how can geology assist in the investigation into illegally ......23/05/2016 3 how can geology assist...
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Geoforensics and
Illegal Waste
• Avoidance of Landfill Tax - £250
million cost to NI http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/northern-ireland-news/clearing-
illegal-dumps-could-cost-more-than-250m-1-5756941
• Each year - €36 million cost to NI
(20%) and Irish (80%) economyhttp://www.impartialreporter.com
news/)13853430.The__pound_600_000_costs_to_public_to_remo
ve_illegal_waste_from_Border_farm/
• €10 million to Italian economy (http://www.havocscope.com/tag/illegal-dumping/)
• €200 million globally, estimated
50,000 lives lost (mainly children:http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/may/12/up-to-90-
of-worlds-electronic-waste-is-illegally-dumped-says-un
• Cost to human health, environment,
loss of income (metal, plastic)
• World-wide problem – easier to bury
than recycle, easier to ship than
recyclehttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/excise-notice-lft1-a-general-guide-to-
landfill-tax/excise-notice-lft1-a-general-guide-to-landfill-tax#rates-of-tax
How can geology assist in the
investigation into illegally-buried waste?
First, by understanding ground conditions to
assist the search – exclude areas, find the
target.
Second, assist in assessing how much is
there and what it may be.
Third, by excluding suspects from all possible
locations and understanding what
happened, when and how.
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Landuse
Surface and Solid Geology
Mineral Location Database
Local Authority Landfill
Database
Access Roads
Visibility
Predictive Modelling – Risk
Assessment
Find the Target:
Integration of Imagery and GIS for
Screening
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How can geology assist in the investigation
into illegally-buried waste?
First, by understanding ground conditions to
assist the search – exclude areas, find the
target.
Second, assist in assessing how much is
there and what it may be.
Third, by excluding suspects from all possible
locations and understanding what
happened, when and how.
The Mala RAMAC ground penetrating
radar 50MHz unshielded RTA50 antenna
transmitter
receivercontrol unit &
battery pack
real-time
display unit
antenna battery housings
Case Studies: conjunctive use of
geophysical methods
Ruffell, A. & Kulessa, B. 2009. Applications of
Geophysical Techniques in Identifying Illegally-
buried Toxic Waste. Environmental Forensics, 10,
196-207
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Object seen
on 50MHz
Edge of object
seen on 100MHz
50MHz
100MHz
Nominally - 250m
Nominally - 250m
50MHzWalked
turns
Nominally - 50m
A B
C
river
gate100m
N
A
BC
200m
100m
mound
Mound
area of 100Mhz
grid
NE
NE
Fig. 3
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124
100Mhz
128
50Mhz
Anomalies
in trench
129
50Mhz
125
100Mhz
trench
trench
trench
A. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
Newtownards Line 1
Dep
th (m
)
Distance along line (m)
Dep
th (m
)
Distance along line (m)
B. SCALED CHARGEABILITY
Cross-over with Line 2
Top of bedrock
Pockets of waste
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A. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
Newtownards Line 3
Dep
th (m
)
Distance along line (m)
Dep
th (m
)
Distance along line (m)
B. SCALED CHARGEABILITY
Top of bedrock
Pockets of waste
Talk Structure
Macro-scale (find the target)– general on
remote sensing (satellite imagery, air
photographs, drones)
Medium-scale (define the target)–
geophysics: illegally buried waste case
study
Micro-scale (assist the legal process) –
geological evidence: windfarm case
study
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Satellite (historical, e.g IRS, LANDSAT)
New - QUICKBIRD, IKONOS,
LANDSAT (thematic)
leads to combined imagery (mosaic)
Combined using GIS
Aerial (historic & new)
Satellite & aerial mosaics. Near infra-red, UV, spectral mosaics
Models of landscape change (biogeography, geomorphology) = TARGETS
GEOPHYSICS
Target location - area mapped (resistivity
& magnetics)
GEOPHYSICS
Target location - depth/volume
determined, seismics, EM), flow paths
Side-scan sonar
Sector scanning sonar
GPR
DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL
Shape & size of area
Flow paths
HYDROLOGICAL MODEL
WATER & SOIL SAMPLING
(chemistry, isotopes)
TARGET LOCATED - RETRIEVAL
WALK-ON SURVEY
SM
ALL-S
CA
LE
(ME
TR
ES
)LA
RG
E-S
CA
LE
(K
M)
TARGET AREAS ACKNOWLEDGED
Dr Laurance Donnelly BSc (Hons), PhD, CGeol, CSci, EurGeol, FGS, FGSA
Chair, IUGS-IFGForensic Geologist & Police Search Adviser
Geological Society of London Forensic Geoscience Group (FGG)
International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)
Initiative on Forensic Geology (IFG)
SummaryGeological Society of London (GSL) Forensic Geoscience Group (FGG)
International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) Initiative on Forensic Geology (IFG)
Dr Alastair RuffellBSc (Hons), PhD, FGS
Chair of the FGGIUGS-IFG Committee Training OfficierQueens University Belfast
Dr Jennifer McKinleyBSc (Hons), PhD, CGeol, FGS
Council member of the GSLIUGS-IFG Committee Communication officerQueens University Belfast
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IUGS-IFG Management & Structure
CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER CRIME SCENE DO NOT ENTER
www.forensicgeologyinternational.org
IUGS – Initiative on Forensic Geology:
trainingBogota,
Colombia 2008
Brisbane,
Australia, 2012
Brazil & Moscow
2013 Sicily, 2015
(Abu Dhabi, November 2015 and more..)
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