how do le ds compare with lightfair 1-1-11
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HOW DO LEDs COMPARE WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE
FLUORESCENTINDUCTIONHALOGENPLASMA
HID
MAY 15, 2 - 5 PM
STAN WALERCZYK, CLEP, LC
LIGHTING WIZARDS
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STAN WALERCZYK’S BIO• 22 years experience
– Distribution, maintenance, installer, retrofit contractor, fixture designer, consultant, lighting designer, policy maker, researcher
• 500+ projects• 30+ published articles• 600+ seminars
– Including 4 Lightfairs & 3 IES Annual Conferences
• IES Member 1995 - 2008– Currently on Visual Effects of Lamp Spectral Distribution Committee
• Certified Lighting Energy Professional by AEE– CLEP Review Board
• Lighting Certified by NCQLP• Consultant for California Title 20 and Federal EPACT• Consultant for Army Corp of Engineers CERL• Assisted on DOE spectrally enhanced lighting research• DOE CALiPER Guidance Committee
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FORMAT• Since so many slides and not that
much time– I will go pretty fast through many slides
• You can go through details in slides later on your own
– Please hold your questions to the end or after then end
• At least one break
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DISCLAIMER• I use to feel that I was totally on top of the subjects
that I would speak on• But now with all of the developments with LEDs,
OLEDs, light emitting plasma and even incumbent technologies for interiors and exteriors, it is almost impossible for one person to be on top of everything
• If any of you know significant details on any of today’s material, please share it– Without being an infomercial
• Plus there could be a bunch of brand new and very good stuff in the exhibit halls this week
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TERMINOLOGY• Since I deal mainly with building
owners, facility managers, retrofit contractors and ESCOs, I typically use terms that they understand, such as– Fixture instead of luminaire– Out of fixture lumens per watt instead of
absolute testing– LED fixture instead of SSL fixture
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NO ENDORSEMENTS
• Although several manufacturers and models are listed, none are endorsed
• Easier to talk about specifics than generalities
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BACKGROUND INFO• Please raise your hand if you are already aware of
– DOE Solid State Lighting Program, including CALiPER, etc.– Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick– Lighting Facts– Energy Star– DesignLights Consortium SSL Qualified Product List– L Prize– Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards– Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition– Lighting Research Center’s Solid State Lighting– LEDs Magazine – Architectural SSL Magazine– L70, LM79 & LM80
• For those of you who are not familiar with some of them, you can get information on the following slides, that I will skip and start on slide 16
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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Department of Energy Solid-State Lighting
– Google search ‘doe ssl’• CALiPER test reports• Benchmark reports• Gateway studies• Fact sheets• Webinars• More
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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Department of Energy Solid-State Lighting
– Lighting Facts• www.lightingfacts.com
– LEDs For Interior Applications• PDF of March 18 webcast• www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/events_detail.html?
