housefly
DESCRIPTION
project reportTRANSCRIPT
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT WORK
OF
BIOLOGY
2009-2010
SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED TO :-
BIOLOGY DEPT. NAME: YASHA
K.V. NO. 3 NAL CLASS- XI- SCI
ROLL NO. _______
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Miss________________ of class XII Sci.
has completed her project of
Biology under my guidance.
MR. GURPREET SINGH
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am highly indebted to our school
Principal Mr. B.L. MAHICH sir for
providing all the necessary requirements
in Biology laboratory.
I also convey my sincere thank to
MR.GURPREET SINGH sir for his valuable
guidance and help to complete my
project.
I am extremely grateful and thankful to
my parents for their affection and moral
support and also to my friends whose co-
operation helped me to complete my
project.
AIMTO STUDY ABOUT HOUSEFLY &
ITS EFFECTS.
HOUSEFLYThe housefly (also house fly, house-fly or common housefly), Musca
domestica, is a Diptera of the Brachycera suborder. It is the most
common of all domestic flies, accounting for about 90% of all flies in
human habitations, and indeed one of the most widely distributed
insects, found all over the world; it is considered a pest that can carry
serious diseases.
The adults are 8–12 mm long. Their thorax is gray, with four
longitudinal dark lines on the back. The underside of their abdomen is
yellow[citation needed], and their whole body is covered with hair-like
projections. The females are slightly larger than the males, and have a
much larger space between their red compound eyes. The mass of pupae
can range from about 8 to 20 mg under different conditions.[1]
Like other Diptera (meaning "two-winged"), houseflies have only one
pair of wings; the hind pair is reduced to small halteres that aid in flight
stability. caterpillars (M1+2 or fourth long vein of the wing) shows a
sharp upward bend.
Species that appear similar to the housefly include:
The lesser house fly, Fannia canicularis, is somewhat smaller,
more slender, and the media vein is straight.
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, has piercing mouthparts and
the media vein is only slightly curved.
Life cycleEach female fly can lay approximately 500 eggs in several batches of
about 75 to 150 [2]. The eggs are white and are about 1.2 mm in length.
Within a day, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed
in (usually dead and decaying) organic material, such as garbage or
feces. They are pale-whitish, 3–9 mm long, thinner at the mouth end,
and have no legs. They live at least one week. At the end of their third
instar, the maggots crawl to a dry cool place and transform into pupae,
colored reddish or brown and about 8 mm long. The adult flies then
emerge from the pupae. (This whole cycle is known as complete
metamorphosis.) The adults live from two weeks to a month in the wild,
or longer in benign laboratory conditions. After having emerged from
the pupae, the flies cease to grow; small flies are not young flies, but are
indeed the result of getting insufficient food during the larval stage.
Some 36 hours after having emerged from the pupa, the female is
receptive for mating. The male mounts her from behind to inject sperm.
Copulation takes between a few seconds to a couple of minutes.[3]
Normally the female mates only once, storing the sperm to use it
repeatedly for laying several sets of eggs. Males are territorial: they will
defend a certain territory against other males and will attempt to mount
any females that enter that territory
The flies depend on warm temperatures; generally, the warmer the
temperature the faster the flies will develop. In winter, most of them
survive in the larval or the pupa stage in some protected warm location.
Diet
Houseflies feed on feces, open sores, sputum, and moist decaying
organic matter such as spoiled food, eggs and flesh. [4] Houseflies can
take in only liquid foods. They spit out saliva on solid foods to predigest
it, and then suck it back in. They also regurgitate partly digested matter
and pass it again to the abdomen.
Sex determinationThe housefly is an object of biological research, mainly because of one
remarkable quality: the sex determination mechanism. Although a wide
variety of sex determination mechanisms exist in nature (e.g. male and
female heterogamy, haplodiploidy, environmental factors) the way sex is
determined is usually fixed within one species. However, the housefly
exhibits many different mechanisms for sex determination, such as male
heterogamy (like most insects and mammals), female heterogamy (like
birds) and maternal control over offspring sex. This makes the housefly
one of the most suitable species to study the evolution of sex
determination
EvolutionEven though the order of flies (Diptera) is much older, true houseflies
are believed to have evolved in the beginning of the Cenozoic era, some
65 million years ago.[6] House flies feed on liquid or semi-liquid
substances beside solid material which has been softened by saliva or
vomit. Because of their high intake of food, they deposit feces
constantly, one of the factors that makes the insect a dangerous carrier of
pathogens. Although they are domestic flies, usually confined to the
human habitations, they can fly for several miles from the breeding
place. They are active only in daytime and rest at night e.g. at the
corners of rooms, ceiling hangings, etc
Housefly as a vector of diseaseMechanical transmission of organisms on its hairs, mouthparts, vomitus
and feces:
parasitic diseases: cysts of protozoa e.g. Entamoeba histolytica,
Giardia lamblia and eggs of helminths e.g.: Ascaris lumbricoides,
Trichuros trichura, Haemenolypes nana, Enterobius vermicularis.
bacterial diseases: typhoid, cholera, dysentery, pyogenic
cocci...etc. House flies have been demonstrated to be vectors of
Campylobacter and E. coli O157:H7 using PCR [7]. House flies
can be monitored for bacterial pathogens using filter paper spot
cards and PCR [8]
Viruses: enteroviruses: poliomyelitis, infective hepatitis (A &
E)...etc.
Damage and Medical ImportanceFlies commonly develop in large numbers in poultry manure under
caged hens, and this is a serious problem requiring control. Although
this fly species does not bite, the control of Musca domestica is vital to
human health and comfort in many areas of the world. The most
important damage related with this insect is the annoyance and the
indirect damage produced by the potential transmission of pathogens
(viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes) associated with this
fly. Pathogenic organisms are picked up by flies from garbage, sewage
and other sources of filth, and then transferred on their mouthparts,
through their vomitus, feces and contaminated external body parts to
human and animal food.
Of particular concern is the movement of flies from animal or human
feces to food that will be eaten uncooked by humans. Also, when
consumed by flies, some pathogens can be harbored in the mouthparts or
alimentary canal for several days, and then be transmitted when flies
defecate or regurgitate. In situations where plumbing is lacking, such as
open latrines, serious health problems can develop, especially if there
are outdoor food markets, hospitals, or slaughter houses nearby. Among
the pathogens commonly transmitted by house flies are Salmonella,
Shigella, Campylobacter, Escherichia, Enterococcus, Chlamydia, and
many other species that cause illness. These flies are most commonly
linked to outbreaks of diarrhea and shigellosis, but also are implicated in
transmission of food poisoning, typhoid fever, dysentery, tuberculosis,
anthrax, ophthalmia, and parasitic worms.
BibliographyTHIS PROJECT HAS BEEN COMPLETED UNDER
SUPERVISION OF OUR BIOLOGY TEACHER
WITH THE HELP OF FOLLOWING BOOKS:
1. ABC LABORATORY ,MANUAL BIOLOGY
OF CLASS XITH
2. PRADEEP’S – A TERXT BOOK OF
BIOLOGY.