The history of hotels is intimately connected to that of civilizations. Or rather, it is a part of that history. Facilities offering guests hospitality have been in evidence since early biblical times. The Greeks developed thermal baths in villages designed for rest and recuperation. Later, the Romans built mansions to provide accommodation for travelers on government business. The Romans were the first to develop thermal baths in England, Switzerland and the Middle East. Later still, caravanserais appeared, providing a resting place for caravans along Middle Eastern routes. In the middle Ages, monasteries and abbeys were the first establishments to offer refuge to travelers on a regular basis. Religious orders built inns, hospices and hospitals to cater for those on the move.

FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE MIDDLE AGES:

The history of hotels is intimately connected to that of civilizations. Or rather, it is a part of that history. Facilities offering guests hospitality have been in evidence since early biblical times. The Greeks developed thermal baths in villages designed for rest and recuperation. Later, the Romans built mansions to provide accommodation for travelers on government business. The Romans were the first to develop


thermal baths in England, Switzerland and the Middle East.

Later still, caravanserais appeared, providing a resting place for caravans along Middle Eastern routes. In the Middle Ages, monasteries and abbeys were the first establishments to offer refuge to travelers on a regular basis. Religious orders built inns, hospices and hospitals to cater for those on the move.

Inns multiplied, but they did not yet offer meals. Staging posts were established for governmental transports and as rest stops. They provided shelter and allowed horses to be changed more easily. Numerous refuges then sprang up for pilgrims and crusaders on their way to the Holy Land.

Travelling then became progressively more hazardous. At the same time, inns gradually appeared in most of Europe. Some of them have remained famous, for example, l' Auberge des Trois Rois in Basle, which dates from the Middle Ages.

Around 1200, staging posts for travelers and stations for couriers were set up in China and Mongolia.

In Europe, or more precisely in Belgium, l' Auberge Cour Saint Georges opened in Gant, while the Angel Inn was built at Grantham in Lincolnshire, England.

THE START OF THE HOTEL INDUSTRY:

In France, at the beginning of the fifteenth century, the law required that hotels keep a register. English


law also introduced rules for inns at that time. At the same time, around 1500 thermal spas were developed at Carlsbad and Marienbad.

During this epoch, more than 600 inns were registered in England. Their architecture often consisted of a paved interior court with access through an arched porch. The bedrooms were situated on the two sides of the courtyard, the kitchen and the public rooms at the front, and the stables and storehouses at the back. The first guide books for travelers were published in France during this period.

An embryonic hotel industry began to develop in Europe. Distinctive signs were hung outside establishments renowned for their refined cuisine. At the end of the 1600s, the first stage coaches following a regular timetable started operating in England. Half a century later, clubs similar to English gentlemen's clubs and Masonic lodges began to appear in America.

In Paris in the time of Louis XIV, the Place Vendôme offered the first example of a multiple-use architectural complex, where the classical façades


accommodated boutiques, offices, apartments and also hotels.

IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, HOTELS TAKE OVER THE TOWN:

The industrial revolution, which started in the 1760s, facilitated the construction of hotels everywhere, in mainland Europe, in England and in America.

In New York first of all, and then in Copenhagen, hotels were established in city centers.

At the beginning of the 1800s, the Royal Hotel was built in London. Holiday resorts began to flourish along the French and Italian rivieras.

In Japan, Ryokan guest houses sprang up. In India, the government-run Dark bungalows provided reliable accommodation for travelers. The Tremont House in Boston was the first deluxe hotel in a city centre. It offered inside toilets, locks on the doors and an "à la carte" menu.

The Holt Hotel in New York City was the first to provide its guests with a lift for their luggage.

In 1822, in Venice, a certain Giuseppe Dal Niel transformed an old palace into a hotel and gave it his name, "Le Danieli". As trains began to replace horse-drawn transport, highway inns for stage coaches started to decline.


During this period, the Shepheards Hotel in Cairo was founded, the result of a complete transformation of an ancient city-centre harem.

L’hôtel des Bergues was built in the spring of 1834 on the shore of the Lake of Geneva. One of its founders, Guillaume Henri Dufour, became a famous Swiss general. In 1840, l’hôtel des Trois Couronnes was established in Vevey in Switzerland and the Baur au Lac in Zurich, fully refurbished since 1995.

In New York, the New York Hotel was the first to be equipped with private bathrooms.

The "Bayerischer Hof" was built in Munich in 1841, followed in 1852 by the "Vier Jahreszeiten”. These two famous establishments were completely renovated after the Second World War.

LE GRAND HÔTEL PARIS

The inauguration of the Grand Hôtel in Paris took place on 5 May 1862 in the presence of the Empress Eugénie. The orchestra, directed by Jacques Offenbach, played the Traviata. This building was designed by the architect Alfred Armand, in order to "show the élite of travelers from all over the world the progress made under the Second Empire by the sciences, arts and industry".

The exterior façades with their high arched doors and their Louis XIV windows were in the style required for


the surroundings of the Opéra. The greatest names in painting and decoration participated in the completion of this hotel, the grandest in Europe in its dimensions, luxury and installations. The first hydraulic lift was installed in this hotel. "Lighting was supplied by 4000 gas jets; heating by 18 stoves and 354 hot air vents.

In 1890, the entire hotel was equipped with electric lighting.

Due to the installation of steam central heating in 1901, baskets of wood were no longer sold on the floors. Some years later the hotel was renovated. Further renovation took place in 1970 and 1985.

In 1982, it became a member of the Intercontinental chain.

Since 1992 the hotel has been equipped with a central Building Management System.

In June 2003, Le Grand Hôtel Paris has re-opened its doors following an eighteen-month multi-million dollar renovation.

The Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City was the first in that period to provide lifts for its guests. 1869 saw the inauguration, near Cairo, of the Mena House, an oasis of calm and luxury, at the foot of the famous pyramids of Cheops, Chephren and Mikerinos.

In 1870, the Palmer House Hotel in Chicago was the grandest of all hotels. Its structure, the first of its kind, was fire-resistant.


In 1873, the Palais de Würtemberg in Vienna was transformed into a superb luxury residence for the notables of the epoch, L'Hôtel Impérial. Kings and queens became regular visitors to what is without doubt the finest example of the refined architecture of the Ringstrasse in Vienna. It is said that Richard Wagner directed the first productions of "Tannhäuser" and "Lohengrin" there. Two years later in 1875, the Grand Hotel Europe opened its doors in St Petersburg. This prestigious place where Tchaikoswky spent his honeymoon and where Shostakovich played a sonata for Prokofiev in his suite.

In 1880, the Sagamore Hotel on Lake George in the state of New York was the very first to provide electricity in all its rooms.

The first school for hoteliers was founded in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1890 by J. Tschumi, Director of the Beau Rivage in Lausanne, and A.R. Armleder, the "father" of the Richemond in Genève.

In Monte Carlo, l'Hôtel Hermitage opened its doors in 1896, offering its guests the refined and luxurious atmosphere enjoyed by the rich at the close of the nineteenth century. Shortly afterwards, the Victoria Hotel in Kansas City offered bathrooms with every room. The Netherland Hotel in New York City then became the first to provide all its guests with their own telephone.

In Athens in 1874, Stathis Lampsas, a chef by profession, realized his dream by building l'Hôtel


Grande Bretagne. Athens was suffering at that time from a shortage of water. It is said that the personnel bought water from carriers in the street to bring to the 80 bedrooms and ... the two bathrooms. Of course, the establishment has undergone several renovations since that time.

In 1894, the Grand Hôtel became the first Italian hotel to boast an electricity supply.

The Swiss hotelier Caspar Badrutt opened the famous Palace de Saint Moritz in 1896. In 1898, César Ritz, from the Valais in Switzerland, who became, to quote the famous phrase of King Edward VII, the "king of hoteliers and hotelier to kings", opened the hotel which bears his famous name in the Place Vendôme in Paris.

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: THE AGE OF PROSPERITY

The early years of the twentieth century were rich in new hotels which rapidly became prestigious.

Edouard Niiermans, the "architect of palaces", transformed the Villa "Eugenie", the summer residence of the Emperor Napoléon III and his wife Eugénie de Montijo, in 1900. In 1905, he built l'Hôtel du Palais in Biarritz. In 1913 his "Négresco" was opened in Nice, in the presence of seven kings!