event_id=4163
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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Department of Energy
– Commercial Building Energy Alliances• Technology and System Specification
Development–LED Refrigerated Case Lighting–And there are others
• www2.eere.energy.gov/buildings/alliances/technologies.html
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HELPFUL EMAIL• Postings: From the Desk of Jim Brodrick
– About once a week– March 16 version focused on how bad LED T8s are
– www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/postings.html
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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Energy Star
– www.energystar.gov
• DesignLights Consortium SSL Qualified Product List– www.designlights.org/
solidstate.about.QualifiedProductsList_Publicv2.php
• L Prize– www.lightingprize.org
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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Lighting For Tomorrow SSL Awards
– More residential– Awards every September– www.lightingfortomorrow.com
• Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition– More commercial– Awards every January– www.ngldc.org
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HELPFUL WEBSITES• Lighting Research Center
– www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/index.asp • LEDs Magazine
– www.ledsmagazine.com
• Architectural SSL Magazine– www.architecturalssl.com
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L70, LM79 & LM80• L70
– Rated life of LEDs, based when still have 70% of initial lumens– Really projections
• LM79– Total flux (light output), electrical power (wattage), efficacy
(lumen/watt), chromaticity out of the complete product or luminaire (fixture)
• LM80– Lumen depreciation of LED chips from LED manufacturers, which
product manufacturers use with the thermal design of their products
– Typically LED manufacturers test their chips for 6000 hours and based on lumen depreciation over that time, useable life of the chips is extrapolated until L70 is reached
– Within TM21 the IES is considering that life should not be extrapolated more than 6 times testing duration
– LM80 is not the rated life of an LED product, because drivers, electrical connections, product integrity, etc. may fail before the LEDs
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POINTS TO
PONDER
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RAISE THE BAR• It is more than just if LEDs are cost effective to
replace or instead of using not very good base case• It is if LEDs are cost effective compared to other high
performance technologies• For example, a garage may have or is planned to get
ceiling fixtures with 175W quartz pulse start MH and magnetic ballast, which is not the best solution– Yes, LED ceiling fixtures, maybe with high/low occupancy
sensors, would be cost effective– But electronically ballasted 100W ceramic pulse start MH
or bi-level T8s may be more cost effective for specific applications
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DOLLARS PER 1000 LUMENS• DOE has been doing a good job on this
– LED devices (not fixtures or replacement lamps)• $10.00/klm in 2010• $ 5.00/klm in 2012• $ 2.00/klm in 2015
• Please compare that to some other technologies now, which should not change much in the future– $0.25 (after upstream rebate) 900 lumen screw-in CFL
• $ 0.28/klm
– $22 for 4 high lumen F32T8s & high performance ballast• $ 2.04/klm
• With LED’s excellent optical control capability, often need less lumens, which reduces cost
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HAS THE LIGHTING INDUSTRY EVOLVED?
• Up to 2 years ago, I would have said yes• But the last two years a lot of the LED
marketing literature and sales people, remind me of reflector and CFL marketing literature and sales people in the late 80s to mid 90s– Way too many LED sales people know very little
about lighting and may have been selling cars recently
• Many do not even know what LM79 and LM80 are
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TRUTH IN ADVERTISING?• Not only has the DOE CALiPER
Program revealed – Many LED products not meeting
manufacturer specifications
– But also that many fluorescent, incandescent and halogen products have the same problem
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TRUTH IN ADVERTISING?• September 8, 2010... The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has sued
a California-based LED bulb manufacturer and its principals to stop them from exaggerating the light output and life expectancy of its LED bulbs, and misleading consumers.
• In its continuing effort to stop deceptive advertising the FTC filed a complaint charging that since 2008, Lights of America, Inc. has overstated the light output and life expectancy of its LED bulbs on packages and in brochures. The agency also charges that Lights of America misled consumers about how the brightness of its LED bulbs compare to traditional incandescent lights.
• The FTC notes that it authorizes the filing of a complaint when it has “reason to believe” that the law has or is being violated, and it appears to the Commission that a proceeding is in the public interest. The Commission also points out that a complaint is not a finding or ruling that the defendants have actually violated the law.
• Copies of the Commission’s complaint and the press release <http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2010/09/lightsofamerica.shtm> about it can be found on the FTC web site.
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ARE LEDS REALLY MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY? • Yes, fluorescent, HID and induction have
mercury– But the manufacturers have been doing a very
good job reducing it– Many states require recycling– Many fixtures can be kept for a long time,
because lamps and ballasts can be easily replaced
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ARE LEDS REALLY MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY?
