house of habsburg
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House of Habsburg 1
House of Habsburg
House of Habsburg
Country Austria, Kingdom of Germany, Holy Roman Empire, Sicily, Naples, Spain, Hungary-Croatia, Bohemia, and Portugal
Titles •• Holy Roman Emperor•• Emperor of Austria•• Emperor of Mexico•• President of the German Confederation•• King of the Romans•• King of Germany•• King of Spain•• King of Aragon•• King of Sicily•• King of Naples•• King of Castile•• King of Hungary•• King of Bohemia•• King of Croatia•• King of Portugal• King of Dalmatia• King of Galicia and Lodomeria•• King of England• Grand Prince of Transylvania]•• Archduke of Austria•• Grand Duke of Tuscany•• Duke of Burgundy•• Duke of Parma•• Count of Habsburg
Founding 11th century: Radbot, Count of Habsburg
Dissolution 1780
Cadet branches •• Habsburg-Lorraine•• Leopoldian line•• Albertine line•• Portuguese House of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (pron.: /ˈhæps.bɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhaːps.bʊʁk]), also Hapsburg,[1] and also knownas House of Austria is one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of allof the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian Empire andSpanish Empire and several other countries.The House takes its name from Habsburg Castle, a fortress built around 1020–1030 in present day Switzerland by Count Radbot of Klettgau, who chose to name his fortress Habsburg. His grandson, Otto II, was the first to take the
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fortress name as his own, adding "von Habsburg" to his title. The House of Habsburg gathered dynastic momentumthrough the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries.By 1276, Count Radbot's seventh generation descendant, Rudolph of Habsburg, had moved the family's power basefrom Habsburg Castle to the Archduchy of Austria. Rudolph had become King of Germany/Holy Roman Emperor in1273, and the dynasty of the House of Habsburg was truly entrenched in 1276 when Rudolph became sovereign rulerof Austria, which the Habsburgs ruled for the next six centuries.A series of dynastic marriages[2] enabled the family to vastly expand its domains, to include Burgundy, Spain,Bohemia, Hungary, and other territories into the inheritance. In the 16th century, the family separated into the seniorHabsburg Spain and the junior Habsburg Monarchy branches, who settled their mutual claims in the Oñate treaty.The House of Habsburg became extinct in the male line in the 18th century. The Spanish branch ended upon thedeath of Charles II in 1700 and was replaced by the Anjou branch of the House of Bourbon in the person of hisgreat-nephew Philip V.The Austrian branch went extinct in the male person in 1740 with the death of Charles VI and in the female personin 1780 with the death of his daughter Maria Theresa and was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House ofLorraine in the person of her son Joseph II. The new successor house styled itself formally as House ofHabsburg-Lorraine (German: Habsburg-Lothringen), although it was often referred to as simply the House ofHabsburg.
Principal rolesTheir principal roles were as:•• King of the Romans•• Holy Roman Emperors•• King of Germany• Rulers of Austria (as Dukes 1282–1453, Archdukes)• King of Bohemia (1306–1307, 1437–1439, 1453–1457, 1526–1918),• Kings of Hungary and Croatia (1526–1918),• Kings of Spain (1516–1700),• King of Portugal (1580–1640),• King of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1918), and• Grand Prince of Transylvania (1690–1867).Numerous other titles were attached to the crowns listed above.
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History
Counts of Habsburg
The Habsburg dominions around 1200 in the area of modern day Switzerland are shownas Habsburg, among the houses of Savoy, Zähringer and Kyburg
The progenitor of the House ofHabsburg may have been Guntram theRich, a count in Breisgau who lived inthe 10th century. His grandson Radbot,Count of Habsburg founded theHabsburg Castle, after which theHabsburgs are named. The origins ofthe castle's name, located in what isnow the Swiss canton of Aargau, areuncertain. Most people assume thename to be derived from the HighGerman Habichtsburg (Hawk Castle),but some historians and linguists areconvinced that the name comes fromthe Middle High German word"hab/hap" meaning ford, as there is ariver with a ford nearby. The first documented use of the name by the dynasty itself has been traced to the year1108.[3][4][5] The Habsburg Castle was the family seat in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries.
The Habsburgs expanded their influence through arranged marriages and by gaining political privileges, especiallycountship rights in Zürichgau, Aargau and Thurgau. In the 13th century, the house aimed its marriage policy atfamilies in Upper Alsace and Swabia. They were also able to gain high positions in the church hierarchy for theirmembers. Territorially, they often profited from the extinction of other noble families such as the House ofKyburg.[6]
Kings of the RomansBy the second half of 13th century, count Rudolph IV (1218–1291) had become one of the most influential territoriallords in the area between Vosges mountains and Lake Constance. Due to these impressive preconditions, on 1October 1273 Rudolph was chosen as the King of the Romans and received the name Rudolph I of Germany.[6]
In 1282, the Habsburgs gained the rulership of the Duchy of Austria, which they then held for over 600 years, until1918. Through the forged Privilegium Maius document (1358/59), a special bond was created between the Houseand Austria. The document, forged at the behest of Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (1339–1365), also attempted tointroduce rules to preserve the unity of the family's Austrian lands. In the long term, this indeed succeeded, butRudolph's descendants ignored the rule, leading to the separation of the Albertian and Leopoldian family lines in1379.[6]
By marrying Elisabeth of Luxembourg, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund in 1437, Duke Albert V(1397–1439) became the ruler of Bohemia and Hungary, expanding the family's political horizons. The next year,Albert V was crowned as the King of the Romans and received the name Albert II. After his early death in war withthe Turks in 1439, and after the death of his son Ladislaus Postumus in 1457, the Habsburgs lost Bohemia andHungary again. National kingdoms were established in these areas, and the Habsburgs were not able to restore theirinfluence there for decades.
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Holy Roman EmperorsIn 1440, Frederick III was chosen by the Electoral College to succeed Albert II as the king. After several Habsburgkings had attempted to gain the imperial throne over the years, success finally arrived on 19 March 1452, when PopeNicholas V crowned Frederick III as the Holy Roman Emperor in a grand ceremony held in Rome. In Frederick III,the Pope found an important political ally with whose help he was able to counter the conciliar movement.[6]
While in Rome, Frederick III married Eleanor of Portugal, enabling him to build a network of connections withdynasties in the west and southeast of Europe. In contrast to Frederick, who was rather distant to his family, Eleanorhad a great influence on the raising and education of Frederick's children, and therefore played an important role inthe family's rise to prominence. After Frederick III's coronation, the Habsburgs were able to hold the imperial thronealmost continuously for centuries, until 1806.[6]
As Emperor, Frederick III took a leading role inside the family and positioned himself as the judge over the family'sinternal conflicts, often making use of the privilegium maius. He was able to restore the unity of the house's Austrianlands, as the Albertinian line was now extinct. Territorial integrity was also strengthened by the extinction of theTirolian branch of the Leopoldian line in 1490/1496. Frederick's aim was to make Austria a united country,stretching from Rhine to Murr and Leitha.[6]
On the external front, one of Frederick's main achievements was the Siege of Neuss (1474–75), in which he forcedCharles the Bold of Burgundy to give his daughter Mary of Burgundy as wife to Frederick's son Maximilian.[6] Thewedding, which took place on the evening of August 16, 1477, ultimately resulted in the Habsburgs acquiringcontrol of the Low Countries. After Mary's early death in 1482, Maximilian attempted to secure the Burgundianheritance to one of his and Mary's children, Philip the Handsome. Charles VIII of France contested this, using bothmilitary and dynastic means, but the Burgundian succession was finally ruled in favour of Philip in the Treaty ofSenlis in 1493.[7]
After the death of his father in 1493, Maximilian was proclaimed the new King of the Romans, receiving the nameMaximilian I. Maximilian was initially unable to travel to Rome to receive the Imperial title from the Pope, due toopposition from Venice and from the French, who were occupying Milan, as well a refusal from the Pope due toenemy forces being present on his territory. In 1508, Maximilian proclaimed himself as the "chosen Emperor", andthis was also recognized by the Pope due to changes in political alliances. This had a historical consequence in thatin the future, the Roman King would also automatically become Emperor, without needing the Pope's consent. In1530, Emperor Charles V, became the last person to be crowned as the Emperor by the Pope.[7]
Maximilian's rule (1493–1519) was a time of great expansion for the Habsburgs. In 1497, Maximilian's son, Philipthe Handsome (also known as Phillip the Fair) married Joanna of Castile, also known as Joan the Mad, heiress ofCastile, Aragon and most of Spain. Phillip and Joan had six children, the eldest of whom became Charles V andinherited the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, including their colonies in America; Southern Italy, Austria and theLow Countries.[8]
The foundations for the later empire of Austria-Hungary were laid in 1515 by the means of a double weddingbetween Louis, only son of Vladislaus II, King of Hungary, and Maximilian's granddaughter Mary; and between herbrother, Archduke Ferdinand and Vladislaus' daughter, Anna. The wedding was celebrated in grand style on 22 July1515, and has been described by some historians as the First Congress of Vienna due to its significant implicationsfor Europe's political landscape. As all the children were still minors, the wedding was formally completed in 1521.Vladislaus died on 13 March 1516, and Maximilian died on 12 January 1519, but his designs were ultimatelysuccessful: on Louis's death in 1526, Maximilian's grandson, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, became the King ofBohemia.By the time of Charles V the "World Emperor" and his "empire on which the sun never sets", the Habsburg dynastyachieved, for the first and only time in their history, the position of a true world power.