In Madrid, King Alphonse XIII was anxious that the capital should have a luxurious and prestigious hotel, and as a result the Ritz was inaugurated in 1910. Seville paid its own homage to the king by opening a splendid establishment, constructed by the architect José Espiau, the Alphonso XIII. Not to be outdone, Barcelona inaugurated its own Ritz in 1919. This was equipped with an unheard of luxury at that time, bathrooms with hot as well as cold water!

We could also cite, among many other hotels built in the same period, the Ritz and Savoy in London, the Beau Rivage Palace in Lausanne, le Négresco in Nice, the Plaza in New York, the Métropole in Brussels, the Plaza-Athenée and l'Hôtel de Crillon in Paris, the Taj Mahal in Bombay and so on. The latter was renovated in 1972 by the Inter-Continental chain.

The prosperous nineteen-twenties saw a veritable boom in the hotel industry. Numerous hotels were established in this decade. In 1923, the architects Marchisio and Prost constructed a hotel in some wonderful gardens in the heart of Marrakech in Morocco, and for decades it was considered the most


beautiful hotel in the world: La Mamounia. Winston Churchill helped to forge its reputation by becoming a frequent guest.

Hotels were built not only in cities, but also in the mountains. The first ski resorts in Switzerland (Saint-Moritz, Gstaad, Montana, etc.) welcomed tourists (often English ones) to some very comfortable establishments.

The worldwide depression which followed in 1929 did not prevent the construction of the famous Waldorf Astoria in New York. This was the greatest hotel edifice of those troubled times.

After the war, the fifties saw the second boom in the hotel industry. The Club Méditerranée (G. Trigano) created the now famous, but then revolutionary concept of the club village. These years were also notable for the construction of the first casino hotels. This was also the time when the airline companies began to develop their own hotels.

In the sixties, new tourist resorts flourished around the Mediterranean. From Spain to Greece and from the Balearics to Yugoslavia, numerous city and beach hotels opened their doors to summer guests hungry for relaxation and a good dose of sunshine. Portugal and the Scandinavian countries soon followed their lead.


HOTELS FOR BUSINESS PEOPLE: 1970 saw the beginning of the construction of hotels for business people. This movement was supported by several factors. First of all, there was the will of the airline companies to extend their efforts in the domain of hotels.

Then there was the sudden prosperity, due to black gold, of Middle Eastern countries which attracted business people from the entire world. This engendered an important business travel trend - not limited to this region alone - which initiated the development of hotels primarily designed for business people in Middle-Eastern cities like Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Riyadh and Jeddah, to mention only the most important.

Hotel chains, attentive to their customers' wishes, started to offer an increasingly varied range of services. Their rooms became more spacious and the cuisine more refined.

Gradually, too, various first class hotels (among them former palaces and city centre hotels) which had fallen into disrepair began systematic renovation programmes.

The end of the seventies, when China opened its doors to foreign tourists, also saw the first congresses of international hotel experts.

THE THIRD HOTEL INDUSTRY BOOM:


The third boom in the hotel industry began in 1980, marked by more inventive marketing and the development of hotels increasingly adapted to a particular type of clientele.

This trend prompted the construction of hotels near airports, hotels for conferences, health hotels, ski holiday hotels, holiday villages and marina hotels. The first Property Management Systems (Fidelio, Hogatex, etc.) appear in the hospitality market.

In Istanbul in 1984, work began on the renovation and transformation into a hotel of the prestigious sultans' residence, the Ciragan Palace in Istanbul. The resulting hotel is no less prestigious than the Ciragan Palace was. Managed by the Kempinski chain, it opened its 322 rooms to guests in 1991.

The first administrative hotel management systems, offering hotels greater independence from human resources, then appeared on the market. The hotel industry was becoming more and more competitive. Business travelers and retired people became important target customers.

In the eighties, too, the Far East began to prepare itself to welcome both business people and the tourists who were beginning to discover the countries of the rising sun, such as China, South Korea, Thailand and Japan. The international chains (American for the most part) prepared expansion plans for Europe, the Middle and Far East which were mainly aimed at congress participants and business people.


THE NINETIES: TECHNOLOGY STARTS TO MAKE AN IMPACT:

The early nineties were characterized by a recession in the hotel business, without doubt caused by reductions in multinationals' travel budgets and the growing crisis in the Gulf.

The Gulf War helped to create great insecurity for both individuals and business. 1991 is considered to be the black year of the hotel trade. It forced hoteliers to become more creative in finding ways of attracting guests (special programmes, offers for "frequent travelers", high performance reservation systems) and thus emerge from the crisis with the minimum damage.

For the first time, the environment and energy conservation played an important role in the marketing activities of numerous chains (thanks in part to the green movement) and even helped to win the loyalty of numerous clients while safeguarding assets at the same time.

Reservation systems became more efficient and offered the hotelier a new dimension in the creation of customer loyalty, the database. The records of each guest's individual history have helped create individualized marketing programmes and have enabled hotels to satisfy a guest's personal needs from the moment of his arrival.

Hotel Adlon Berlin is a legend reborn. From its opening in 1907, until it was destroyed in 1945, it was a


symbol of Berlin, a lavish host for royalty, heads of government, stage and screen stars, and the greats of literature and science. Now, it has been rebuilt (1997) on its original site, the corner of Unter den Linden and Pariser Platz, facing the Brandenburg Gate. Outside, it is a virtual replica of the original; inside it is testimony to what smart hotel operators (in this case the Kempinski group) can accomplish with an investment of $260 million. The hotel's 337 rooms and suites are the ultimate in luxury. Interiors, designed by England's Ezra Attia and Sweden's Lars Malmquist, dazzle with marble, sandstone, stained glass, gold leaf, stuccowork, cherry wood paneling, and damask draperies. This hotel is today equipped with the most advanced technology with regards to the Room Management System communicating with the Property Management System.

Since 1992, the most important international chains have been vying with each other in ever greater imaginative feats related to the vital process of renovating their establishments worldwide. Technology has started to take its rightful place in hotel administration (simplification of check-in and check-out procedures, global reservation systems, marketing management etc.). In 1995, the first Hotel Room Management System is launched at the European level. It is linked to the most popular Property Management Systems to make the front desk more efficient and near to the guests.


At International Technology Forums, speakers unanimously, underlined the impact of technology on hotel rooms.

Hotel chains have been searching for alliances and some of them. For example: Holyday Inn, Intercontinental, and Crown Plaza have merged to form Six continents hotels Chain; Marriot absorbed Renaissance and Ramada International; Sol Melia opened a new line of Boutique hotels, Accor signed several joint ventures in the East and the Far East, etc.) Forte acquired Méridien to reinforce its global position. Starwoods (Sheraton) absorbed the Italian Ciga chain and Westin.

The main expansion zones for the hotel industry in 1994 remained Asia (particularly China and India), the Middle East (above all, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt) and Latin America.

In Europe, hotel enterprises in the eastern countries (Russia, Croatia, Slovakia, etc.) decided to renovate dilapidated palaces built at the turn of the century. All the European capitals started to invest in preparations for the major event of this fin de siècle period, that is, the celebration of our entry into the third millennium.

The 3 star hotel Millennium enjoying top level of On-line Room Management System is situated at the best site in Opatija at the Mediterranean coast. Opatija in Croatia corresponds, in terms of reputation, to the level of St. Moritz in Switzerland.


Capitals throughout the world were busy developing the necessary infrastructure to welcome the millions of tourists for the celebration of this event.

Major hotel chains are drawing up development plans in almost all parts of Europe. These plans primarily involve the renovation of numerous prestigious hotels in both western and eastern European countries. Gradually, the great capitals of Europe have been endowed with hotels boasting three, four and five stars, offering quality services, innovative architecture, style, charm, and interior design (city Boutique hotels). Specialized hotels offer wellness programs including health and beauty centers, personalized services and treatments, anti-stress, revitalizing, regenerating programs, etc.

EXTRAVAGANZA:

In 1995 construction began in Dubai of one of the most ambitious and prestigious tourist complexes in the region, the Jumeirah Beach Hotels (Jumeirah Beach hotel, Burj Al Arab, etc.). These comprise several establishments capable of satisfying the needs of average tourists, business people and those who can afford real luxury. The talk now is of six- and seven-star hotels, a surprising designation which is nevertheless perfectly justified by the luxury of the bedrooms and the facilities they offer, the impeccable service, the high degree of modern technology, as


well as the beauty of the surroundings and the high-quality environment.