• LEDs do not contain any mercury, but– Toxic chemicals used in production– Water in manufacturing wafers/chips– Energy to mine, transport and melt the heavy metal into
bars, which will be used for heat sinks– Energy to melt the metal bars into heat sinks– Energy to transport the heavy fixtures– Energy to ship decommissioned fixtures to recycler– Energy to re-melt the heavy metal heat sinks into bars or
something directly useable after fixtures have been decommissioned
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ARE LEDS REALLY MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY? • DOE hired Carnegie Mellon to do a cradle-
to-cradle study to see if LEDs are really more environmentally friendly than incumbents– Who knows when that study will be completed
• Until then…– Please consider hanging up the phone and
kicking out all LED sales people that lay out the marketing hype that LEDs are so much more environmentally friendly
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ARE LEDS REALLY MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY? • There is this good study for exterior
fixtures– University of Pittsburgh’s Mascaro Center
for Sustainable Innovation’s ‘Life Cycle Assessment of Streetlight Technologies’• www.ledsmagazine.com/news/7/3/12?cmpid=
EnlLEDsMarch172010
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MORE ON ENVIRONMENTAL
• No matter what you specify or buy, RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) compliant is highly recommended– Already mandated in Europe– For example, eliminates lead in solder– Also mercury, cadmium, etc.
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RUNNING COOL• Although getting rid of heat can be important for fluorescent
lamps and electronic ballasts, drivers and generators, it is especially important for LEDs
• Make sure that LED products that you are interested in have excellent thermal design, unless they are going in freezers
• Various LED cooling mechanisms are interesting– Relatively thick and heavy metal fins– Thin metal fins, like car radiators without liquid– Fans, like in screw-in or GU24 lamps– ‘Goo’ in loop with hot rising and cool coming back down to LEDs– And others
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TROPHY CHIPS• In production runs, there are often some
LED chips that have very high lumens per watt, which can be called trophy chips
• Be cautious of sample fixtures, especially for large projects– If free or directly furnished sample fixture(s)
from a manufacturer look very good, buy one or more samples through a third party and compare performance with original ones
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WOW FACTOR• Because LEDs are new and different, they
have the WOW factor much more than most other lighting technologies– But that not necessarily make them better with
regard to performance and cost effectiveness
• Early adopter manufacturers, specifiers, contractors and end-customers are important, but care should be taken not go overboard
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HALF & HALF• I need to convince about half of my clients
that good LED products are ready for prime time in specific applications– Such as task lights, recessed can kits,
PAR38s & exterior fixtures
• I need to convince the other half that they should not use LED products in specific applications– Especially LED T8s
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PROJECTIONS• We have a lot of good information about lumen
depreciation, life, color consistency, etc. with incumbent technologies– Although not even the first Philips induction systems have
been in exterior night time operation to see if they really last 100,000 hours
• But so much information for LEDs are projections. They may be good projects, but they are still projections– For example if LEDs are only tested for 6,000 hours, will
the extrapolation for 50,000 or more hours really hold up?– Will the brand new LEDs, that have considerably more
lumens and lumens/watt than than previous generation, have at least as good long term lumen maintenance, etc?
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LONG TERM FINANCIAL RETURN
• Yes, some LED products look good up to rated life, which may be 50,000 hours
• But what about right after rated life when those fixtures may have to be retrofitted or replaced?
• Recommended to do life cycle or other long term cost effectiveness calculations at longer than rated life, like maybe 150% of rated life– May be expensive with LED products– On the other hand, very easy and inexpensive to relamp
and reballast T8 fixtures decade after decade
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DON’T CONSIDER AN LED PRODUCT UNLESS
• LM79 report tested by a DOE or NVLAP approved or CALiPER recognized lab– Not just having the report, the results need to be good
compared to competitive products
• LM80 information– Again, not just having the information, but how good is it– A reminder, lumen maintenance is just one aspect of
luminaire life and reliability
• Also good if Energy Star rated• Also good if on DesignLights Consortium SSL
Qualified Product List
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JUST BECAUSE…• Just because one LED fixture manufacturer
states 150,000 hours for rated life, and another LED fixture manufacturer states 75 hours, does necessarily means that the first manufacturer is better– Maybe the second manufacturer is just more
conservative and realistic
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WHICH COMPANIES TO BUY FROM
• I have seen very good LED and other technology products from manufacturers that I have never of before, many off shore– But I have not specified any of these products
• Only feel comfortable specifying LED and other new technology products from manufacturers, which have– Long enough track record, so have already learned by school of
hard knocks• For example, surge protection
– Deep pockets or 3rd party insurance policy so can handle any
potential large scale warranty problems
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WARRANTY• Although standard warranty for exterior LED
fixtures is 5 years– Usually can get a 10 year warranty by spending
an extra 10% initially, which is usually a good deal, especially with the projections issues previously discussed
• How credible is a 10 year or even a much shorter warranty from an induction or LED product manufacturer, which has only been in business for 1 or 2 years?