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Division of the house: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
A map of the dominion of the Habsburgs following the Battle of Mühlberg (1547) asdepicted in The Cambridge Modern History Atlas (1912); Habsburg lands are shaded
green, but do not include the lands of the Holy Roman Empire over which they presided,nor the vast Castilian holdings outside of Europe, and particularly in America.
After the April 21, 1521 assignment ofthe Austrian lands to Ferdinand I byhis brother Emperor Charles V (alsoKing Charles I of Spain) (1516–1556),the dynasty split into the junior branchof the Austrian Habsburgs and thesenior branch of the SpanishHabsburgs. The Austrian Habsburgsheld the title of Holy Roman Emperorafter Charles' death in 1558, as well asthe Habsburg Hereditary Lands and theKingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary.
The senior Spanish branch ruled overSpain and its colonial empire, theNetherlands, the Habsburgs' Italianpossessions, and, for a time(1580-1640), Portugal. Hungary waspartly under Habsburg rule from 1526. For 150 years most of the country was occupied by the Ottoman Turks butthese territories were re-conquered in 1683–1699.
In the secret Oñate treaty, the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs settled their mutual claims. The Spanish Habsburgsdied out in 1700 (prompting the War of the Spanish Succession), as did the last male of the Austrian Habsburg linein 1740 (prompting the War of the Austrian Succession), and finally the last female of the Habsburg male line in1780.
Extinction of the Spanish HabsburgsThe Habsburgs sought to consolidate their power by the frequent use of consanguineous marriages, with ultimatelydisastrous results for their gene pool. Marriages between first cousins, or between uncle and niece, werecommonplace in the family. A study of 3,000 family members over 16 generations by the University of Santiago deCompostela suggests that inbreeding directly led to their extinction. The gene pool eventually became so small thatthe last of the Spanish line Charles II, who was severely disabled by genetic disorders, possessed a genomecomparable to that of a child born to a brother and sister, as did his father, likely due to "remote inbreeding".[9]
Extinction of the Austrian HabsburgsThe Austrian branch went extinct in the male person in 1740 with the death of Charles VI and in the female personin 1780 with the death of his daughter Maria Theresa and was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House ofLorraine in the person of her son Joseph II. The new successor house styled itself formally as House ofHabsburg-Lorraine (German: Habsburg-Lothringen), although it was often referred to as simply the House ofHabsburg. The heiress of the last Austrian Habsburgs Maria Theresa had married Francis Stephan, Duke ofLorraine[10] (both of them were great-grandchildren of Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, but from differentempresses), and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic nameHabsburg-Lorraine, although technically a new ruling house came into existence in the Austrian territories, theHouse of Lorraine (see Dukes of Lorraine family tree). It is thought that extensive intra-family marriages within bothlines contributed to their extinctions.
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Habsburg-LorraineOn August 6, 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved under the French Emperor Napoleon I's reorganization ofGermany. However, in anticipation of the loss of his title of Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II declared himselfhereditary Emperor of Austria (as Francis I) on 11 August 1804, three months after Napoleon had declared himselfEmperor of the French on 18 May 1804.Emperor Francis I of Austria used the official full list of titles: "We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperorof Austria; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria; Archduke ofAustria; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola; Grand Duke of Cracow;Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia,Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen, and Friule; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg,Gorizia, and Gradisca and of the Tyrol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and Istria".The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 created a personal union, whereby the House of Habsburg agreed toshare power with the separate Hungarian government, dividing the territory of the former Austrian Empire betweenthem. The Austrian and the Hungarian lands became independent entities enjoying equal status[11] Under thisarrangement, the Hungarians referred to their ruler as king and never emperor (see k. u. k.). This prevailed until theHabsburgs' deposition from both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I.On 11 November 1918, with his empire collapsing around him, the last Habsburg ruler, Charles I (who also reignedas Charles IV of Hungary) issued a proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state andrenouncing any role in state affairs. Two days later, he issued a separate proclamation for Hungary. Even though hedid not officially abdicate, this is considered the end of the Habsburg dynasty. In 1919, the new republican Austriangovernment subsequently passed a law banishing the Habsburgs from Austrian territory until they renounced allintentions of regaining the throne and accepted the status of private citizens. Charles made several attempts to regainthe throne of Hungary, and in 1921 the Hungarian government passed a law which revoked Charles' rights anddethroned the Habsburgs.The Habsburgs did not formally abandon all hope of returning to power until Otto von Habsburg, Emperor Charles'eldest son, renounced all claims to the throne.The dynasty's motto, "Leave the waging of wars to others! But you, happy Austria, marry; for the realms which Marsawards to others, Venus transfers to you.",[12] indicates the knack of the Habsburgs to have members intermarry intoother royal houses in order to build alliances and inherit territory. Empress Maria Theresa is recognized quite notablyfor it and is sometimes referred to as the "Great-Grandmother of Europe".
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Family treeThis family tree only includes male scions of the direct House of Habsburg who survived to adulthood.
Similarly, this family tree only includes male scions of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine who survived to adulthood:
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Monarchs of the House of HabsburgA word about the coats of arms: the Habsburg Empire was never composed of a single unified and unitary state asBourbon France, Hohenzollern Germany, or Great Britain was. It was made up of an accretion of territories thatowed their historic loyalty to the head of the house of Habsburg as hereditary lord. The Habsburgs had mostlymarried the heiresses of these territories, most famously of the Netherlands and Spain. They used their arms then as astatement of their right to rule all these territories. As there were many territories, so their arms were complex andreflected the waxing and waning position of the Habsburgs within European power politics. It was not until the 19thcentury (see below Arms of Dominion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) that the arms began to take on their own lifeas symbols of a state which may have an existence outside of the Habsburg dynast.
Ancestors• Guntram the Rich (ca. 930–985 / 990) Father of:• Lanzelin of Altenburg (died 991). Besides Radbot, he had sons named Rudolph I, Wernher, and Landolf.
Counts of Habsburg
Arms of the Counts ofHabsburgs. The Habsburgsall but abandoned this for
the arms of Austria. It onlyreappeared in their triarch
family arms in 1805.
Before Rudolph rose to German king, the Habsburgs were Counts in what is todaysouthwestern Germany and Switzerland.
• Radbot of Klettgau, built the Habsburg Castle (ca. 985–1035). Besides Werner I, hehad two other sons: Otto I, who would become Count of Sundgau in the Alsace, andAlbrecht I.
• Werner I, Count of Habsburg (1025 / 1030–1096). Besides Otto II, there was anotherson, Albert II, who was reeve of Muri from 1111–1141 after the death of Otto II.