In 2004, another Emirate, Abu Dhabi, will welcome the delegates of the Gulf Council Countries. In the new Conference Palace Hotel (CPH). This superior construction has been specified "to offer the most outstanding services with a challenging 9 star definition"… We will, of course, report on it on a later stage.

ON-LINE IN SECONDS, WORK SURF, COMMUNICATE –EVERYWHERE:

Today in 2003, travelers, mostly businessmen, carry their personal PC to make presentations, communicate with their office, via e-mails, etc. One possibility offered to them today consists in the use of so-called Pad offering, in particular,

Cable-free and universal access to Internet or intranet, wherever you happen to be


Brilliant color touch screen Ready to go in seconds (instant on) Freedom in the selection of transmission

standards by interchangeable PC cards Unlimited flexibility by open platform Windows CE

3.0 Comprehensive office software package Virtual keyboard and handwriting recognition

For sure, new technologies are continuously offering innovative and more comfortable ways to the traveler.

The 160 rooms 5 star Palafitte Hotel in Monruz Neuchatel (CH) offers the visitors of the Swiss Expo 2002 a vision of so called in-room available technologies.

CONCLUSION:

Lodging facilities are not anymore corresponding only to the truly definition: "A lodging accommodation for travelers". Nowadays, architects, designers, developers, engineers, managers, more and more are conscious that taste of guests could be different, according to their wishes or needs. Hotel specialists permanently analyze new trends, define better criteria, present modern standards in order to improve quality of life in hotels. In the third millennium, the permanent competitive hospitality market of suppliers is definitely more and more able, combining "savoir faire" and the good use of technology to offer their guests an "A la carte" environment.


LINK BETWEEN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY AND TOURISM

While the term ‘hospitality’ is a frequent used title for different sectors of the hotel and catering industry, the term can also be expanded to cover all products and services offered to the consumer away from home including: travel, lodging, eating, entertainment, recreation and gaming. Such an expansion of the term hospitality provides the link with tourism in so much that it provides a range of activities, facilities and experiences. However, the hospitality industry can include not just the commercial or profit sectors where payment is made directly by the customer but also the cost or non-profit sector where payment is made indirectly.

While there is a clear overlap with tourism, the hospitality industry consists of all those business operations which provide for their customers any combination of the three core services of food, drink and accommodation. This means that there are a number of elements in the hospitality industry that are quite separate from tourism, examples being institutional catering or restaurants and public houses that principally attract the local community. Hospitality consists of a complex lend of tangible and intangible elements of products – food, drink and accommodation – and the service, atmosphere and image that surrounds them.


The hospitality industry displays many of the characteristics of service industries in general but with the added complication of a production element, and it is this production side of hospitality that is far from straightforward.

The need to provide the appropriate environment within which hospitality can be delivered means that most hospitality businesses need a substantial investment in premises and plant.

This creates a high fixed-cost/low variable-cost structure. The variable cost in servicing a room is minimal although the hotel itself, particularly in the luxury market, has a high fixed cost. In general the financial break-even point for hospitality businesses will be quite high. Exceeding this level will result in high profits but low volumes will result in substantial losses.

Hospitality services suffer from fluctuations in demand. Demand will fluctuate over time, by departmental function, and by type of customer. The result is a mixture of patterns which makes forecasting and the unit’s subsequent resource scheduling very difficult.

Hospitality cannot be delivered without the presence of the customer, who is directly involved in many aspects of the delivery of the hospitality service, and whose combination determines the demand pattern for the operation. The customer is the final arbiter of


satisfaction with both the service and product elements and therefore the judge of the quality of hospitality provided.

Achieving a satisfactory balance between demand patterns, resource scheduling and operational capacity is one of the most difficult tasks facing hospitality managers. Managing customer demand to result in the optimum volume at maximum value is extremely complex. Too few customers overall and the cost structure of the business ensures financial ruin. Too many customers without the required capacity or resources and the quality of the experience suffer and customers leave dissatisfied. Scheduling of resources is also critical. Too many staff on duty, to cover anticipated demand and productivity, and profitability suffers. Too few staff on duty and service levels falls along with staff morale. The key here would seem to be effective forecasting.

To consistently deliver an appropriate level of product and service to each individual customer requires the efforts of many different teams of staff who must be co-ordinated to deliver an acceptable standard every time. Catering for the needs of a single customer may be difficult enough but catering to the needs of many different groups of customers all with slightly different requirements multiplies the complexity of the problem many times over. The importance of a co-ordinated team effort between the different functional groups of employees is self evident.


In the final analysis, the success of any customer experience will be determined at the interaction between the customer and the service provider.

The point of contact between the customer and service provider is also an opportunity for the operation to sell its service and to generate additional revenue.

From this analysis, it is possible to identify four characteristics which guide any discussion of the hospitality industry.

As mentioned earlier, hospitality cannot be delivered without the presence of the customer, who also provides the source of revenue for the continued financial success of the operation. The customer is directly involved in many aspects of the delivery of the hospitality service, and is therefore the judge of the quality of hospitality provided.

Achieving a satisfactory balance between demand patterns, resource scheduling and operational capacity is one of the most difficult tasks facing hospitality managers.

All hospitality operations require a combination of manufacturing expertise and service skill in a business which operates around the clock, 365 days an year, and is busiest when most other businesses are not. To consistently deliver an appropriate level of product and service to each individual customer


requires the efforts of many different teams of staff who must be co-ordinated to deliver a consistent standard every time.

However well planned and designed the hospitality operation is, however well scheduled the resources, in the final analysis the success of any customer experience will be determined at the interaction between the customer and the service provider. A highly skilled chef can spend many hours preparing the finest dishes which can be ruined by the lack of care by the waiter. The point of contact between the customer and service provider is also an opportunity for the operation to sell its service and to generate additional revenue. A hotel receptionist can significantly increase the profitability of a hotel by encouraging customers to, for instance, trade up to more luxurious and more expensive accommodation. Referral of business from one operation in a chain to another can also provide added revenue. It is all the more surprising then that given the key role a service provider has in ensuring customer satisfaction and in improving revenue and profit levels that they still remain some of the least well paid and least respected members of staff.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

The historical development of the hospitality industry, particularly the profit sector, is very clearly linked with the development of transportation and in turn the


tourism product. With the emergence of the UK’s railway network in the mid-nineteenth century there came a need for accommodation and so the building of terminal railway hotels. Increased travel by the upper class, both in the UK and abroad, stimulated the building of luxury hotels. A strong impetus was also provided by the great international fairs and exhibitions. The building of the railways also had a profound development on seaside resorts and led to an expansion of hotel in those resorts to accommodate the increasing number of visitors. During the 1960s the hospitality industry grew because of a number of factors, such as: increases in real income, living standards, and leisure time. The increase of car ownership was also a contributory factor. Another influence was the development of air transport during the 1960s, which played a significant role in the accessibility of resorts and the location of hotels. The location of industry and trade, and the expansion of the motorway network, has created a demand for accommodation food and drink, servicing mainly business travelers. Finally the growth in the number of package holidays in the last 30 years has meant that many more people have stayed in hotels.

ACCOMMODATION OPERATIONS

It has already been indicated that an important influence on the tourism industry is the type of customer and the accommodation that the customer demands. It is possible to identify certain


characteristics that are common to all types of accommodation from campsites and timeshare to budget hotels or five star hotels. In terms of demand for accommodation it is possible to distinguish between business demand and leisure demand. Some units will cater almost exclusively for one source of business but others will have a balance of sources that may vary according to the location and time of year. A large hotel may cater for both business and leisure guests: business guests, usually Monday to Thursday, and short-break holiday guests from Friday to Sunday.

Second, it is possible to split these sources in to group travel and individual travel. Again different types of accommodation will have a different balance of demand and this will vary according to location and the time of year. At the beginning of the summer holiday season a holiday village may cater mainly for large groups from a particular area of the country or a social organizations. In the middle of the season most of the bookings may be for individuals. On the other hand, a hotel in York, for example, may cater for group tour bookings during the peak summer and individuals for the rest of the year. Group booking also occur with business travel but usually in form of meetings, conferences or conventions.

A further distinction can be made between domestic demand and international demand. Some areas of the country will see very few international tourists whereas others on the main tourist routes or in key


destinations will be inundated at certain times of the year. In addition an accommodation unit will get a certain amount of its demand from the local community. This may be in the form of meals in the restaurant or use of the public bar but could occasionally extend to the accommodation side.

The history of the development of the accommodation industry shows how important location is to the success of an accommodation unit; that is being in the most prominent or best location for a particular type of customer, and this may change over time.