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DOWN THE ROAD WITH LED PRODUCTS THAT ARE INSTALLED
• If hard-wired LED products are purchased now, after warranty will manufacturer have replacement LED assemblies, drivers, etc?– If not that much light is needed, I have been
specifying new recessed cans with screw-in or GU-24 bases and go with LED PAR38s, which end-customers will be able to easily get and install
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FOR LED TO REALLY BECOME MAINSTREAM
• Pricing to continue to come down• Replaceable and interchangeable LED and driver
modules from several manufacturers– Some manufacturers have already started this– www.zhagastandard.org
• Constant lumens– 30% lumen drop from initial to end of life is either too
much light initially so enough light at end of life or good amount of light initially, which would be too little light at end of rated life
– Several manufacturers are already doing this
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RETROFIT OR REPLACE
LED FIXTURES• Some exterior LED fixtures have modular LED bars– So maybe in as few as 3 or 5 years when LEDs are so
much better than now, maybe could retrofit a 4 bar fixture with 3 new bars, reducing wattage by 25%, and in another 3 or 5 years, go down to 2 new bars
• Some other exterior LED fixture manufacturers think that in 3, 5 or 10 years there will be an entire different form factor, so fixtures should be replaced– Hopefully these fixture manufacturers will pay shipping
costs so the valuable heat sink metal will be recycled and provide a discount on replacement fixtures for customers that originally bought from them
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MAINTENANCE• Maintenance people normally replace lamps when
they burn out– Even if much more cost effective in most applications,
there is so little group relamping across the continent
• LEDs are like mercury vapor, which generally just get dimmer and dimmer– I have seen 1000W mercury vapor hibays that only
provide 5 footcandles, when much more is required, but so many maintenance point at the hibay, say it is still working and move on
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MAINTENANCE• There are already millions of first generation LED exit signs
that still work, but no longer provide sufficient light for NFPA and/or city codes– Most maintenance people do not want to retrofit or replace them,
because they are still working– But with a fire or another emergency, this could lead to injury, death
and big time lawsuits
• With the transition to LEDs in most applications, there will have to be major education and motivation to retrofit or replace LED fixtures, when lose 30% of initial lumens– Maybe do yearly light level tests– Maybe get fixtures that have an internal timers or photocontrols that
flash the major LEDs or a test LED– Maybe budget years in advance for retrofit or replacement costs
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ESPECIALLY FOR EXTERIOR• Since LED fixtures can provide sufficient light
between fixtures and to designated perimeters without having excessive blob of light underneath, why continue with average footcandles?
• With LED’s rapid and significant performance and pricing improvements will induction, which is a mature technology, become obsolete very soon for most applications?
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BUY NOW OR LATER• Since LEDs are getting so much better and lower
cost should you replace now or wait?– Jim Brodrick’s computer analogy– When will it not be the best solution to retrofit T12s and
basic grade T8s with high performance fluorescent T8 systems or go with new LED troffers instead of high performance fluorescent T8 troffers?