• Otto II of Habsburg; first to name himself as "of Habsburg" (died 1111) Father of:• Werner II of Habsburg (around 1135; died 1167) Father of:• Albrecht III of Habsburg (the Rich), died 1199. Under him, the Habsburg territories
expanded to cover most of what is today the German-speaking part of Switzerland.Father of:
• Rudolph II of Habsburg (b. c. 1160, died 1232) Father of:• Albrecht IV of Habsburg, (died 1239 / 1240); father of Rudolph IV of Habsburg, who
would later become king Rudolph I of Germany. Between Albrecht IV and his brotherRudolph III, the Habsburg properties were split, with Albrecht keeping the Aargauand the western parts, the eastern parts going to Rudolph III. Albrecht IV was also amutual ancestor of Sophia Chotek and of her husband Archduke Franz Ferdinand ofAustria
Dukes of Austria
In the late Middle Ages, when the Habsburgs expanded their territories in the east, theyoften ruled as dukes of the Duchy of Austria which covered only what is today LowerAustria and the eastern part of Upper Austria. The Habsburg possessions also includedStyria, and then expanded west to include Carinthia and Carniola in 1335 and Tirol in1363. Their original scattered possessions in the southern Alsace, south-westernGermany and Vorarlberg were collectively known as Further Austria.
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The arms of Austria,originally belonging to the
Babenburg dukes. Theybecame all but synonmouswith the Habsburgs, as theHabsburgs abandoned their
own arms for these.
The Habsburg dukes gradually lost their homelands south of the Rhine and LakeConstance to the expanding Old Swiss Confederacy. Unless mentioned explicitly, thedukes of Austria also ruled over Further Austria until 1379, after that year, FurtherAustria was ruled by the Princely Count of Tyrol. Names in italics designate dukes whonever actually ruled. ]
• Rudolph II, son of Rudolph I, duke of Austria and Styria together with his brother1282–1283, was dispossessed by his brother, who eventually would be murdered byone of Rudolph's sons.
• Albert I (Albrecht I), son of Rudolph I and brother of the above, duke from1282–1308; was Holy Roman Emperor from 1298–1308. See also below.
• Rudolph III, oldest son of Albert I, designated duke of Austria and Styria 1298–1307• Frederick the Handsome (Friedrich der Schöne), brother of Rudolph III. Duke of
Austria and Styria (with his brother Leopold I) from 1308–1330; officially co-regentof emperor Louis IV since 1325, but never ruled.
• Leopold I, brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria from 1308–1326.• Albert II (Albrecht II), brother of the above, duke of Further Austria from 1326–1358, duke of Austria and Styria
1330–1358, duke of Carinthia after 1335.• Otto the Jolly (der Fröhliche), brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1339 (together with his
brother), duke of Carinthia after 1335.• Rudolph IV the Founder (der Stifter), oldest son of Albert II. Duke of Austria and Styria 1358–1365, Duke of
Tirol after 1363.After the death of Rudolph IV, his brothers Albert III and Leopold III ruled the Habsburg possessions together from1365 until 1379, when they split the territories in the Treaty of Neuberg, Albert keeping the Duchy of Austria andLeopold ruling over Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, the Windic March, Tirol, and Further Austria.
Albertine line: Dukes of Austria
• Albert III (Albrecht III), duke of Austria until 1395, from 1386 (after the death of Leopold)until 1395 also ruled over the latter's possessions.
• Albert IV (Albrecht IV), duke of Austria 1395–1404, in conflict with Leopold IV.• Albert V (Albrecht V), duke of Austria 1404–1439, Holy Roman Emperor from 1438–1439
as Albert II. See also below.• Ladislaus Posthumus, son of the above, duke of Austria 1440–1457.
Rudolph I as Emperor The arms of Austria. Albert I as Emperor. Albert II as King of Hungary andBohemia.
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Albert II as Emperor.
Leopoldine line: Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol
• Leopold III, duke of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Further Austria until 1386, when he waskilled in the Battle of Sempach.
• William (Wilhelm), son of the above, 1386–1406 duke in Inner Austria (Carinthia, Styria)• Leopold IV, son of Leopold III, 1391 regent of Further Austria, 1395–1402 duke of Tyrol,
after 1404 also duke of Austria, 1406–1411 duke of Inner Austria
Habsburg Archdukes of Austria and Dukes of Styria.
Leopoldine-Inner Austrian sub-line
• Ernest the Iron (der Eiserne), 1406–1424 duke of Inner Austria, until 1411 together andcompeting with his brother Leopold IV.
• Frederick V (Friedrich), son of Ernst, became emperor Frederick III in 1440. He wasduke of Inner Austria from 1424 on. Guardian of Sigismund 1439–1446 and ofLadislaus Posthumus 1440–1452. See also below.
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• Albert VI (Albrecht VI), brother of the above, 1446–1463 regent of Further Austria, duke of Austria1458–1463
• Ernestine line of Saxon princes, ancestor of George I of Great Britain-descended from sister of Frederick III;also Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse King of Finland 1918
Leopoldine-Tyrol sub-line
• Frederick IV (Friedrich), brother of Ernst, 1402–1439 duke of Tyrol and Further Austria• Sigismund, also spelled Siegmund or Sigmund, 1439–1446 under the tutelage of the
Frederick V above, then duke of Tyrol, and after the death of Albrecht VI in 1463 alsoduke of Further Austria.
Reuniting of Habsburg possessionsSigismund had no children and adopted Maximilian I, son of duke Frederick V (emperor Frederick III). UnderMaximilian, the possessions of the Habsburgs would be united again under one ruler, after he had re-conquered theDuchy of Austria after the death of Matthias Corvinus, who resided in Vienna and styled himself duke of Austriafrom 1485–1490.
King Consort of England
• Philip II of Spain (King Consort with Mary I of England 1554–1558)
King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperors prior to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
• Rudolph I, emperor 1273–1291 (never crowned)• Albert I, emperor 1298–1308 (never crowned)• Albert II, emperor 1438–1439 (never crowned) -ancestor of Empress Catherine II of Russia• Frederick III, emperor 1440–1493
Kings of Hungary prior to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
• Albert, king of Hungary 1437–1439• Ladislaus V Posthumus, king of Hungary 1444–1457
Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
The title Archduke of Austria, the one most famously associated with the Habsburgs, wasinvented in the Privilegium Maius, a 14th century forgery initiated by Duke Rudolf IV ofAustria. Originally, it was meant to denote the ruler of the (thus 'Arch')duchy of Austria, in aneffort to put that ruler on par with the Prince-electors, as Austria had been passed over in theGolden Bull of 1356, when the electorships had been assigned. Holy Roman Emperor Charles
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IV refused to recognize the title. Ladislaus the Posthumous, Duke of Austria, who died in1457, was never in his lifetime authorized to use it, and accordingly, not he nor anyone in hisbranch of the dynasty ever used the title.
Duke Ernest the Iron and his descendants unilaterally assumed the title "archduke". This titlewas only officially recognized in 1453 by his son, Emperor Frederick III, when the Habsburgshad (permanently) gained control of the office of the Holy Roman Emperor. Emperor Frederick III himself used justDuke of Austria, never Archduke, until his death in 1493.
Frederick's son and heir, the future Emperor Maximilian I, started to use the title, but apparently only after the deathof his wife Mary of Burgundy (died 1482) as the title never appears in documents of joint Maximilian and Mary rulein the Low Countries (where Maximilian is still titled Duke of Austria). The title appears first in documents of jointMaximilian and Philip (his under-age son) rule in the Low Countries. It only gained currency with Charles V and thedescendants of his brother, the Emperor Frederick.• Maximilian I, emperor 1508–1519
Coat of Arms of Maximilian as Archduke Personal Arms of Maximilian after hismarriage to Mary, Duchess of Burgundy.
Coat of Arms of Maximilian asEmperor.
• Charles V, emperor 1519–1556, his arms are explained in an article about them:
The Middle Coat of Arms as ofCharles as Emperor and King of
Spain.
The Great Coat of Arms as ofCharles as Emperor and King of
Spain.
Another view of theHabsburgs at the height
of their power underCharles V, showing theArms as Holy Roman
Emperor.