The heavy reliance on space and building needed for most accommodation types means that its cost structure is heavily biased towards high fixed costs and low variable costs. In order to break even, an accommodation unit must achieve a relatively high level of occupancy. Any room, flat or placement unlet means a loss of potential revenue. In order to help to cover fixed costs at time of low demand, many units will sell their accommodation at reduced rates. This will allow them to cover their variable costs and make a contribution to fixed overheads. These factors combine to make all accommodation units highly dependent on customer demand. Unless there is the right type of demand for the product provided, at the right price, in the right location, the business will not be able to survive. Indeed, when carrying out a feasibility study to look at viability of developing accommodation is an area, the first subject for study should always be an assessment of demand. A


consequence of the fixity of premises is that all customers must be brought to the accommodation. This stresses the importance of raising customer awareness of the availability of the product and making it as easy as possible for customers to find the premises. This raises the issues of accessibility and transport networks.

Most accommodation units provide a range of extra services that can vary from television and video in the rooms to a resident disco or entertainer or more frequently these days a swimming pool and fitness centre. In most cases the largest of these services in the provision of food and beverages. The importance of these extra will vary depending op the particular market the unit wishes to attract. It will also vary with, for example, the gender of the client and his or her age group. Not surprisingly videos are most likely to appeal to those under 35 and disco dancing to those of a younger age group. The importance of these extra services can also be considered by type of travel: business or leisure, where business travelers tend to stay in hotel on their own and so tend to prefer activities that can be done on their own.


TOURISM

Tourism is an ever expanding service industry with latent vast growth potential and has, therefore, become one of the crucial concerns of not only the nations but also of international community as a whole. In fact, it has come up as a decisive link in gearing up the pace of socio-economic development world over. Thereby it has come to weigh significantly in the growth strategies of the developed countries as also of the developing ones. It is being perceived as an important instrument of economic development. Most of these countries have sought the answer in development through the tourist recreation industry by exploiting their historic-societal-cultural and environmental resources. Emergence of tourism as a leading growth industry is a part of a gradual process involving the displacement of manufacture from its dominant position and the transition to a service oriented economy. The term ‘smokeless’ industry has become a cliché, but it is doing all that a manufacturing industry does namely, generating income, employment, wealth, etc., that is, generating the ripple/multiplier effects, encouraging innovations in addition to satisfying human needs.

In other words, tourism is largely examined and questioned for its ample potential to give rise to changes in the economic, ecological, societal and cultural edifice of a country. However, two aspects of tourism – its capacity to generate employment, both


directly as well as indirectly, and its potential to earn hard international currency for the host country – have made this industry greatly desirable for all concerned: governments, planners, entrepreneurs and people in general. It has come, therefore, increasingly to occupy a place of importance not only for the business sector but also for the concerned academic and management institutions.

Presently, the sphere of tourism is a world-wide phenomenon. The outcome of increasing tourism has been found to be a critical and crucial catalyst in accelerating the rate of socio-economic development. Tourism especially is a software product and is in the tertiary/service sector with relatively high value addition and so needs to be exploited to its full. The countries should determine their national priorities and tourism’s role in a proper ‘hierarchy’ of priorities to devise its optimum tourism strategy. This strategy should define, amongst others, the balance to be sought between tourism development and environment; take into account the carrying capacity of the destinations; and the roles of State, Regional and local Organizations. Within the overall national tourism strategy, priority attention should be given to selected and controlled development of tourist infrastructure, facilities, demand and overall tourist capacity in order to protect the environment and local resident population, so as to minimize, if not avoid, any negative impacts which unplanned tourism might produce.


The main elements in the process of tourism are man, space and time. As such, it has serious implications of a socio-economic nature alongside the environmental ones. In fact, in a significant sense, it is one of the most influential phenomena in the economic and social development of society. There is hardly any other economic sector which generates as much added value, employment and foreign exchange and that also at such a low cost as tourism. The economic significance of tourism is well brought out by the statistics/figures of the World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC) and John Naisbaitt in his book ‘Global Paradox’ as it contributes:

1) 10.2% to world GDP, 10.7% of capital investment,

2) employs 10.6% of global work force, 3) accounts for 10.9% for all consumer spending,

and; 4) 6.9% of all government spending.

It is natural, therefore, that the study of tourism has come to acquire an increasingly important place in the academic and practical agenda of the world. Tourism, often deemed as a pastime and thus, a trivial activity, has over the years developed into a highly complex phenomenon with multifarious and multidimensional economic, socio-cultural and environmental effects.

THE CONCEPT OF TOURISM

Nationally, tourism as a phenomenon means the movement of people (both within and across the


national borders). But it seems that even up to the present clear-cut disagreements, contradictions and contrasts do exist on the conceptual meaning of tourism amongst different groups whereas the term originated much earlier. Out of the 3 elements of Tourism (i.e. Man, Space and Time), the Time element, however, is variable in line with the distance between the points of departure and the destination areas/countries, modes of transport used and the duration or length of stay at the destinations, etc. These three elements, indeed, comprise the crucial conditions for the life of tourism phenomenon as there could hardly be any such activity in the absence of even any one of these.

On the whole, the precept of tourism is typified byi. A movement of people to different destinations

having two key elements: one, the journey and two, the stay, both of which come off not within but outside the normal area/place of domicile and work;

ii. The movement is primarily of a temporary nature and for relatively a short duration making it different from migration;

iii. It brings about activities dissimilar to those of the host population of the place visited;

iv. The prime purpose of participation in tourism is by and large recreation and certainly not the purpose of seeking permanent residence or employment remunerated from within the place visited; and finally


v. Tourism, in an abstract sense, is basically a pleasure activity implying a use of readily disposable incomes and of free time of one’s own free will.

An inherent feature of difference between tourism and other forms of leisure, pleasure and recreation in is terms of the travel component. Moreover, money grossed in one acknowledged domicile is spent at the destination and en route to it. Further, in an economic and commercial sense, tourism can also be characterized from other forms of leisure activity on the basis of the travel and stay attitudes of tourism. These, in turn, generate several demands which are provided by different segments of the tourism industry.

DEFINING TOURISM

The boundaries between tourism, travel and accommodation are not easy to define since they blend gradually into or overlap with each other. In general terms, a definition of tourism should include the following four points:

Tourism involves the movement of people from one location to another outside their own community.

Tourism destinations provide a range of activities, experiences and facilities.


The different needs and motivations of the tourist require satisfying and these in turn create a social impact.

The tourism industry includes a number of sub-sectors which as a whole generate income within the economy

From the perspective of hospitality industry the key issue within this definition is that people at tourist destinations demand a range of activities, experiences and facilities. Obviously the provision of accommodation is a key ingredient within the tourism industry. Equally, the desired transport mode plays a central part in travelling to the tourist destination. Tourism is, in addition, defined to include travel on business as well as travel for leisure purposed.On arrival at the destination, demand for accommodation is made up from:

Residents of the country travelling within it (domestic tourism); and

Visitors to the country.

This general definition can be followed up with a number of more specific market definitions. Two such market definitions are:

Tourists , categorized as temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours with a purpose classified as leisure (recreation, sport, holiday, health, study or religion), or business, family, mission or meeting;


Excursionists , classified as temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours, including cruise travelers but excluding travelers in transit.

In terms of categories of tourism: Leisure Tourism includes the taking of holidays,

visiting friends and relatives and visiting for the purposes of engaging in sporting or cultural activities.

Professional Tourism includes visits made for the purpose of attending a meeting, conference or exhibition or for any other business purpose.

Other Tourism not classified as either leisure or business tourism includes visits made for purposed, such as education or medical treatment.

This kind of obvious that people may have been motivated to visit an area not because of livelihood or employment but primarily because of the area’s appeal to tourists and/or the interest of the leisure facilities offered. Also, there is a growing tendency to leave for or retire abroad owing to the lower costs of living therein while holding on to first home in native country of origin. The inherent motivation once again may not be simply the economic criterion but the forces like enjoyment of climate and other facilities having a magnetic pull to the tourists to the area.

Tourism is an activity of multidimensional, multifaceted nature involving many lives and assorted economic activities. In other words, it can be regarded as a whole range of individuals (hosts and guests),


businesses, organizations and places (destinations) put together in some characteristic manner to produce a travel experience. Tourism, therefore, has proved to be difficult to define. To some extent, this is an observation on the byzantine nature of tourism besides being symptomatic of its rawness and immaturity as a field of study. Though various attempts have been there to define tourism but only to provide for particular needs and situations.