• Interim solutions– There are numerous applications that LEDs may not be
that cost effective yet, but should be in a year or few– For example, if have standard halogen PAR lamps now,
could switch to halogen infrared versions now, and when they burn out, go to LED
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CONTENDERS
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CONTENDERS• LED
– Latest generation of chips and products
• T8s (fluorescent, not LED ones)– High performance 32W F32T8 lamps & ballasts as
approved by Consortium of Energy Efficiency, www.cee1.org
– With ballast, these lamps are more efficacious than reduced wattage T8s, which have less lumens
– There are also extra long life T8s with up to 55,000 rated hours, which is longer than projected rated lives of LED T8s
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CONTENDERS• Reduced wattage T5s
– 26W F28T5 lamps and high performance ballasts– Same lumens as high lumen full wattage lamps
• Reduced wattage T5HOs– 49W F54T5HO lamps and high performance ballasts
• Similar to 50 and 51W lamps that same lumens as full wattage lamps
– In general with fluorescents when go from standard to high output, lumens go up, but lumens/watt go down
• I have not specified any T5HO systems in over 10 years
• (Comparing T8s with T5s and T5HOs)– With larger optical compartments, fixture efficiency can be just as good
with T8s than with the smaller diameter lamps– There are numerous BF ballasts to choose from with T8s, which are
not available with the smaller diameter lamps– If want to maintain US and North American jobs, better to go with T8
lamps, because most T5 and T5HO lamps are manufactured overseas
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CONTENDERS• HID
– Mainly ceramic metal halide (CMH) with electronic ballast• Long warm up and restrike times
– HPS will be included for some exterior applications
• Induction– Only Philips and Sylvania included, because decent chance of long
term replacement parts and warranty support– In general, days of induction will be limited with rapid LED
improvements and price reductions– Realistic system rated life is 60,000 - 70,000 hours before
significant maintenance will be required– Lamps are so large, so really need a kitchen sink size fixture for
any decent optical control
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CONTENDERS• Plasma
– Mainly Luxim, www.luxim.com, which can call it LEP for light emitting plasma
– There are other manufacturers as well
• Halogen infrared PAR and MR16 lamps– From big three lamp manufacturers and others– Really not that efficacious, but since relatively inexpensive, can be
a good interim solution
• In niche applications, sources like CFLs, neon, etc. could be considered, but they are not included in this presentation
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LETS GET DOWN TO SOME
GENERAL COMPARISONS
LETS GET DOWN TO SOME
GENERAL COMPARISONS
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LIGHTPER WATT
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LUMENS PER WATT• LED
– 6000K typically has about • 10 - 20% more lumens per watt than 4000K• 20 - 25% more lumens per watt than 3500K
– For exterior applications that lower CRI is okay 4000K chips can have about the same lumens per watt has higher CRI 6000K chips
– Most ‘white’ LEDs are really blue LEDs with similar phosphors that fluorescents use
• The less that the spectrum has to be shifted to a lower CCT from 6000K, the more efficient the blue/phosphor conversion
• But 6000K will typically not work in interior applications
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LUMENS PER WATT• LED
– Developments are being made with lower Kelvin LEDs getting closer to the efficacy of 6000K
– LEDs from some manufacturers may have lower lumens and lumens per watt at optimal temperature, but better performance at higher temperatures
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lampamplifier, ballast, driver, generator
initial system lumens per watt
high performance fixture efficiency
initial fixture lumens per watt
latest generation LED electronic driver 40 - 130
320W CMH electronic ballast 110 85 94
high performance 32W F32T8
high performance electronic ballast
100 87 87
26W F28T5high performance electronic ballast
100 87 87
49W F54T5HOhigh performance electronic ballast
95 87 83
185W plasma lamp electronic amplifier 84 90 76
150W induction electronic generator 77 75 58
60W PAR38 halogen infrared
none 19 100 19
INITIAL LUMENS PER WATT COMPARISON
Above numbers are not exact and may change. Plus there are temperature issues and so many fixture types.