Charles V as HolyRoman Emperor
with Supporters andMotto.
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Titular Dukes of Burgundy, Lords of the Netherlands
The reigning duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, was the chief political opponent ofMaximilian's father Frederick III. Charles controlled not only Burgundy (both dukedom andcounty), but the wealthy and powerful Netherlands, the real center of his power. Frederick wasconcerned about Burgundy's expansive tendencies on the western border of his Holy RomanEmpire, and to forestall military conflict, he attempted to secure the marriage of Charles's onlydaughter, Mary of Burgundy, to his son Maximilian. After the Siege of Neuss (1474–75), hewas successful. The wedding between Maximilian and Mary took place on the evening of 16August 1477, after the death of Charles.[13] Mary and the Habsburgs lost the Duchy of Burgundy to France, butmanaged to defend and hold onto the rest. After Mary's death in 1482, Maximilian acted as regent for his son:
• Philip the Handsome (1482–1506)
Arms of Philip as Philip IV, Duke ofBurgundy.
Coat of Arms of Philip as Duke ofBurgundy(Philip IV)
• Charles V (1506–1555), Philip's son
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Arms of the Archduke Charles, as Heir of Philip theHandsome.
Coat of Arms of Charles as Duke of Burgundy(Philip IV)
• Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy, regent (1507–1515) and (1519–1530)
Margaret of Austria.
• Mary of Hungary, dowager queen of Hungary, sister of Charles V, governor of the Netherlands, 1531–1555
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Arms of Mary as Queen Consort of Hungary. Coat of arms of Mary as Queen Dowager ofHungary.
• Margaret of Parma, illegitimate daughter of Charles V, Duchess of Parma, and mother of Alexander Farnese,Duke of Parma, governor 1559–1567
Arms of Margaret of Parma Before her Marriage.
• Don John of Austria, illegitimate son of Charles V, victor of Lepanto, governor of the Netherlands, 1576–1578
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Coat of Arms of Don John.
• Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, son of Margaret of Parma, governor of the Netherlands, 1578–1592
Arms of Alexander Farnese.
The Netherlands were frequently governed directly by a regent or governor-general, who was a collateral member ofthe Habsburgs. The Habsburgs controlled the 17 Provinces of the Netherlands until the Dutch Revolt in the secondhalf of the 16th century, when they lost the seven northern Protestant provinces. They held onto the southernCatholic part (roughly modern Belgium and Luxembourg) as the Spanish and Austrian until the it was conquered byFrench Revolutionary armies in 1795.
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Spanish Habsburgs: Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal (1580–1640)
Coat of arms of Spanish Habsburgs (1580–1621 Version)
• Philip I of Castile, second son of Maximilian I, founded the Spanish Habsburgs in 1496 by marrying Joanna theMad, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Philip died in 1506, leaving the thrones of Castile and Aragon to beinherited and united into the throne of Spain by his son:
Coat of Arms of Philipas Duke of Burgundy
(Philip IV)
Coat of Arms of Philip ofBurgundy and Johanna asKing and Queen of Castile
(Philip I)
Coat of Arms of Philip I ofCastile, Chivalric ornaments
Full Ornamented Coat of Armsof Philip I of Castile.
• Charles I 1516–1556, aka Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; divided the House into Austrian and Spanish lines
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Personal Arms of Charles V1516–1520.
Personal Arms of Charles V,1530–1556
1516–1518,Common version
1518–1520,Common version
1520–1530,Common version
1516–1518,Chivaric design of the
Order of the Golden FleeceArmorial
1518–1520,Chivaric design of the
Order of the Golden FleeceArmorial
1520–1530,Chivaric design of the
Order of the Golden FleeceArmorial
Full Ornamented Coat of Armsof Charles I of Spain
(1516–1518).
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Full Ornamented Coat of Armsof Charles I of Spain
(1518–1520).
Full Ornamented Coat of Armsof Charles I of Spain
(1520–1530).
• Philip II of Spain 1556–1598, also Philip I of Portugal 1580–1598 and Philip I of England and his wife Mary I ofEngland 1554–1558
Personal Arms ofPhilip II from 1580and Royal Arms ofSpain (1580–1668).
Coat of Arms ofPhilip II,
1558–1580(Common version)
Royal Coat ofArms of Spain,
1580–1668(Commonversion)
Royal Coat of Arms of Spainwith Supporters (1580–1668).
Coats of Arms of Philip II andPhilip III,
Chivaric design of the Order ofthe Golden Fleece Armorial
Full Ornamented Coat of Armsof Philip II of Spain
(1580–1598).
House of Habsburg 20
Coat of Arms of Philip II ofSpain as Monarch of Milan
(1554-1558)Consort of Mary of England
Coat of Arms of Philip II ofSpain as Monarch of Milan
(1558-1580)Widower of Mary of England
Coat of Arms of Philip II ofSpain as Monarch of Milan
(1558-1580)Also King of Portugal
Coat of Arms of Philip II ofSpain as Monarch of Naples
and Sicily
• Philip III, also Philip II of Portugal 1598–1621• Philip IV 1621–1665, also Philip III of Portugal 1621–1640• Charles II 1665–1700
Royal Coat ofArms of Spain,
1580–1668(Commonversion)
Coat of Armsof Charles II,1668–1700(Commonversion)
Royal Coat of Arms of Spainwith Supporters (1580–1668).
Coat of Arms of Charles II ofSpain with Supporters
(1668–1700).
Royal Coat of Arms of Spainwith Germanic Ornaments
(1580–1621).
Royal Coat of Arms ofSpain with Germanic
Ornaments (1621–1668).
Full Ornamented Coat of Armsof Philip III of Spain.
Coat of Arms of CharlesII of Spain with GermanicOrnaments (1668–1700).
House of Habsburg 21
Full Ornamented Royal Coat ofArms of Spain of Philip IV and
Charles II.
Coat of Arms of the King of Spain asMonarch of Milan
(1598-1700)
Coat of Arms of the King of Spain asMonarch of Naples and Sicily
(1598-1665)
Coat of Arms of Charles II of Spain asMonarch of Naples and Sicily
The War of the Spanish Succession took place after the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line, to determine theinheritance of Charles II. Some of the other members of the House of Habsburg:
Coat of Arms ofFerdinand I of Austria as
King of Hungary andBohemia
Coat of Arms of Margareth ofParma
( Before her Marriage),A natural daughter of Emperor
Charles V
Coat of Arms of SpanishInfantas as Single Women,
1527–1552
Coat of Arms of SpanishInfantas as Single Women,
1580–1700
House of Habsburg 22
Coat of Arms ofArchduke Albert of
Austria asGovernor-Monarch
of the LowCountries
Coat of Arms ofInfanta Isabella
of Spain asGovernor
Monarch of theLow Countries
Coat of Arms of Johnof Austria
(1545–1578)A natural child of
Emperor Charles V
Coat of Arms of Cardinal-InfanteFerdinand of Austria
Coat of Arms of John Joseph ofAustria
(1629–1679)A natural child of Philip IV
Coat of Arms ofCharles VI of Austriaas Monarch of Naples
and Sicily
Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
• Ferdinand I, emperor 1556–1564 (→Family Tree)• Maximilian II, emperor 1564–1576• Rudolf II, emperor 1576–1612• Matthias, emperor 1612–1619• Ferdinand II, emperor 1619–1637• Ferdinand III, emperor 1637–1657 (→Family Tree)• Leopold I, emperor 1658–1705• Josef I, emperor 1705–1711• Charles VI, emperor 1711–1740• Maria Theresa of Austria, Habsburg heiress and wife of emperor Francis I Stephen, reigned
as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 1740–1780.
House of Habsburg 23
Coat of Arms ofFerdinand I of Austriaas King of Hungary
and Bohemia.
Ferdinand I as Holy RomanEmperor.
Archduke Ferdinand, Count ofTyrol, and the Tyrolean Line.
Archduke Charles, Count ofStyria and the Styrian Line.
Rudolf II, Mathias, FerdinandII, Leopld I Personal Arms.