Thus, defining tourism technically for a specific purpose is relatively less problematic while defining it conceptually in a precise manner is somewhat complex, if not impossible. Another attempt to define tourism identified for different perspectives of tourism:

The Tourist: The tourist/visitor looks for diverse psychic and physical experiences and satisfactions from the tourism activity. And the nature of these experiences will mostly find out the destinations chosen and the activities experienced and enjoyed or participated in.

The businesses catering tourist goods and services: Business people behold tourism as an opening to make profit by furnishing goods and services demanded by the tourist market.

The government of the host community or area: The government looks on tourism as a capital and megabucks factor in the economy. It outlook/attitude bears upon the income and employment generation capabilities of this business for its citizens apart from the foreign


exchange earnings from international tourism and public/government revenue in the form of tax receipts from tourist expenditures, directly and/or indirectly.

The host community: Local residents most often consider tourism as a cultural and employment factor. It is primarily the effect of interaction between large numbers of international visitors as guests and the local residents as hosts which may be promising or unpromising, or both that is of significance and interest to this group.

Thus, tourism may be defined as the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors.

SCOPE OF TOURISM

Tourism is a collective term that involves all those agencies and activities that support travel including the following sectors:

1) TRANSPORTATION Tourism could never have survived had it not been for the transportation sector. It is only with the help of various transport methods that it is


possible for people to travel. Various transport options are:

International AirlinesThese bring people into a country. In many ways, international airlines help countries connect with one another. Every country has its own national carrier which tries to outdo each other to give passengers value-added services within competitive prices. As aviation fuel gets more expensive the challenge is to retain services of high quality within smaller margins from passenger fares. Some services include pre-check-in, cabin crew courtesy and efficiency, better meal options, beverage services, convenient connections for onward journeys, etc.

Domestic AirlinesSupporting international airlines are the domestic airlines of a country. Domestic airlines connect mainly the major cities of a country and even upcountry locations through feeder services. Domestic airlines were either promoted by the State. With increasing privatization in many other sectors and high costs of operation, countries have adopted Blue Sky policies that allow the entry of the private sector to enter domestic airline business. Budget airlines have slashed all the frills of service


to give cheaper fares and make domestic air travel affordable.

Train ServicesTrain services traverse across the country. Places like the USE, Canada, Russia, India and China have some of largest rail networks making every remote corner accessible. Europe has the inter-Europe rail travel which is popular with tourists.

Inter-City bus ServicesThese are also efficient and comfortable for the budget conscious travelers. Buses have improved in their comfort and noiselessness and compete well with rail travel. Buses also include city travel and tourist coaches for sightseeing.

Inner-City ServiceMost hotels link up with coach services that transport their guests to and from the airport and also for sightseeing purposes. Inner city travel also includes trams, local unique conveyances like the phut-phut in Bangkok or the rickshaws in Kolkata.

Car RentalA popular method of travel is by renting cars. Cars are used for travel within a city as well as cross-country travel. Travelers


need recognized international driving licenses to be eligible to rent a car. These services have sprung all over the world with the latest model cars. Hi-tech tracking methods and credit card payment options have made car rentals popular.

Sea TravelSea travel has been made less popular by the quicker air travel. Nevertheless, there is still a niche market for travelers who would love to indulge in a cruise on a luxury liner as one of their lifelong dreams. There are popular cruise liners to the Caribbean, Alaska and even the Antarctic. Travel along interior rivers are done by motorized ferries and launches which are well-equipped with all the conveniences for the travelers including restaurants and bars, car park, viewing decks, etc. There is even medical help available assuming the possibility of a medical emergency. The Hovercraft that travels by land and water, across the English Channel is popular and unique for many.

Cable CarsAt ski resorts and hill stations the cable cars and funiculars are popular to transport leisure enthusiasts. While cable cars are transported by overhead cables across valleys and to hill tops, funiculars are


hauled up a hill slope by cables alone the ground and kept in position by rail traction.

2) TRAVEL AGENTS An important aspect of any tourism activity is the role of tour operators and travel agents who put travel together. A tour operator is one who incorporates the various aspects of a holiday, including air travel, surface transportation, hotel accommodation, etc. into a completely economical and attractive single package that is retailed by travel agents.The Fancy advertisements and brochures announcing a week-long holiday in Greece or two nights and three days in Seychelles is the handiwork of the tour operators. Because of the volume of business the tour operator promises to the various travel components, he/she get discount and therefore, is able to promote an affordable package. The tour operator then becomes the wholesaler who sells the tour packages through retailers called travel agents.Today, travel agents have moved beyond just displaying tour packages of tour operators to the public. They themselves have packages of tour operators to the public. They themselves have entered the market and are actively preparing local tour programs. Additionally, they make bookings on behalf of the customer at hotels, airlines and surface transport for which they get a commission. Travel agent business is relatively easy to establish that


most other businesses, which is why we find an abundance of individual entrepreneurs everywhere. An important aspect of the travel agency business is to be connected to the public and have its attention at all times.Generally, every residential area would have its neighborhood travel agent and it is he/she who brings a range of travel options right at the doorstep, therefore making travel attractive and easy. Travel agents get their revenue from commissions from tour operators, hotels, surface transporters and airlines. They are a vital ally to the various components of tourism as they are in touch with the actual customer.

3) ACCOMMODATION Accommodation is also a very important aspect of tourism infrastructure because it provides a ‘home away from home’ on a trip. Today’s traveler gives a lot of importance to the comfort aspect of both travel and stay. The hotel industry satisfies the need of the travelers. Accommodation comes in many forms:Various Forms of Accommodation:

Hotels – are available in various budget categories and standards and thus help every traveler to make the best choice as per his needs, tastes as well as budget.

Motels – are motor hotels located on highways. They come with swimming pools, diners and a bar. They also provide microwave ovens, coffee kettles and


refrigerators for those who wish to heat their own meals.

Lodges – are up country accommodation mostly sponsored by the local state. Some examples are forest lodges, country lodges, ski lodges, etc.

Furnished Apartments – are modern popular alternatives to hotels especially for travelers staying longer. They are usually with a living room, a bedroom and kitchenette. They would have efficient security and a Laundromat. They usually do not provide food and beverage service but at most have a coffee shop. They are located close to other eating places.

Resorts – are for holidaymakers and located at attractive natural sites like hills, beaches, hot springs, waterfalls, lakes, etc. Man-made resorts are the latest craze like Disneyland, Universal Studios, Lego-land, Wild Wadi, etc.

Camps – are ideal for trekkers on foot or caravans. They provide outdoor accommodation ranging from tents, portacabins to caravan sites. Caravans are homes on wheels and most popular for travel in North America.

APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF TOURISM


Technical definitions based on the purpose of travel, distance travelled, motivation, duration of stay, the time element and specific situations of travel etc. have also been worked out for the purpose of particular tourism related studies and statistical measurements. These definitions are of great significance and use to governments, tourism organizations and the providers of tourism services. But these studies have not included a systems approach. Tourism typically and widely is studied by means of a number of processes with little or hardly any consensus on how the analysis of tourism should be endeavored. The following are the different approaches that have been practiced.Product Approach: The product approach relates to the consideration of different tourism products involving the mode of production, marketing and consumption. For example, one might go into a hotel room or an airline seat or a rental car – how it is developed, how it is financed, how it is advertised, who are the people engaged in buying and selling it and so on. Repeating the exercise of meals, and the multifarious tourist services will provide a detailed description of the field. However, the approach being too time consuming fails to deliver the basics of tourism instantly.Institutional Approach: This is the key approach to the study of tourism and mainly takes into consideration the various organizations/institutions and intermediaries such as tour operators and travel agencies associated with tourism activities. The approach involves an examination of the organization,


modus operandi, problems, costs and economic position of travel agents/tour operators who act as representative of the customer, investing in services delivered by airlines, hotels, rental car companies, and so on. The approach becomes significant in the sense that a regular survey on select services like the one conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau every five years, helps in equipping a data base for further research.Managerial Approach: The approach being enterprise/film oriented is basically microeconomic in nature. It concentrates on the management activities such as planning, research, pricing, marketing, control, etc. vital to the operation of a tourist establishment. It is a simple truism that tourism environment is dynamic owing to continual changes in tourist products, organizations and social like styles. Thereby it becomes imperative for the management objectives, philosophies and procedures to be adaptable to such changes. This approach maintains its weight in the modern tourism scenario as tourism has been characterized as an industry.Geographical Approach: The approach is relatively wider as well as popular because tourism has to do with geography at so many points namely location, climate, landscape, environment, and physical as well as economic impacts. The geographer’s approach to tourism elucidated the location of tourist areas, the movement of people generated by tourist destinations, the changes in the landscape emerging from the provisioning of tourism facilities and amenities, putting to flight of tourism development,