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Although some chips have better LPW without heat losses, other chips perform better in real life applications
CHIP FIXTURE
WITHOUT DRIVER OR TEMPERATURE
LOSSES
(UP TO) AT STEADY STATE TEMPERATURE INCLUDING FIXTURE
EFFICIENCY
PAST 70 402009 100 702010 120-130 90-1002011 150- 160 120-130
LED APPROXIMATE LUMENS PER WATT
TIME FRAME
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FOOTCANDLES PER WATT
• Footcandles per watt is probably better than lumens per watt, especially for most LED products and halogen infrared spots– Will show street lighting comparison example
later
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RATED LIFE
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product rated life in hours notes
interior LED lamp or fixture, including driver, etc.
25,000 - 50,000Really depends on thermals. Some products have a shorter life if recessed compared to open
exterior LED fixture, including driver, etc.
50,000 - 100,00060,000 - 75,000 hours is a good target. Will drivers, etc. really last longer than 60,000 hours?
induction lamp & electronic generator 60,000 - 70,000There is more to it than just the 100,000 hour rating in lamp catalogs.
CMH lamp (driven by electronic ballast)
10,000 - 30,000Lower wattage lamps tend to have shorter lives. Some electronic ballasts can substantially increase lamp life.
highest-lumen long-life T8 lamp (driven by electronic program start ballast)
30,000 - 40,000 36,000 - 42,000
Shorter range is 3 hour cycles. Longer range is 12 hour cycles.
mid-lumen extra-long-life T8 lamp (driven by electronic program start ballast)
40,000 - 52,000 46,000 - 55,000
Shorter range is 3 hour cycles. Longer range is 12 hour cycles.
T5 lamp (driven by electronic program start ballast)
25,000 - 30,000 30,000 - 40,000
Shorter range is 3 hour cycles. Longer range is 12 hour cycles.
T5HO lamp (driven by electronic program start ballast)
25,000 - 45,000 30,000 - 60,000
Shorter range is 3 hour cycles. Longer range is 12 hour cycles.
plasma lamp (driven by electronic amplifier)
50,000 Amplifier life may need further research.
halogen infrared PAR lamp 3,000 - 6,000One way for long life is to use 130V lamp @ 120V, which also reduces light output.
electronic ballasts in general 60,000 Longer if run cool and shorter if run hot.
RATED LIFE COMPARISON
Rated lives may be slightly different for certain products from certain manufacturers.
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RATED LIFE• Exterior LED fixtures are typically rated longer than
interior LED fixtures, because can usually have more heat sinks and are run at night, which is cooler than in most conditioned buildings
• For exterior fixtures, usually good to use 50,000 - 75,000 hours when comparing LED and induction– That is 12 - 18 years at all night burns
• How long will exterior fixtures really last with wind, rain, snow, lightning strikes, etc?
• Heat is enemy of all electronics, including ballasts, generators, drivers and amplifiers
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END OF LIFE LUMEN
MAINTENANCE
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productpercent of initial
lumensnotes
LED 70%Without any constant lumen mechanism, either too bright initially or too dim at end of life.
induction lamp 63 - 70%This is based on 100,000 hours. Even at 60,000 - 70,000 hours, without any constant lumen mechanism, either too bright initially or to dim at end.
CMH lamp 80%Probe start MH lamps with magnetic ballasting can have down to 45%.
highest-lumen long-life T8 lamp 92%
mid-lumen extra-long-life T8 lamp 91%
T5 lamp 92%
T5HO lamp 89%
plasma lamp ?
halogen infrared PAR lamp 95 - 100%
END OF LIFE LUMEN MAINTENANCE COMPARISON
Numbers can vary with various wattages from various manufacturers.