Rodolphe II as Emperor. Ferdinand III as Emperor. Ferdinand IV as Emperor.
Charles VI as King of Hungaryand Bohemia.
Charles VI as Emperor.
The War of the Austrian Succession took place after the extinction of the male line of the Austrian Habsburg lineupon the death of Charles VI. The direct Habsburg line itself became totally extinct with the death of Maria Theresaof Austria, when it was followed by the House of Lorraine, styled of Habsburg-Lorraine.
House of Habsburg 24
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
• Francis I Stephen, emperor 1745–1765 (→Family Tree)• Joseph II, emperor 1765–1790• Leopold II, emperor 1790–1792 (→Family Tree)• Francis II, emperor 1792–1806 (→Family Tree)Queen Maria Christina of Austria of Spain, great-granddaughter of Leopold II, Holy RomanEmperor above. Wife of Alfonso XII of Spain and mother of Alfonso XIII of the House ofBourbon. Alfonso XIII's wife Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg was descended from KingGeorge I of Great Britain from the Habsburg Leopold Line {above}.
The House of Habsburg-Lorraine retained Austria and attached possessions after thedissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; see below.A son of Leopold II was Archduke Rainer of Austria whose wife was from the House of Savoy; a daughter Adelaide,Queen of Sardina was the wife of King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia and King of Italy.Their Children married into the Royal Houses of Bonaparte; Saxe-Coburg and Gotha {Bragança} {Portugal}; Savoy{Spain}; and the Dukedoms of Montferrat and Chablis.
Coat of Arms of Francis IStephen as King of Hungary and
Bohemia.
Francis I Stephen as Emperor. Joseph II as King of Hungary andBohemia.
Joseph II as Emperor.
Grand Arms of Joseph II. Leopold II as King of Hungaryand Bohemia.
Leopold II as Emperor.
House of Habsburg 25
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Emperors of Austria
Small Coat of Arms of the Austrian Empire adopted by Francis I in 1804.
• Francis I, Emperor of Austria 1804–1835: formerly Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (→Family Tree)• Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria 1835–1848• Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria 1848–1916.• Charles I, Emperor of Austria 1916–1918. He died in exile in 1922. His wife was of the House of
Bourbon-Parma.
House of Habsburg 26
Small (personal) Coat of arms of theHouse of Habsburg-Lorraine adoptedby Emperor Francis II. It shows (left
to right) the arms of Habsburg,which had all but been abandoned infavor of Austria when the Habsburgs
acquired Austria, the Arms ofAustria, and the Arms of Lorraine.
Personal Arms of Ferdinand I with theHabsburg_Lothringen shield overall;
showing quarters for Hungary, Bohemia,Galicia and Lodomeria, Milan and Venice
(the Kingdom of Lombardy).
Personal Arms of the Emperors Franz Josephand Charles. These were also assigned to
cadet members of the Habsburg dynasty withdifferencing. They show overall the
Habsburg-Lothringen shield; quarters areshown for Hungary, Bohemia, Galicia and
Lodomeria, and the ancient arms of the(arch)duchy of lower Austria (the eagles onblue) make their re-appearance. The Italianquarters for Milan and Venice are no longerpresent showing the Habsburg loss of their
Italian territories.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Grand dukes of Tuscany
• Francis Stephen 1737–1765 (later Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor)
Francis Stephen assigned the grand duchy of Tuscany to his second son Peter Leopold, who in turn assigned it to hissecond son upon his accession as Holy Roman Emperor. Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of thefamily until Italian unification.• Peter Leopold 1765–1790 (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor)• Ferdinand III 1790–1800, 1814–1824 (→Family Tree)• Leopold II 1824–1849, 1849–1859• Ferdinand IV 1859–1860
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Tuscany line, post monarchy
• Ferdinand IV 1860–1908• Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany 1908–1942• Archduke Peter Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany 1942–1948• Archduke Gottfried, Prince of Tuscany 1948–1984• Archduke Leopold Franz, Prince of Tuscany 1948–1993• Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1993–present
House of Habsburg 27
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Dukes of Modena
The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna. It was lost to Italianunification.• Francis IV 1814–1831, 1831–1846 (→Family Tree)• Francis V 1846–1848, 1849–1859
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Modena line, post monarchy
• Francis V (1859–1875)• Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este (1875–1914)• Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este (1914–1917)• Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este (1917–1996)• Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este (1996–Present)
Ferdinand of Habsbourg,archduke of Austria, and duke of
Modena and Reggio(1803–1806).
Francis IV, archduke of Austria,and duke of Modena and
Reggio(1814–1846).
Francis V, archduke of Austria,and duke of Modena and Reggio
(1846–1859).
Francis Ferdinand, archduke ofAustria-Este, and Crown Prince.
Robert, archduke of Austria-Este.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Empress consort of France
• Marie Louise of Austria 1810–1814
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Duchess of Parma
The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but did not stay in the House long before succumbing toItalian unification. It was granted to the second wife of Napoleon I of France, Maria Luisa Duchess of Parma, adaughter of the Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was the mother of Napoleon II of France. Napoleon haddivorced his wife Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie (better known to history as Josephine de Beauharnais) in her favour.• Maria Luisa 1814–1847 (→Family Tree)
House of Habsburg 28
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Emperor of Mexico
Coat of Arms of the Mexican Empireadopted by Maximilian I in 1864
Maximilian, the adventurous second son of Archduke Franz Karl, was invitedas part of Napoleon III's manipulations to take the throne of Mexico,becoming Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. The conservative Mexicannobility, as well as the clergy, supported this Second Mexican Empire. Hisconsort, Charlotte of Belgium, a daughter of King Leopold I of Belgium and aprincess of the House of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, encouraged her husband'sacceptance of the Mexican crown and accompanied him as Empress Carlotaof Mexico. The adventure did not end well. Maximilian was shot in "Cerro delas Campanas" in 1867 by the republican forces of Benito Juárez.
• Maximilian I (1864–1867) (→Family Tree)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Heads of the House of Habsburg (post-monarchy)
Charles I was expelled from his domains after World War I and the empire was abolished.
Current personal arms of the head of thehouse of Habsburg, claiming only the
personal title of Archduke
• Charles I (1918–1922) (→Family Tree)• Otto von Habsburg (1912-2011)[14]
• Zita of Bourbon-Parma, guardian, (1922–1930)• Karl von Habsburg, (2007–present)see Line of succession to the Austro-Hungarian throne
Kings of Hungary
The kingship of Hungary remained in the Habsburg family for centuries; butas the kingship was not strictly inherited (Hungary was an elective monarchyuntil 1687) and was sometimes used as a training ground for youngHabsburgs,as "Palatine"of Hungary, the dates of rule do not always matchthose of the primary Habsburg possessions. Therefore, the kings of Hungaryare listed separately.
Albertine line: Kings of Hungary
• Albert, king of Hungary 1437–1439• Ladislaus V Posthumus, King of Hungary 1444–1457
House of Habsburg 29
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Hungary
• Ferdinand I, king of Hungary 1526–1564• Maximilian I, king of Hungary 1563–1576• Rudolf I, king of Hungary 1572–1608• Matthias II, king of Hungary 1608–1619• Ferdinand II, king of Hungary 1618–1637• Ferdinand III, king of Hungary 1625–1657• Ferdinand IV, king of Hungary 1647–1654• Leopold I, king of Hungary 1655–1705• Joseph I, king of Hungary 1687–1711• Charles III, king of Hungary 1711–1740
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Hungary
• Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary 1741–1780• Joseph II, king of Hungary 1780–1790• Leopold II, king of Hungary 1790–1792• Francis, king of Hungary 1792–1835• Ferdinand V, king of Hungary and Bohemia 1835–1848• Francis Joseph I, king of Hungary 1867–1916• Charles IV, king of Hungary 1916–1918
Kings of Bohemia
The kingship of Bohemia was from 1306 a position elected by its nobles. As a result, it wasnot an automatically inherited position. Until rule of the Ferdinand I Habsburgs didn't gainhereditary accession to the throne and were shifted by other dynasties. Hence, the kings ofBohemia and their ruling dates are listed separately.