physical planning, and economic-socio-cultural difficulties. The approach especially gains importance because of its so containing – considering land use, economic impacts, demographics aspects and cultural problems. Even a course title has been coined by geographers studying tourism in the form of Recreational Geography. It is worth mentioning that these were the geographers who were mainly active in initiating the journals like Journal of leisure Research and Leisure Sciences.Sociological Approach: Tourism tends to be a social activity being an interaction between different communities – hosts and guests – and encounter between different cultures. The approach studies social classes, habits and customs of both hosts and guests in terms of tourism behavior of individuals and/or groups of people and the impact of tourism on society. With the immense impact of growing tourism on society, the sociology of leisure, a developing discipline holds promise of progressing fast and being put to practice to a large extent.Historical Approach: As in the majority of social activities, tourism can be thoroughly perceived by making out the happenings and occurrences and studying changes in the tie-up between prime elements of the destinations system over the years which worked round to present day position. Such an understanding is of interest to policy makers generally interested in resolving opposing concerns in an agreeing and dynamic enterprising framework acknowledging tourism as one component of the several social and economic activities in an area. The


following factors were identified in providing a comprehension of tourism development in its historical context for a specific area or region:

The factors instrumental in the initiation of tourism to the destination/area.

The order of happening leading to tourism development.

The reasons for happening of occurrences in that order

Beneficiaries of tourist activity An untimely and premature identification of

negative effects The affected interest groups bringing word

about these.Economic Approach: Tourism promotion is ever-increasingly being perceived as a potent ingredient in the various developmental strategies. It has emerged to be the foundation of the environ pyramid in certain economics, while in most others it is contributing to a significant extent in the general development process as well as in the salvation of their basic problems. At the same time, the operation of the tourism industry is not as simplistic as the term might seem to connote per se. It is, rather, a complex of various inter-linked and inter-acting processes. This multi-faceted nature of tourism makes it an intricate phenomenon, encompassing a whole gamut of issues, problems and challenges to be encountered both in the present and in the time to come. The scope of tourism is quite large covering all providers of visitor and visitor-related services. It is the whole world of industry of travel, accommodation, catering and other hospitality


services, transportation, entertainment, activity facilities, and all other components including promotion that meet, the wants and needs f travelers. Tourism is, in fact, a synthesis of activities, services, and industries that gives forth a travel experience. From an economic perspective, it is the sum total of tourist expenditures within the bounds of a nation or political subdivision or a transportation-centered economic area of adjoining states or nations.Interdisciplinary Approach: Tourism takes in practically all aspects of society and attracts people from different strata with diverse economic-socio-cultural and educational backgrounds, thereby behaving in different ways and travelling for different purposes. Thence, the use of a Psychological Approach in order to determine an outstanding course of action to promote and market tourism products not only becomes relevant but is, indeed, significant. And since of the various types of tourism, cultural tourism has its own import, therefore, Anthropological Approach becomes necessary. Further, for international tourism, passport and visa formalities are to be met from government offices involving state/political policies and institutions, thus necessitating the use of Political Science Approach. A Legal Approach also becomes crucial due to the fact that any industry affecting the life of quite a large number of people is sure to be governed by certain legislations, laws, regulations and legal environment. Also, the growing significance of transportation in tourism development and promotion further calls for Passenger Transportation Approach. In fact, Tourism is


so multifaceted, vast and complex that it not only suggests but makes it imperative to have an interdisciplinary/integrative approach comprising a number of approaches with a view to accomplish different missions or objectives.The Systematic Approach: A system is a set of interrelated groups coordinated to form a unified whole and put in order to bring about a set of goals. Drawing on the proposition a systems approach integrates the differing points of view into an all-inclusive approach capable of handling both minor and major points in question. For example, at a micro level, it can review a tourist enterprise competitive environment, its market, its performance, its linkages with other institutions, the consumer, and the quality of interaction between the firm and the consumer. Similarly, at the macro level, it can facilitate a scrutiny of a country’s/region’s/area’s tourism system, its operation within and in relation to other systems, such as economic, political, social and legal ones.

TOURISM SYSTEM

The scale and scale of tourism industry has widened to such an extent that it has emerged as an industrial giant with gigantic potential to go further. This has been made possible mainly by the civilization and


technological advances the world over. The headway in civilization imply improvements in socio-economic conditions namely, changes in the demographics structure and social pattern of populations (living patterns and lifestyles), in terms of the aging of the population, increase in working women and two income earning households, trend towards late marriages and faster growth in the number of childless couples, increased paid leave and more flexible working time, etc. Such occurrences in the developed and newly industrialized countries means that more people will have the time, inclination and income to travel. In the category of technological advancements, these are particularly, the developments in crucial technologies such as revolutions in the transport system – be it air transport (Jet propulsion aircraft in the sixties and Jumbo Jets in the seventies of the twentieth century), water transport (cruise ships and motor-coaches) and/or rail-road transport (trains and automobiles) – that have made travel more faster, convenient, comfortable and safer; information and communication systems helpful in changing the relationship between vendor, intermediary and the consumer have contributed significantly towards tourism development and promotion. The advances in technologies related to transport, communication systems, electronic media have transformed marketing and advertisement strategies, as well as distribution networks. The developments in the information and communication technologies are sure to bring benefits to both travel suppliers and travelers


in the form of more efficient data handling and processing, reducing the requirement for staff and hence, lowering operating costs. A part of these cost savings can be passed on to the traveling consumer who also benefits from these sophisticated systems not only in terms on money but in terms of time, energy and botheration as well.

However, the subject matter and scope of tourism is controversial and debatable owing to conceptual infirmity and imprecision. There is an underlying lack of conscientiousness and focus especially when there is no general consensus on definition of tourism or even what is contained in the tourism industry. Again, it becomes all the more meaningful to provide a framework of a systematic and analytic approach capable of identifying the allied/related discipline approaches and businesses to be incorporated. Yet again, tourism suffers from a particularly delicate set of data base in terms of similarity, comparability and quality. In view of the aforesaid problems, research in tourism entails a methodology framework. For this, one can move along either individual discipline approach – be it economics, psychology, sociology or geography – tourism activity is viewed in the context of relevance of the concepts and notions of the subject approach concerned, it is an integration of a number of subjects and disciplines with a focus on tourism in an interdisciplinary approach. Fig. 6 illustrates the latter.


It is, indeed, very difficult and if not impossible to include all the possible approaches to tourism, therefore, as an alternative and with a view to providing an organizing framework, Leiper’s model (suggested in 1979 and updated in 1990) can be a good fit. Figure 6 describers that Leiper’s model systematically considers most of the problems pinpointed above by taking into account the activity of tourists, allowing industry sectors to be located, and accommodating the geographical element (earth’s form and physical features etc.) deep-rooted in all travel. The model comprises of three basic elements:

1) Tourists: The Tourist is the key player in this system. Tourist, in fact, is a human experience, enjoyed, anticipated and recalled by a lot as a historic and/or life time aspect. Therefore, defining the tourist and its classification turns out to be equally relevant.

2) Geographical Elements: Leiper described three main geographical elements in his system’s model. These are:

Traveler-generating region Tourist destination region Transit route regionThe traveler-generating region (TGR) exemplifies the area breeding markets for tourism, and practically acts as the ‘push’ force to motivate and stimulate i.e. set off and encourage travel. It is this region where the tourist tries to seek information, goes for reservations and makes the departure. This


region is basically related to the demand aspect of travel and tourism. Further, the tourist destination region (TDR) symbolizes the ‘sharp end of tourism’ and is, indeed, the raison d’ être for tourism. The pull force of the destinations activates the whole tourism system besides begetting demand for travel in the traveler generating region. According to Leiper, it is at the destination where the most noticeable and dramatic consequences of the system occur. Since, is it the destination where the utmost impact of tourism is felt, therefore, the planning and management strategies are implemented in this region. Furthermore, the transit route region (TR) typifies not only the in-between places which may be visited en route, but also the short period of travel to get to the destinations. Leiper highlights that ‘there is always an interval in a trip when the traveler feels they have left their home region but have not yet arrived… [Where] they chose to visit’.

