hour 1 imunity
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 21
~IMMUNITY~
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CHAPTER 20 : COORDINATION
SUBTOPIC 20.4 : HORMONES IN PLANTS
State the roles of hormones in plants:-o auxino gibberellino cytokinino abscisic acido ethylene
Explain the role of phytochrome in
the regulation of flowering
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21.1 Immune Response
21.2 Development of Immunityprimary and secondary
response
21.3 Immune Disorder- AIDS
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21.1 IMMUNE RESPONSE
# Immunity# Classes of antibody
# Humoral and cellmediated immune
response
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INTRODUCTION
Immune system is our internal defend
system, protects the body against
disease-causing organism and certain
toxins.
Disease-causing organism or pathogensincludes certain viruses, bacteria, fungi
and protozoa.
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IMMUNITY
Defined by Sir Macfarlane Burnet:
The capacity to recognize the intrusion of
material foreign to the body & to mobilize
cells & cell products to help remove that
particular sort of foreign material with
greater speed & effectiveness
(Biological Science, pg. 485)
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Pathogens(such as bacteria,fungi, and viruses)
INNATE IMMUNITY(all animals)
Rapid response
Recognition of traits sharedby broad ranges ofpathogens, using a smallset of receptors
Recognition of traitsspecific to particularpathogens, using a vastarray of receptors
Slower response
Barrier defenses:
SkinMucous membranesSecretions
Internal defenses:
Phagocytic cellsNatural killer cellsAntimicrobial proteinsInflammatory response
Humoral response:
Antibodies defend againstinfection in body fluids.
Cell-mediated response:
Cytotoxic cells defendagainst infection in body cells.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
(vertebrates only)
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ANTIBODY A protein secreted by plasma cells
(differentiated B cells) that binds to a
particular antigen.
Antibody also called immunoglobulin(Ig).
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o Y shaped
o 4 polypeptide chains:-
2 light chains
2 heavy chains
o Linked by disulfide bridge
o Variable and constantsegments
o V portion is the antigen
binding site
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1)1) IgMIgM Primary antibodyresponse.
CLASSES OF ANTIBODY
2)2) IgAIgA Secretory; saliva
& tears.
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5) IgG Temporary
protection to newborn.
3)3) IgEIgE Allergic response.
4)4) IgDIgD Cell surface receptorsin B lymphocytes.
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TERMS TO REMEMBER!
Helper T
Cells
(TH)
Cytotoxic T Cells
(TC)
Interleu
kin (IL)
MHC
Proteins
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HELPER T CELLS (TH)
Helper T cells (TH cells) are a subset of
T-cells that usually express the CD4co-receptor and have a major role in
controlling and regulating the immune
system by providing help to otherwhite blood cells.
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CYTOTOXIC T CELLS (TC)
Cytotoxic T
lymphocytes (CTLs)
are a subset of T-
cells that usuallyexpress the CD8 co-
receptor and have
the ability todirectly kill infected
cells.
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INTERLEUKIN (IL)
Any of a class of naturally occurring proteins
important in regulation of lymphocyte
function.
Antigens and microbes stimulate production
of interleukins.
Interleukin induce production of various types
of lymphocytes that ensure a plentiful supply
of T cells that fight specific infectious agents.
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MHC PROTEINS
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Our cells are dotted withprotein molecules
(self-antigens) that are not antigenic.
MHC proteins, a set of closely-linked genes.
Code for a set of cell-surface proteinscalled MHC molecules.
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When a macrophage ingest a pathogen,omost of bacterial antigen are destroyed
by its enzyme
osome fragments of the foreign antigen
will bind with MHC proteins on the
macrophages surface
othe macrophage becomes Antigen-
presenting cell (APC)
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TYPES OF IMMUNE
RESPONSE
1) Humoral Immune Response
2) Cell Mediated Response
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HUMORAL IMMUNE
RESPONSE
B lymphocytes.
Release antibodies into the bloodplasma, tissue fluid and lymph.
Defend against pathogens & toxins in
extracellular fluids.
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CELL MEDIATEDCELL MEDIATED
IMMUNE RESPONSEIMMUNE RESPONSE
T lymphocytes
T cells DO NOT release antibodies.
T cells attack the following:-
cells that have become infected by a
microorganism, especially virus
transplanted organs and tissues
cancer-causing cells
HUMORAL CELL MEDIATED
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HUMORAL
IMMUNE RESPONSE
CELL MEDIATED
IMMUNE RESPONSE
1) Pathogens bearing foreign antigen invades body
2) APC (macrophage) phagocytizes pathogen
3) Foreign antigen-MHC complex displayed on
APC surface
4) TH cell binds with foreign antigen-MHC Complex
5) APC releases IL-1 to activate TH cell
6) TH cell proliferate producing activated TH cells and
memory TH cells
HUMORAL CELL MEDIATED
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HUMORAL
IMMUNE RESPONSE
CELL MEDIATED
IMMUNE RESPONSE
7) B cell that has interacted
with foreign antigen will
display foreign Ag-MHC
complex
7) TC cell with a receptor
that fits the antigen
displayed by an APC binds
with the TH
cell receptor
8) An activated TH
cell
bearing receptors specific
for the displayed antigen
binds to the B cell
8) TH
cell will release IL-2
and the TC
cell is activated
HUMORAL CELL MEDIATED
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HUMORAL
IMMUNE RESPONSE
CELL MEDIATED
IMMUNE RESPONSE
9) TH
cell will release IL-2
and the B cell is
activated
9) IL-2 secreted by the TH
cell stimulate TC
cells to
divide mitotically
10)IL-2 secreted by thehelper T cell stimulate B
cells to divide
mitotically
10)Forming clones ofidentical T
Ccells
11)Forming clones of
identical B cells
11)Differentiate into active
TC cell and memory TC
cell
HUMORAL CELL MEDIATED
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HUMORAL
IMMUNE RESPONSE
CELL MEDIATED
IMMUNE RESPONSE
12)Differentiate into plasma
cells and memory B cells
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13)Plasma cells secreteantigen
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14)Antibody Antigen
interaction occurs
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15)Triggers processes leading
to pathogen
destruction
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1. Immune system is our internal defend system,
protect the body against disease-causing
organism and certain toxins.2. There are five classes of antibodies : IgG, IgA,
IgM, IgE and IgD.
3. There are two types of immune response :humoral and cell mediated immune response.
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21.1 IMMUNE RESPONSE
# Roles of lymphoid organs
# Antigen-antibody
interactions