Main line
• Rudolph I, king of Bohemia 1306–1307
Albertine line: Kings of Bohemia
• Albert, king of Bohemia 1437–1439• Ladislaus Posthumus, king of Bohemia 1453–1457
House of Habsburg 30
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Bohemia• Ferdinand I, king of Bohemia 1526–1564• Maximilian I, king of Bohemia 1563–1576• Rudolph II, king of Bohemia 1572–1611• Matthias, king of Bohemia 1611–1618• Ferdinand II, king of Bohemia 1621–1637• Ferdinand III, king of Bohemia 1625–1657• Ferdinand IV, king of Bohemia 1647–1654• Leopold I, king of Bohemia 1655–1705• Joseph I, king of Bohemia 1687–1711• Charles VI, king of Bohemia 1711–1740• Maria Theresa, queen of Bohemia 1743–1780
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of BohemiaFrom the accession of Maria Theresa, the kingship of Bohemia became united with the Austrian possessions.• Joseph II, king of Bohemia 1780–1790• Leopold II, king of Bohemia 1790–1792• Francis, king of Bohemia 1792–1835• Ferdinand V, king of Bohemia 1835–1848• Francis Joseph I, king of Bohemia 1848–1916• Charles III, king of Bohemia 1916–1918
Arms of Dominion of the Austro-Hungarian EmpireThe arms of dominion began to take on a life of their own in the 19th century as the idea of the state as independentfrom the Habsburg dynasty took root. They are the national arms as borne by a sovereign in his capacity as head ofstate and represent the state as separate from the person of the monarch or his dynasty. Since the states, territories,and nationalities represented were in many cases only united to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by their historicloyalty to the head of the house of Habsburg as hereditary lord, these full ("grand") arms of dominion ofAustria-Hungary reflect the complex political infrastructure that was necessarily to accommodate the many differentnationalities and groupings within the empire after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.
House of Habsburg 31
Shield of the Austrian part of the empire (1867–1915).
After 1867 the eastern part of the empire,also called Transleitania, was mostly underthe domination fo the Kingdom of Hungary.Their shield integrated the arms of thekingdom of Hungary, with two angels andsupporters and the crown of St. Stephen withthe territories that were subject to it:
The Kingdom of Dalmatia, the Kingdom ofCroatia-Slavonia, the Kingdom of Slavonia,the Great Principality of Transilvania, theBosnia and Herzegovina (since 1915), laCity of Rijeka and in the center, theKingdom of Hungary.
The western or Austrian part of the empire,Cisleithania, continued using the shield ofthe Empire in 1815 but with the seals ofvarious member territories located aroundthe central shield. Paradoxically, some ofthese coats of arms belonged to theterritories that were part of the Hungarianpart of the empire and shield. This shield, themost frequently used until 1915, was knownas the middle shield. There was also thesmall shield, with just the personal arms of
the Habsburgs, as used in 1815.
House of Habsburg 32
Enumeration
I II III IV V
King of Hungary King of Galicia and Lodomeria Archduke of Austria Duke of Salzburg Duchy of Styria
VI VII VIII
Duchy of Tirol Duchy of Carinthia and Carniola Margraviate of Moravia and Duke of Silesia
IX X XI
Great Principality of Transilvania King of Illyria King of Bohemia
House of Habsburg 33
Version of 1915In 1915, in the middle of World War I, Austria-Hungary adopted a heraldic composition uniting the shield that wasused in the Hungarian part, also known as the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, with a new version of the mediumshield of the Austrian part as depicted above in the section on the main line of the Emperors of Austria.Before, the arms of the different territories of the Austrian part of the Empire (heraldry was added to some areas notshown in the previous version and left to the Hungarian part) appeared together in the shield positioned on thedouble-headed eagle coat of arms of the Austrian Empire as an inescutcheon. The eagle was inside a shield with agold field. The latter shield was supported by two griffins and was topped by the Austrian Imperial Crown(previously these items were included only in the large shield). Then, shown in the center of both arms of dominion,as an inescutcheon to the inescutcheon, is the small shield, i.e. personal arms, of the Habsburgs. All this wassurrounded by the collar Order of the Golden Fleece[15][16]
Middle Coat of arms of the Austrian part of the Empire in 1915. It shows as an center shield (inescutcheon) the personal arms of Habsburg-Lorraineover the arms of dominions of the Habsburg lands. It usually had the personal arms of Habsburg-Lorraine in the center.
In the heraldic composition of 1915, the shields of the two foci of the empire, Austria and Hungary, were broughttogether. The griffin supporter on the left was added for Austria and an angel on the right as a supporter for Hungary.The center featured the personal arms of the Habsburgs (Habsburg, Austria and Lorraine). This small shield wastopped with a royal crown and surrounded by the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece, below which was theMilitary Order of Maria Theresa, below which was the collars of the Orders of St. Stephen's and Leopold. At thebottom was the motto that read "AC INDIVISIBILITER INSEPARABILITER" ("indivisible and inseparable").There were other simplified versions which did not have the supports depicted, and the simple shields of Austria andHungary. These were the arms of the Empire of Austria with an inescutcheon of Austria, and the Arms of Hungary(with chequer of Croatia at the tip).
House of Habsburg 34
Middle Common Coat of Arms of the Austro-Hugarian Empire in 1915 showing most of the larger possessions of the Austrian Empire (left shield)and the Kingdom of Hungary (right shield). The personal arms of the Habsburg-Lorraines is in the center. The collection of territories that
acknowledged the head of the Habsburgs as personal ruler shown by this representation put the Empire at a distinct disadvantage in comparison withthe unified nation states that it shared the continent of Europe with.
Austrian Lands
Shield Partition Territory
IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIIIIXXXIXIIXIIIXIVXVXVIXVIIXVIIIXIXXX
King of Galicia and LodomeriaKing of BohemiaKing of DalmatiaDuke of Upper and Lower SilesiaDuke of SalzburgMargraviate of MoraviaDuke of TirolDuke of BucovinaProvince of VorarlbergMargrave of IstriaCount of GoriziaCount of GradiscaProvince of Bosnia and Herzegovina(Conjunto)City of TriesteArchduke of Lower AustriaArchduke of Upper AustriaDuke of StyriaCarniolaDuke of CarinthiaArchduke of Austria
House of Habsburg 35
Territories of the crown of St. Stephen
Shield Partition Territory
IIIIIIIVVVIVII
King of Dalmatia (the Hungarian part)])Kingdom of CroatiaKingdom of SlavoniaGrand Prince of TransilvaniaProvince of Bosnia and Herzegovina(Conjunto)City of FiumeKing of Hungary
Personal Shield of they Dynasty
Shield Partition Significance
IIIIII
Count of HabsburgArchduke ofAustriaDuke of Lorraine
Gallery
Arms of the Lands of the Crown of SaintStephen (1867–1915)
Arms of the Lands of the Crown of SaintStephen (1915–1918)
Small Arms of Austria (Cisleithania)(1805–1918)
Simple Arms of Cisleithania (1915–1918) Personal Arms of the Emperor Franz Josef(1848–1916)
Simple Arms of the Austrian and Hungarianparts of the empire. (1915–1918)
House of Habsburg 36
In popular cultureIn the NBC sitcom 30 Rock episode "Black Tie" a "Gerhardt Habsburg" is presented as the last living member of thefamily. Gerhardt is wheelchair-bound and appears to be strongly afflicted with hereditary frailties and multiplemedical conditions. In the episode the 25th birthday party for the prince is termed the social event of the year in NewYork City. Unfortunately the prince is inadvertently served champagne, and having a metabolism that is unable tohandle grapes, Gerhardt dies, thus making the house of Habsburg extinct.