63FROM FINELITE
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END OF LIFE LUMEN MAINTENANCE
• Although mean or design lumens, which is at 40% of rate life, is often used with incumbent technologies– End of life is often better
• For example, make sure sufficient light in a hibay at end of a rack aisle right before MH lamp burns out
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COLOR RENDERING
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product CRI notes
halogen infrared PAR 100
800 series fluorescent 80 - 85
induction 80
LED 70 - 92+ Sometimes can get more lumens with lower CRI.
CMH 70 - 95 Sometimes can get more lumens with lower CRI.
plasma 72 - 94 Higher lumens with lower CRI.
COLOR RENDERING INDEX COMPARISON
Numbers can vary with various wattages from various manufacturers.
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COLOR RENDERING• CRI (Color Rendering Index)
– Based on how ‘natural’ pastel or unsaturated colors look with various light sources
– Works fairly well for all incumbent light sources
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COLOR RENDERING• Although LEDs do not always do well with pastel
colors, they often do very well with bright or saturated colors– Often people think that LEDs with lower CRI make bright
colors look more natural than other light sources that have higher CRI
– So do not automatically think that lower CRI LEDs are inferior
– But there are numerous LED products with 90+ CRI, which is excellent
• There is work going to replace CRI with another color matrix that will include both pastel/unsaturated and bright/saturated colors
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KELVIN
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KELVIN• With LEDs Kelvin and lumens are usually related
– Most common way to get white light is using a blue LED with phosphor similar to the the phosphor used in fluorescents
• More that high Kelvin bluish light has to be transformed to lower Kelvin, more light is lost
• Fluorescents and induction lumens do not drop off with at low Kelvin and may drop off slightly at high Kelvin
• CMH, halogen and some other light sources pretty much have fixed Kelvin
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KELVIN• High Kelvin, like 4000 - 6000K LEDs may be okay
for exterior applications, but 3000 - 3500K Kelvin LEDs work best in interior applications
• Don’t know exactly why but lower Kelvin LEDs seem to match higher Kelvin fluorescent– For example, 3500K LED task lights look very good with
5000K fluorescent ambient lights in offices
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LONG TERM COLOR
CONSISTENCY
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LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY• LED
– There are three common ways to get white light• As previously discussed, most common is white LED,
which is really blue LED and yellow phosphor• Blue and/or other LEDs with remote phosphor
– Phosphor is subjected to less heat, so degrades more slowly
– Easier to match color among units because individual LED light (which can vary) is correctly mixed in one optical chamber
– Can also add other LED colors to fill out spectrum
• RGB (red, green and blue LEDs)– Reverse rainbow
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LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY• LED
– All can have color shift over time• Wavelength of blue LEDs can change over time and the
phosphor can change as it ages and gets baked in its own way• Various color LEDs have different lumen maintenance curves,
so if there no feedback loop with dimming drivers, color can easily shift
– With being so new, we have not really seen the potential full impact of LEDs changing colors over time
– This could be an issue down the road in spaces with new and older LED fixtures or replacement lamps
– Cree’s TrueWhite system has a feedback loop with yellow and red LEDs
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LONG TERM COLOR CONSISTENCY
• Fluorescent and other incumbents typically have very stable color from initial to end of life
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DIMMING
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DIMMING• LED
– LED chips dim quite well– But not all LED fixtures or replacement lamps are
designed to dim• DOE has found that
– Some LED products, which are listed to dim, do not dim well with some or most dimmers
– Some LED products, which are not listed to dim, do dim well with some or most dimmers
– Some LED products list approved incandescent dimmers– Since LEDs can get more efficient when they dim,
because they run cooler when dimmed, LEDs will probably be the future of dimming
