housing & urban development mixed-income housing

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Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

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Page 1: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Housing & Urban Development

Mixed-Income Housing

Page 2: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Hills vs. Gautreaux

• Class action suit filed in 1966

• Charge of racial discrimination in Chicago public housing

• Against the Chicago public housing authority and HUD

• Court rules in favor of Gautreaux

Page 3: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Supreme Court Ruling (1976)

Approves a plan to remediate the segregation in Chicago

public housing

Page 4: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Remediation Plan

• Administrator: the nonprofit organization Leadership Council for Metropolitan Open Communities

• Section 8 certificates to be used in predominately white neighborhoods

• Housing counseling

Page 5: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Research (Rosenbaum et al.)

• Educational attainment was higher for children who moved to suburbs compared to within city movers

• Movers to the suburbs were more likely to be employed than those that moved within the city

• Social integration appears to have occurred

Page 6: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Moving to Opportunity (MTO)

• HUD sponsored demonstration program

• Focuses on income not race

• Implemented in five cities: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles and New York

Page 7: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

MTO Participants

Very low-income families with children living in public housing or Section 8 project-based housing

in central city neighborhoods with high concentrations of poverty

Page 8: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

MTO Program Elements

• Section 8 certificates or vouchers to be used in low poverty areas

• Housing Counseling

Page 9: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

MTO

Research Designed as Experiment

Page 10: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Research Design

Three Groups:

#1

Experimental: receives Section 8 rental certificates or vouchers usable only in low-poverty areas and housing counseling

Page 11: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Research Design (cont’d)

#2

Section 8 comparison group: Receives Section 8 rental certificates or vouchers for use anywhere in PHA area and the usual types of assistance from the PHA

Page 12: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Research Design (cont’d)

#3

Control group: No change--receives their current project-based assistance.

Page 13: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Research Design (cont’d)

• Volunteers for program, randomly assigned to one of the three groups

• Being followed over a ten-year period

• Assessment of change in various measures including employment, educational attainment, and others

Page 14: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Research Design (Cont’d)

Random Assignment

Time 1 Treatment Time 2

Measurements Measurements

Group 1 O1 X1e O1

 

Group 2 O2 X2c O2

 

Group 3 O3 O3

Page 15: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Research Design (Cont’d)

Shortcomings of Research

--Participants were volunteers; therefore, findings cannot be generalized

i.e., volunteers may differ systematically from non-volunteers

Page 16: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

HOPE VI

• Public housing authorities compete on a national basis for program funds

• Program goal is to redevelop public housing

• Typically involves some demolition of existing units and overall reduction in density

Page 17: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Concerns About HOPE VI

• Loss of standing public housing stock

• Displacement of public housing residents– Section 8 vouchers depend on private

housing market

Page 18: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Attraction of Higher Income Households

• Location of development• Development density• Design• Amenities• Demographics: overall mix of

incomes• On-site location of lower income

households

Page 19: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Examples of Non-Federal Mixed- Income Policies

• Massachusetts Housing Finance Agency

• California’s Density Bonus• New York State• Montgomery County, MD

Page 20: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Montgomery County, MD

Moderately-Priced Dwelling Unit Program

Page 21: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Conditions Leading to Program

• Job Growth• Development growth controls• Public Infrastructure did not keep

pace with population growth

= demand exceeds supply = high cost housing

Page 22: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

MPDU Program (cont’d)

Mandates that 12.5-15% of the units in residential developments of 50 or more units must be for low- and moderate-income households. The program also includes a density bonus for developments that include more than the minimum percentages required by law.

Page 23: Housing & Urban Development Mixed-Income Housing

Does Mixed-Income Housing Succeed?

We don’t know--

Additional research is needed