Notes[1] Siegal, Allan M.; Connolly, William G. (1999). The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=JbLBikcFr04C& pg=PA154). Random House Digital, Inc.. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8129-6389-2. . Retrieved 27 April 2012.[2] Paula Sutter Fichtner, "Dynastic Marriage in Sixteenth-Century Habsburg Diplomacy and Statecraft: An Interdisciplinary Approach,"
American Historical Review Vol. 81, No. 2 (April 1976), pp. 243-265 in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 1851170)[3] "Habsburger-Gedenkjahr im Aargau", Neue Zürcher Zeitung, (page 17) 23 May 2008.[4] art-tv.ch (http:/ / www. art-tv. ch/ 1965-0-habsburger-gedenkjahr. html)[5] Kanton Aargau (http:/ / www. ag. ch/ staatsarchiv/ de/ pub/ fokus/ habsburger_gedenkjahr. php) (German)[6][6] Heinz-Dieter Heimann: Die Habsburger. Dynastie und Kaiserreiche. ISBN 3-406-44754-6.[7][7] Erbe, Michael: Die Habsburger 1493-1918. Eine Dynastie im Reich und in Europa. W. Kohlhammer, 2000. ISBN 3-17-011866-8[8] Great Events from History, The Renaissance & Early Modern Era, Vol I, p. 112–114, author-Clare Callaghan, ISBN 1-58765-214-5.[9] Gonzalo Alvarez, Francisco C. Ceballos, Celsa Quinteiro, Gonzalo; Ceballos, Francisco C.; Quinteiro, Celsa; Bauchet, Marc (April 15, 2009).
Bauchet, Marc. ed. "The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty" (http:/ / www. plosone. org/ article/ info:doi/ 10.1371/ journal. pone. 0005174). PLoS ONE (PLoS ONE) 4 (4): e5174. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005174. PMC 2664480. PMID 19367331. .Retrieved 2009-04-19.
[10] Maria Theresa was originally engaged to Léopold Clément of Lorraine, older brother of Francis Stephan.[11][11] Microsoft Encarta: The height of the dual monarchy[12][12] Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization: Comprehensive Volume. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2003. 330. Print.[13] Heinz-Dieter Heimann: Die Habsburger. Dynastie und Kaiserreiche. ISBN 3-406-44754-6. pp. 38–45.[14] "Otto von Habsburg, heir to Austria's last emperor, dies at 98" (http:/ / www. thelocal. de/ society/ 20110704-36065. html#.
UNCe5ZPjnNU). The Local: Germany's News in English. . Retrieved 18 December 2012.[15] H. Ströhl: Die neuen österreichischen, ungarischen und gemeinsamen Wappen. Hrsg. auf Grund der mit d. allerhöchsten Handschreiben
vom 10. u. 11. Okt. 1915, bezw. 2. u. 5. März 1916 erfolgten Einführung. Viena 1917.[16] "Diem, P. Die Entwicklung des österreichischen Doppeladlers" (http:/ / peter-diem. at/ History/ doppeladler. htm). . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
Further reading• Brewer-Ward, Daniel A. The House of Habsburg: A Genealogy of the Descendants of Empress Maria Theresia.
Clearfield, 1996.• Crankshaw, Edward. The Fall of the House of Habsburg. Sphere Books Limited, London, 1970. (first published
by Longmans in 1963)• Evans, Robert J. W. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation. Clarendon Press,
1979.• McGuigan, Dorothy Gies. The Habsburgs. Doubleday, 1966.• Palmer, Alan. Napoleón and Marie Louise Ariel Mexico, 2003.• Wandruszka, Adam. The House of Habsburg: Six Hundred Years of a European Dynasty. Doubleday, 1964
(Greenwood Press, 1975).
House of Habsburg 37
External links• http:/ / habsburg. yolasite. com/ The Habsburg Family Association• "Erzherzog Dr. Otto von Habsburg" (Autorisierte Ehrenseite) in German (http:/ / otto. twschwarzer. de/ )• Habsburg Biographies (http:/ / www. antiquesatoz. com/ habsburg/ )• Habsburg History (http:/ / www. habsburg. webs. com/ )• Habsburg Resource Centre on SurnameWeb (http:/ / www. surnameweb. org/ registry/ h/ a/ b/ habsburg. shtml)• http:/ / www. ac. wwu. edu/ ~stephan/ Rulers/ hapsburg3. html• Genealogical tree of the house of Habsburg (up until Maria Theresia) (http:/ / www. chh. de. free. fr/ archiv/
Sonstiges/ habsburg. php)• The Hapsburg Monarchy (Wickham Steed, 1913) (http:/ / www. literature. at/ elib/ www/ wiki/ index. php/
The_Hapsburg_Monarchy_(Henry_Wickham_Steed))) eLibrary Austria Project full text (ebook)• Marek, Miroslav. "Genealogy of the Habsburgs from Genealogy.eu" (http:/ / genealogy. euweb. cz/ habsburg/
habsburg1. html). Genealogy.EU (http:/ / genealogy. euweb. cz).• "Inbreeding caused demise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty, new study reveals" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/
news/ worldnews/ europe/ spain/ 5158513/Inbreeding-caused-demise-of-the-Spanish-Habsburg-dynasty-new-study-reveals. html) (15 April 2009)
• Family tree of the Kings of the House of Habsburg (http:/ / coinshome. net/ en/ dynasty. htm?action=view&dynasty=z6IK. GJAd1IAAAEtl2DwgJP8)
Article Sources and Contributors 38
Article Sources and ContributorsHouse of Habsburg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=533823717 Contributors: *Kat*, 24.93.53.xxx, Accents, Acesplit, Adam Bishop, Adam foote, Adamkraft, Advocata,Ahkond, AjaxSmack, Ajta, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Alba, Albanaco, Alensha, Alfion, Allgaiar, Altenmann, Ami in CH, Andre Engels, Angusmclellan, Animadversor, Appleseed, AraneaMortem, Arbit, ArglebargleIV, Arthurian Legend, Arved, Aubisse, Austrian, Avalyn, Aviz2000, AxelBoldt, Balazs.varadi, Barryob, Belligero, Bernd Berndsen, Bgwhite, BillFlis, Bkalafut, BlackSilesian, BlueMoonlet, Bmusician, Bob Burkhardt, Bodnotbod, Brandmeister (old), Brossow, Bryan Derksen, Buster7, C.Kent87, CJWilly, CSvBibra, CambridgeBayWeather, CaribDigita,Carioca, Carl Logan, Casiraghitrio, Charles, CharlesMartel, Chivista, Chris Capoccia, Chrispchicken1234, Christophezorn, Circeus, Cleared as filed, Cleduc, CoYep, Colonies Chris,CommonsDelinker, Comte de Paris, Conversion script, Cosmicdense, Cristiano Tomás, Cruxdestruct, Cuchullain, Cush, Cyan22, DWC LR, Dancingwombatsrule, DanielJDunn, DanielNuyu,Darth Panda, Darwinek, David Parker, David.Monniaux, Dbachmann, Deflective, DefunKt, Deposuit, Dewritech, Dgies, Dimitris, Djordjes, DocWatson42, Docu, Domino theory, DrKiernan,Drachenfyre, ENeville, EamonnPKeane, Eboracum, Eclecticology, El Beadur, Eliade, Elonka, Elvis Almeida da Silva, Emperor001, Enerelt, EoGuy, Epbr123, Eranb, Esrever, EunseokLee,Eupator, Experimental Hobo Infiltration Droid, EyeKnows, Fabartus, FactStraight, Factsstraight, FallingPiano, Fredrik, G.-M. Cupertino, G2bambino, Gabr-el, Gaius Cornelius, Ghaly, Git2010,Givegains, Glenfarclas, Gmsg415, Gogafax, Graham87, Gryffindor, Guy Peters, Hajenso, HangingCurve, Harp, Hemlock Martinis, Heralder, Herbertxu, Heterodoxa, Hex, Hmains, Hmrox,Hokanomono, Hydriotaphia, Iaroslavvs, Iblardi, Intersofia, Iohannes Animosus, Ipankonin, Isis, IvanLanin, J.delanoy, JHK, JJC-IE, JMvanDijk, JRHorse, Jack Merridew, Jack1755, JesseRafe,Jmg38, Joaopais, Joconnor, John, John K, JohnI, Johnbod, JonDePlume, Jorgenev, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joy, Jsch, Jtdirl, KF, Kaiser matias, Kansas Bear, Karl franz josef, Kartano, KatePhaye, Kbolino, Khazar2, Kikos, Kipala, Kkac, Klapton, Kostisl, Ktsquare, KuatofKDY, Kwamikagami, Känsterle, LFaraone, Lars Washington, Larth Rasnal, Lastricia, Lec CRP1, Lecen,Leovizza, LeviShel, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, LindsayH, Llywrch, Louis88, LouisPhilippeCharles, Lupo, Luwilt, M-le-mot-dit, MGRILLO, Marcika, Marcus Qwertyus, Marek69, Mark J, Martg76,Mary473, Mathew5000, Matthead, Max Kaertner, MaxEspinho, Mcferran, Mchcopl, Mean Free Path, Meco, Michael Zimmermann, Michaelsanders, Michelangelo2204, Mihai Andrei, MikeDillon, Mira, Mksmith, Mocctur, Mogism, Molly-in-md, Moonraker, Mostafa.Hassan, Muriel Gottrop, Muskeato, Natural Cut, Neckro, Neelix, Nick Number, Nighthawk rocks, Nightstallion,Number 0, Numbo3, Nunh-huh, Olessi, Olivier, OllieFury, Olorin28, Onepebble, Oren neu dag, OwenBlacker, OxfordScholar09, PBS-AWB, Pastafarian23, Paul Benjamin Austin, Paulista01,Pavel Vozenilek, Pearle, Per Hedetun, Peregrine981, Peter Delmonte, Peter Isotalo, Portuguez, Prezboy1, Promethean, Pudelek, Pylambert, Pylypenko, Qertis, Quebec99, Quibik, RHaworth, RJCG, Ram-Man, RandomCritic, RandomP, RedWolf, Reigen, Remilo, Rjanag, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen, Robert K S, Romanm, Romayhabsburgo, SMC, Saforrest, Sam Blacketer, SamSpade, Santryl, Sardanaphalus, Sargeras, Schmutzman, SchuminWeb, Scwlong, Seb az86556, Shilkanni, Silesianus, Silverhelm, Skäpperöd, SoLando, Someone else, Spongie555, SpookyMulder,Squash Racket, StN, Stan Shebs, StanZegel, Steind, Stijn Calle, Str1977, Sunquanliangxiuhao, Supparluca, Surtsicna, Tahir mq, Tarian.liber, The Emperor's New Spy, Theloavesandthevicious,Thomasgraz, ThrashedParanoid, Tierramwilson, Tobyc75, ToomasTrubetsky, Tpaluzzi21, Tpbradbury, Trasamundo, Trigaranus, Trjumpet, Tropical wind, Tropische Storm Sven, True as Blue,Twas Now, U2fancat, UDScott, Unioncastle, Urban011, VanSisean, Vegaswikian, Villasmilraven, VirtualDelight, VitVit, Vithum, Vsmith, WLRoss, Waggers, Wakari07, Wendyd, Whatnwas,Wiki Historian N OH, Wolfram, Woohookitty, XPTO, Xanderliptak, Xb2u7Zjzc32, Xi-Arcturus, Xxy, Yone Fernandes, Yopie, Yopienso, Yorkshirian, Yurik, Yuyu, Zfr, Zocky, Zoicon5,Zundark, Zyxwv99, Η936631, Мэн-1, 569 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Familienwappen Habsburg-Stroehl.