how biological diversity evolves chapter 14 macroevolution and new species species definition...
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How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14
•Macroevolution and New Species• Species Definition
• Reproductive Barriers
• Allopatric vs. Sympatric Mechanisms
•The Development of Evolutionary Novelties
•Macroevolution and Earth History
•Taxonomy and Classification• Current System
• Evolutionary Relatedness and Distinct Lineages
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Macroevolution and the Diversity of Life
• Macroevolution
– Encompasses the major biological changes evident in the fossil record.
– Includes the formation of new species.
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• Speciation
– Is the focal point of macroevolution.
– May occur based on two contrasting patterns.
• In non-branching evolution, a population transforms but does not create a new species.
• In branching evolution, one or more new species branch from a parent species that may continue to exist.
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The Origin of Species
• Species is a Latin word meaning “kind” or “appearance.”
• The biological species concept defines a species as
– A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
• The biological species concept cannot be applied in all situations, for example, with fossils and asexual organisms.
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Species Similarity and Differences
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How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14•Macroevolution and New Species
• Species Definition
• Reproductive Barriers
• Allopatric vs. Sympatric Mechanisms
•The Development of Evolutionary Novelties
•Macroevolution and Earth History
•Taxonomy and Classification•Current System
•Evolutionary Relatedness and Distinct Lineages
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Reproductive Barriers between Species
Blue-Footed Boobies Courtship Ritual
Giraffe Courtship Ritual
Albatross Courtship Ritual
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How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14•Macroevolution and New Species
• Species Definition
• Reproductive Barriers
• Allopatric vs. Sympatric Mechanisms
•The Development of Evolutionary Novelties
•Macroevolution and Earth History
•Taxonomy and Classification•Current System
•Evolutionary Relatedness and Distinct Lineages
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Mechanisms of Speciation
• A key event in the potential origin of a species occurs when a population is somehow severed from other populations of the parent species.
Galápagos Islands OverviewGrand Canyon
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What Is the Tempo of Speciation?
• Traditional evolutionary trees diagram the descent of species as gradual divergence. Stephen Jay Gould and Nils Elridge
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How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14
•Macroevolution and New Species• Species Definition
• Reproductive Barriers
• Allopatric vs. Sympatric Mechanisms
•The Development of Evolutionary Novelties
•Macroevolution and Earth History
•Taxonomy and Classification•Current System
•Evolutionary Relatedness and Distinct Lineages
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The Evolution of Biological Novelty
• What accounts for the evolution of biological novelty?
– Exaptation
• Structures that evolve in one context gradually becoming adapted for other functions.
• Is a mechanism for novel features to arise gradually through a series of intermediate stages.
– Adaptation of old structures for new functions
Reptilian scales feathers
Legs mouthparts
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How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14
•Macroevolution and New Species• Species Definition
• Reproductive Barriers
• Allopatric vs. Sympatric Mechanisms
•The Development of Evolutionary Novelties
•Macroevolution and Earth History
•Taxonomy and Classification•Current System
•Evolutionary Relatedness and Distinct Lineages
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Earth History and Macroevolution
• Macroevolution
– Is closely tied to the history of the Earth.
– The fossil record is an archive of macroevolution
Macroevolution
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Table 14.1
Geologic Record or Time Scale
The age of organisms found in
fossils can be determined by
radiometric (C-14) dating
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Plate Tectonics and Macroevolution
• The continents are not locked in place.
– They drift about Earth’s surface on plates of crust floating on a flexible layer called the mantle.
• California’s infamous San Andreas fault
– Is at a border where two plates slide past each other.
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• About 250 million years ago
– Plate movements formed the supercontinent Pangaea.
– Many extinctions occurred, allowing survivors to diversify.
Volcanic EruptionLava Flow
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Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life
• The fossil record reveals an episodic history,
– With long, relatively stable periods punctuated by briefer intervals when the turnover in species composition was much more extensive.
• Extinction is inevitable in a changing world and occurs all the time.
– However, extinction rates have not been steady.
• Extinctions typically eliminate various species of organisms
– And are followed by explosive diversifications of organisms.
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How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14
•Macroevolution and New Species• Species Definition
• Reproductive Barriers
• Allopatric vs. Sympatric Mechanisms
•The Development of Evolutionary Novelties
•Macroevolution and Earth History
•Taxonomy and Classification•Current System
•Evolutionary Relatedness and Distinct Lineages
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Classifying the Diversity of Life
• Systematics
– Is the study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both past and present.
• Taxonomy
– Is the identification, naming, and classification of species.
• Carolus Linnaeus
– Developed the formal naming system used today.
– Developed the system of binomial nomenclature
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Figure 14.21
The Taxonomic Hierarchy
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Domain Eukarya (Complex cell organisms)
Classification of the Blackburnian warbler
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Classification and Phylogeny
• The goal of classification is to reflect phylogeny, the evolutionary history of a species.
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Sorting Homology from Analogy
• Homologous structures
– Are one of the best sources of information about phylogenetic relationships.
• Convergent evolution
– Involves superficially similar structures in unrelated organisms based on natural selection.
• Analogy
– Is similarity due to convergence.
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Molecular Biology as a Tool in Systematics
• Molecular systematics
– Compares DNA and amino acid sequences between organisms.
– Can reveal evolutionary relationships.
• Cladistics
– Is the scientific search for clades, distinctive branches in the history of life
– Uses evolutionary novelties as landmarks for new clades
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• Cladistics
– Has changed traditional classification of some organisms.
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Figure 14.26
Three Domain System Evolved From Molecular Systematics Discoveries
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How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER 14
•Macroevolution and New Species• Species Definition
• Reproductive Barriers
• Allopatric vs. Sympatric Mechanisms
•The Development of Evolutionary Novelties
•Macroevolution and Earth History
•Taxonomy and Classification• Current System
• Evolutionary Relatedness and Distinct Lineages