3) Tourism Industry: The third element of the model is the tourism industry comprising the variety of businesses and organizations responsible for supplying the tourism product. The model provides for the location of the different industrial sectors to be identified. For instance, the tour operators and the travel agents are primarily set up in the traveler-generating region, attractions and the


hospitality business are located in the tourist destination region and the transport industry is largely situated in the transit route region.

The operation of the Leiper’s tourism system is such that there is not only an interaction between each element of the system but with other sectors as well so as to deliver the tourism product, to assess the occurrences and impacts of tourism, and the varied backgrounds influencing the occurrence of the tourism activity.


TOURISM BY STATE

ANDHRA PRADESH

Charminar in Hyderabad

Andhra Pradesh has a rich cultural heritage and a variety of tourist attractions. The state of Andhra Pradesh comprises scenic hills, forests, beaches and temples. Andhra Pradesh is the home of many religious pilgrimage centres, one of them being 'Tirupati', the abode of Lord Venkateswara, which is the richest and most visited Hindu temple in India.

The weather in Andhra Pradesh is mostly tropical and the best time to visit is in November through to January. The monsoon season commences in June and ends in September, so travel would not be advisable during this period.

Places to visit:

Hyderabad: Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Salarjung Museum, Hussain Sagar, Lumbini Park, Snow world, Ramoji Film city, Water world, Hitech city, Golconda, Paigah tombs, Falaknuma palace

Visakhapatnam: Kailashagiri, R.K.Beach, Rushikonda beach, Simhachalam temple, Vizag-Bhimili Beach Road,


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam

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Bojjannakonda, Thatlakonda, Appikonda Beach, Yarada Beach, Bhimili Beach, Gangavaram Beach, Borra Caves, Araku valley, Tenneti Beach Park, Ross hill church, Dolphin's nose mountain, Submarine Museum, Aquarium, Indira Gandhi Zoological Gardens

Tirupati: Lord venkateshwara temple, Tirumala, Deer Sanctury, Horsely Hills, Sri Kalahasti Temple, Lepakshi

Sri Prasanti Nilayam: Abode of puttaparthi Sai Baba Vijayawada: Kanakadurga Temple, Gandhi hill,

Prakasham Barrage, Krishna River bank, Mangalagiri Temple

ASSAM

Rang Ghar

Assam is the central state in the North-East Region of India and serves as the gateway to the rest of the Seven Sister States. Assam boasts of famous wildlife preserves – the Kaziranga National Park (pictured) and the Manas National Park, largest river island Majuli and tea-estates dating back to time of British Raj. The weather is mostly sub-tropical. Assam experiences the Indian monsoon and has one of the highest forest densities in India. The winter months are the best time to visit.

It has a rich cultural heritage going back to the Ahom Dynasty which governed the region for many centuries before the British occupation. Other notable features include the Brahmaputra River, the mystery of the bird suicides in


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_River

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas_National_Park

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawada

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirupati

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Jatinga, numerous temples including Kamakhya of Tantric sect, ruins of palaces, etc.

DELHI

Lotus Temple.

Delhi is the capital of India. A fine blend of old and new, ancient and modern in every stream of life is the soul of Delhi. A melting pot of cultures, religions and castes makes Delhi a diverse place. Delhi has been the capital of India from the mythological days. The rulers left behind their trade marks in the architecture. Tughlaqabad fort and the Qutub Minar, the Jama Masjid and the Lotus bah'ai temple, The Humayun's tomb and the Red Fort, and India Gate and the Magnificent President's house (Rashtrapati Bhavan). Delhi is famous for its wide roads and crisp winters.

One of the few places in India where colours of nature changes with the seasons. From Kerala to Kashmir and from Gujarat to Assam all the mouth watering delicacies and shopping goods are found in Delhi. The cosmopolitan nature of the city has only added to the beauty and glory of it. Big gardens, wide roads, ancient structures, and power of politics is what Delhi is all about. Delhi is popularly known for its monuments. Most of them which are built by the Mughal Emperors.

GOA


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Goa is noted for its resorts and beaches

The state of Goa is situated on the West Coast of India, between the borders of Maharashtra and Karnataka and is better known to the world as the former Portuguese enclave on Indian soil. With the rule of the Portuguese for over 450 years and the consequential influence of the Latin culture, Goa presents a somewhat different picture to the foreign visitor than any other part of the country. The state of Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, churches, and Hindu temples. The Bom Jesus cathedral, Mangueshi Temple and Shantadurga are famous attractions in Goa.

HIMACHAL PRADESH

A summer view of Khajjiar, a hill station in Himachal Pradesh.

Home to the some of the most popular Hill Stations, and home also to some exquisite alpine & Trans-Himalayan destinations, the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh is a major product in the Indian tourism market. Himachal is famous for its sweet apples.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantadurga

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangueshi_Temple

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra

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Among the major crowd pullers in Himachal Pradesh are: Shimla, the state’s capital, Manali, Dharamshala, Dalhousie and Kasauli.

JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Jammu is noted for its landscape, ancient temples, Hindu shrines, castles, gardens and forts. A Hindu holy shrine of Amarnath and Vaishno Devi attracts tens of thousands of Hindu devotees every year. Jammu's natural landscape has made it one of the most popular destinations for adventure tourism in south Asia. Jammu's historic monuments feature a unique blend of Islamic and Hindu architecture styles.

Tourism forms an integral part of the Kashmiri economy. Often dubbed "Paradise on Earth", Kashmir's mountainous landscape has attracted tourists for centuries. Notable places are Dal Lake, Srinagar Phalagam, Gulmarg, Yeusmarg and Mughal Gardens etc.

KARNATAKA


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimla

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Jog Falls

Karnataka, the eighth largest state in India, is a veritable treasure trove of tourist delights. By virtue of its varied geography and long and rich history, Karnataka boasts of numerous spots of interest for tourists. Karnataka has been ranked as fourth most popular destination for tourism among states of India. With its 507 out of the 3600 centrally protected monuments, Karnataka has the second highest number of protected monuments in India, next only to Uttar Pradesh. Karnataka is famous for its waterfalls. Jog falls of Shimoga District is one of the highest waterfalls in Asia. This state has 21 wildlife sanctuaries and five National parks and is home to more than 500 species of birds.

Karnataka is a rock climber’s paradise. Yana in Uttara Kannada, Ramnagara near Bangalore district, Shivagange in Tumkur district and tekal in Kolar district are a rock climber’s heaven.

KERALA

Kerala nicknamed as "God's own country".

Kerala is a state on the tropical Malabar Coast of southwestern India. Nicknamed as one of the "10 paradises of


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Coast

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoga

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh


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the world" by the National Geographic traveler, Kerala is famous especially for its ecotourism initiatives. Its unique culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demography, has made it one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. Growing at a rate of 13.31%, the tourism industry significantly contributes to the state's economy. The Kerala Tourism Development Corporation, the government agency that oversees the tourism prospects of the state, has adopted the brand "God's Own Country" for its campaigns. The slogan holds global Superbrand status. Kerala is gifted with 42 rivers running as the life stream of the culture. This state has a variety of land scapes which can attract the tourists such as coastal regions, backwaters, Nilgiri mountaing on one side, malabar highlands, and so on.

MADHYA PRADESH

Madhya Pradesh is called the "Heart of India" only because of its location in the centre of the country. It has been home to the cultural heritage of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism and Islam. Innumerable monuments, exquisitely carved temples, stupas, forts and palaces are dotted all over the State. Madhya Pradesh is also known as Tiger State because of tiger population in MP (Madhya Pradesh). Many Famous national parks like kanha, banthavgadh and pench are located in MP. The natural beauty of Madhya Pradesh is equally varied. Consisting largely of a plateau, the State has everything. Spectacular mountain ranges, meandering rivers and miles and miles of dense forests offering a unique and exciting panorama of wildlife in sylvan surroundings.

MAHARASHTRA


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Tourism_Development_Corporation

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic

Mumbai High court

Unlike most other states in India, Maharashtra boasts of a large number of popular and revered religious venues that are heavily frequented by locals as well as out-of-state visitors. It also boasts of the City of Mumbai with its Bollywood fame, ancient cave temples at Ajanta and Ellora, the Tuljabhavani temple at Tuljapur, the Mahalakshmi temple in Kolhapur, the city of Pune the seat of the Maratha empire, the fantastic Ganesh chaturthi celebrations and much more.