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Familienwappen_Habsburg-Stroehl.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreiPilipenko, David LiuzzoImage:Schweiz Frühmia Adel.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Schweiz_Frühmia_Adel.svg License: unknown Contributors: Marco Zanoli (sidonius 15:58, 10February 2007 (UTC))Image:Habsburg Map 1547.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Habsburg_Map_1547.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: edited by Sir Adolphus William Ward,G.W. Prothero, Sir Stanley Mordaunt LeathesImage:Habsburg Family Tree.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Habsburg_Family_Tree.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:DragonLord, Gingernut7, Mark J, MithrandirMage, XezbethImage:Habsburg-Lorraine Genealogy.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Habsburg-Lorraine_Genealogy.PNG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0 Contributors: JMvanDijkFile:Rangkronen-Fig. 18.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rangkronen-Fig._18.svg License: unknown Contributors: David LiuzzoFile:Armoiries Habsbourg.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Habsbourg.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:OdejeaFile:Ducal Hat of Styria.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ducal_Hat_of_Styria.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:User:GlasshouseFile:Gules a fess argent.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gules_a_fess_argent.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors:user:OdejeaFile:Emporer Rudolf I Arms.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emporer_Rudolf_I_Arms.svg License: unknown Contributors: Drawing created by David LiuzzoFile:Armoiries empereur Albert Ier.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Albert_Ier.svg License: unknown Contributors: Drawing created byDavid LiuzzoFile:Armoiries Albert II de Habsbourg.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Albert_II_de_Habsbourg.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:OdejeaFile:Armoiries empereur Albert II.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_empereur_Albert_II.svg License: unknown Contributors: Drawing created by DavidLiuzzoFile:Armoiries Habsbourg-Styrie.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Habsbourg-Styrie.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: user:OdejeaFile:Corona imperial 2.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Corona_imperial_2.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: HansenBCNFile:Crown of Saint Stephen.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Crown_of_Saint_Stephen.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: AdelbrechtImage:Heraldic Imperial Crown (Common).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_(Common).svg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: HeralderFile:Archducal Coronet.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Archducal_Coronet.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: GlasshouseFile:CoA Maximilian of Habsburg (1459-1519) as archduke.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CoA_Maximilian_of_Habsburg_(1459-1519)_as_archduke.svg License: unknown Contributors: KatepanomegasFile:Armoiries Maximilien Ier.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Maximilien_Ier.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:user:OdejeaFile:CoA Maximilian I of Habsburg.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CoA_Maximilian_I_of_Habsburg.svg License: unknown Contributors: KatepanomegasFile:Middle Coat of Arms of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain.svg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Middle_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: HeralderFile:Greater Coat of Arms of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain.svg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: HeralderFile:Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain-Or shield variant.svg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain-Or_shield_variant.svg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Heralder and Katepanomegas, some elements created by SodacanFile:Ornamented Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain.svg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ornamented_Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_V_as_Holy_Roman_Emperor,_Charles_I_as_King_of_Spain.svg License: unknown Contributors:Heralder and Katepanomegas, some elements created by Sodacan
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 39
File:Cross of Burgundy-Gules and Link.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cross_of_Burgundy-Gules_and_Link.svg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: HeralderFile:Arms of Philip IV of Burgundy.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arms_of_Philip_IV_of_Burgundy.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: HeralderFile:Coat of Arms of Philip IV of Burgundy.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_IV_of_Burgundy.svg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: HeralderFile:Arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as Heir of Philip the Handsome.svg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arms_of_Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor_as_Heir_of_Philip_the_Handsome.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: HeralderFile:CoA Margaret of Austria 1501-1530.svg Source: 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Contributors: HeralderFile:Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain as Monarch of Naples and Sicily.svg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Naples_and_Sicily.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: HeralderFile:Coat of Arms of Charles II of Spain (1668-1700).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_II_of_Spain_(1668-1700).svg License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: HeralderFile:Coat of Arms of Charles II of Spain with Supporters (1668-1700).svg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_II_of_Spain_with_Supporters_(1668-1700).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: HeralderFile:Royal Coat of Arms of Spain with Germanic Ornaments (1621-1668).svg 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 41
File:Coat of Arms of Emperor Franz Joseph I.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Emperor_Franz_Joseph_I.svg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:AdelbrechtFile:Wappen Habsburg-Lothringen Schild.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wappen_Habsburg-Lothringen_Schild.svg License: Attribution Contributors: Oren neudagFile:Habsburg Personal Arms Ferdinand I.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Habsburg_Personal_Arms_Ferdinand_I.PNG License: Creative Commons Attribution3.0 Contributors: selfFile:Habsburg Personal Arms Franz Joseph and Charles.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Habsburg_Personal_Arms_Franz_Joseph_and_Charles.PNG License:Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: selfFile:Armoiries Autriche-Este 1803.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_Autriche-Este_1803.svg License: Creative Commons 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License 42
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