ORISSA

Orissa has been a preferred destination from ancient days for people who have an interest in spirituality, religion, culture, art and natural beauty. Ancient and medieval architecture, pristine sea beaches, the classical and ethnic dance forms and a variety of festivals. Orissa has kept the religion of Buddhism alive. Rock-edicts that have challenged time stand huge and over-powering by the banks of the river Daya. The torch of Buddhism is still ablaze in the sublime triangle at Udayagiri, Lalitgiri & Ratanagiri, on the banks of river Birupa. Precious fragments of a glorious past come alive in the shape of stupas, rock-cut caves, rock-edicts, excavated monasteries, viharas, chaityas and sacred relics in caskets and the Rock-edicts of Ashoka. Orissa is the home for various tribal communities who have contributed uniquely to the multicultural and multilingual character of the state. Their


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_chaturthi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellora

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handicrafts, different dance forms, jungle products and their unique life style blended with their healing practices have got worldwide attention.

PUNJAB

Punjab is one of India's most beautiful states. The state of Punjab is renowned for its cuisine, culture and history. Punjab has a vast public transportation and communication network. Some of the main cities in Punjab are Amritsar, Chandigarh, and Ludhiana. Punjab also has a rich religious history incorporating Sikhism and Hinduism. Tourism in Punjab is principally suited for the tourists interested in culture, ancient civilization, spirituality and epic history. Some of the villages in Punjab are also a must see for the person who wants to see the true Punjab, with their beautiful traditional Indian homes, farms and temples, this is a must see for any visitor that goes to Punjab.

RAJASTHAN

Laxmi Temple in Jaipur

Rajasthan, literally meaning "the land of the kings", is one of the most attractive tourist destinations in Northern India. The vast sand dunes of the Thar Desert attract millions of tourists from around the globe every year.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Desert

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Attractions of Rajasthan Jaipur - The capital of Rajasthan, famous for its rich

history and royal architecture Jodhpur - fortress-city at the edge of the Thar Desert,

famous for its blue homes and architecture Udaipur - Known as the "Venice" of India Jaisalmer - famous for its golden fortress Barmer - Barmer and surrounding areas offer perfect

picture of typical Rajasthani villages. Bikaner - famous for its medieval history as a trade route

outpost Mount Abu Pushkar-It has the only Brahma temple in the world

SIKKIM

The Himalayan Mountains in Sikkim.

Originally known as Suk-Heem, which in the local language means "peaceful home", Sikkim was an independent kingdom till the year 1974, when it became a part of the Republic Of India. The capital of Sikkim is Gangtok, located approximately 185 kilometers from New Jalpaiguri, the nearest railway station to Sikkim. Although, an airport is under construction at Dekiling in East Sikkim, the nearest airport to Sikkim would be Bagdogra. Sikkim is considered as the land of Orchids and mystic cultures and colorful traditions. Sikkim is well known among trekkers and adventure lovers, as West Sikkim has a lot to give them. Places near Sikkim include Darjeeling also known as the Queen of hills and Kalimpong. Darjeeling, other


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than its world famous "Darjeeling tea" is also famous for its refined "Prep schools" founded during the British Raj. Kalimpong is also famous for its Flora cultivation and is home to many internationally known Nurseries.

TAMIL NADU

Shore Temple

Tamil Nadu or "the land of Tamil" is a beautiful state nestled in the southern Indian peninsula, on the shores of the Bay of Bengal and the deep blue Indian Ocean. Many great rulers including the Cholas, Pallavas, Pandyas and the Vijayanagara Empire ruled over parts of Tamil Nadu. The state is known for its cultural heritage and temple architecture.

Tamil literature is amongst the oldest in India. Much of the ancient culture of Tamil Nadu is still alive. We have Carnatic music, an Indian classical tradition. Bharatha Natyam is its twin dance form, always accompanied by this music and the rich tradition of folk music continues to inspire people.

Attractions:

Chennai - Capital of Tamilnadu and also India's fourth largest metropolitan


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatha_Natyam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandya

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Shore_temple.jpg

Coimbatore - Industrial centre, Temples, Kovai kutralam waterfalls

Mahabalipuram - World famous for its shore temples Chidambaram - Lord Shiva in the enthralling form of a

Cosmic Dance. Kanchipuram - The Golden City of a thousand temples,

Handloom Silk Kanyakumari - Southernmost tip of India, where the

Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal meet

Ootacamund - Queen of southern hill resorts of India Madurai - Oldest cities of southern India Rameswaram - Well-known pilgrimage in India Thanjavur - The rice bowl of Tamil Nadu Tiruchirapalli - City on the banks of river Cauvery Auroville - International Utopian city being built,

Aurobindo Ashram Associations. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary - Wildlife sanctuary Kodaikanal- King of southern hill resorts of India

UTTARAKHAND

Winter in Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.

Uttaranchal is the 26th state of the Republic of India. Blessed with magnificent glaciers, majestic snow-clad mountains, gigantic and ecstatic peaks, valley of flowers, skiing slopes and dense forests, this Abode of Gods includes many shrines and places of pilgrimage. Char-dhams, the four most sacred and revered Hindu temples: Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangotri

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedarnath

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badrinath

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttaranchal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nainital

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudumalai_Wildlife_Sanctuary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auroville

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruchirapalli

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanjavur

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rameswaram

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ootacamund

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchipuram

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidambaram

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabalipuram

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nainital_snow_lake.jpg

and Yamunotri are nestled in the Mighty Himalayas. Haridwar which means Gateway to God is the only place on the plains.

A picturesque state, with a breathtaking panoramic view of Himalayas, Uttarakhand promises its tourists a visit full of fun and unforgettable moments. It contains the most fascinating and beautiful part of the Himalayas and provide watershed for Gangetic River System spanning 300Km from Satluj in the west to Kali River in the east. Nanda Devi (25640 Ft) is the second highest peak in India after Kanchenjunga (28160 Ft). Dunagiri, Neelkanth, Chukhamba, Panchachuli, Trisul are other peaks above 23000 Ft. It is considered abode of Devtas, Yakashyas, Kinners, Fairies and Sages. They all are present here on glittering peaks, roaring rivers, beautiful hills slopes and valleys in one or another form.

It boasts of some old hill-stations developed during British era like Mussoorie, Almora and Nainital.

UTTAR PRADESH

Temple in Varanasi

Situated in the northern part of India, Uttar Pradesh is important with its wealth of monuments and religious fervor. Geographically, Uttar Pradesh is very diverse, with Himalayan foothills in the extreme north, the Gangetic Plain in the centre, and the Vindhya Mountain Range towards the South. It is also home of India's most visited site, the Taj Mahal, and Hinduism's holiest city, Varanasi. The most populous state of


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nainital

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almora

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussoorie

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchenjunga

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satluj

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridwar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamunotri

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Varanasi_India_.jpg

the Indian Union also has a rich cultural heritage, and at the heart of North India, Uttar Pradesh has much to offer.

Places of interest include Varanasi, Agra, Mathura, Jhansi, Prayag, Sarnath, Ayodhya, Dudhwa National Park

WEST BENGAL

Victoria Memorial in Kolkata

Kolkata, one of the many cities in the state of West Bengal has been nicknamed the City of Palaces. This comes from the numerous palatial mansions built all over the city. Unlike many north Indian cities, whose construction stresses minimalism, the layout of much of the architectural variety in Kolkata owes its origins to European styles and tastes imported by the British and, to a much lesser extent, the Portuguese and French. The buildings were designed and inspired by the tastes of the English gentleman around and the aspiring Bengali Babu (literally, a nouveau riche Bengali who aspired to cultivation of English etiquette, manners and custom, as such practices were favorable to monetary gains from the British). Today, many of these structures are in various stages of decay.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT AND REFERENCES

1) In Search By Hospitality; By:-


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Memorial

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnath

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayag

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhansi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Calcutta_Kolkata_Victoria_Memorial.jpg

Conrad LashleyAlison Morrison

2) Hotel Front Office: A Training Manual; By:-Sudhir Andrews

3) Basics of Tourism; By:-Krishan K. KamraMohinder Chand

4) Hotel Management: an Introduction; By:-Tim Knowles

5) http://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4017990.search


hospitality and its origin

Documents

term hospitality

definitions of hospitality

growth of hospitality

basics of hospitality

history of hospitality

research project hospitality

aman kalra enrollment

aman kalra date