• But may really need dedicated dimmers that provide full power to the driver instead of incandescent type dimmers
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DIMMING• Fluorescent
– Fluorescents with dimming ballasts can dim, but• Lumens per watt gets worse, because the more
dimming, the more power has to go to heating the cathodes of the lamps
• Dimming ballasts are expensive
– CFLs have some special characteristics• Dedicated dimmable screw-ins usually cannot dim
below 20%• CFLs turn grayish or bluish when dimmed, which is
opposite of our cave man (or cave woman) heritage
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DIMMING• Halogen
– Can dim very easy and well
• CMH– Can dim quite well with electronic ballast
• But only down to about 50% before turning green
– Since no lamp cathode heating, can be more efficient than fluorescent dimming
• Induction– Philips may introduce a dimming generator soon– Sylvania may come out with a bilevel generator
• Plasma– Can dim quite well down to 20% with electronic digital
amplifier
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NOW SOME
SPECIFICINTERIOR
COMPARISONS
NOW SOME
SPECIFICINTERIOR
COMPARISONS
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LINEAR REPLACEMENT
LAMPS
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LED T8s• These are listed first, because so important• There are hordes of sales people trying to
sell these, because of potential huge volume and profit– Often Pinocchio-nose marketing hype
• But the DOE has not tested one yet is nearly as good as high performance fluorescent T8s with high performance ballasts
• Lamp cost can often range from $40 to $150 with proposed up to 50,000 hour realistic life
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LED T8s• How they are connected
– Some use existing fluorescent ballast, which consumes extra wattage, and the ballast would have to be replaced when it burns out
• Ballasts typically have 60,000 hour rated life
– Some have internal driver, which requires removing existing fluorescent ballast and rewiring to lamp holders
• May void UL listing of fixture
– Some come with their external drivers
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LED T8s• DOE documents
– Performance of T12 and T8 Fluorescent lamps and LED Linear Replacement Lamps
• January 2009 Benchmark Report
• Includes that since LED T8s mainly shine light down, so between fixtures and walls can be quite dark
– CALIPER Round 9 & 11– LED Performance Specification Series: T8 Replacement Lamps
• Asking Manufacturers for at least 2,700 lumens– That would require them to be 2 to 3 times more efficient than existing while
keeping their existing 15 - 20 watts
• April 2010
• http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/t8_replacement-lamps.pdf
85
LED T8s• LEDs often do not do that well taking the shapes of
other technology lamps– Difficulty with distribution, heat sinks, etc.
• What looks really ugly– In parabolic troffers
86
FLUORESCENT T8s• Since many rebate programs require what
are called high performance, super or 3rd generation T8s and what are called basic grade or 1st generation T8s will not be allowed to sold in 2012, we will just focus on the good ones– Highest lumen long life
• www.cee1.org
– Extra long life mid lumen
87
3 HR 12 HR 3 HR 12 HR
1st GENERATION - GENERIC 32 2800 75-78 2800 75-781.7 - <10
15,000 - 24,000
20,000 - 30,000
20,000 - 30,000
24,000 - 36,000
2nd GENERATION - GENERIC
32 2950 81-852800 - 2950
80-851.7 - <10
15,000 - 24,000
20,000 - 30,000
20,000 - 30,000
24,000 - 36,000
GE HL 32 3100 82 3000 80 3.95 25,000 36,000 36,000 42,000GE SXL 32 2850 81+ 2750 80 3.95 31,000 40,000 40,000 46,000PHILIPS ADV 32 3100 85 3100 82 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000PHILIPS PLUS 32 2950 85 2850 82 1.7 30,000 36,000 36,000 42,000PHILIPS ADV XLL 32 2950 85 2850 82 1.7 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000SYLVANIA XP 32 3000 85 2850 85 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000SYLVANIA XPS 32 3100 85 3100 81 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000SYLVANIA XP/XL 32 2950 85 2900 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000GE SPX 28W 28 2725 82 2625 80 3.95 24,000 30,000 36,000 42,000PHILIPS ADV 28W 28 2725 85 2675 82 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000SYLVANIA XP 28W 28 2725 85 2650 80 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000SYLVANIA XP XL 28W 28 2600 85 2600 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000GE SPX 25W 25 2400 85 2350 80 3.95 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000PHILIPS ADV 25W 25 2500 85 2400 85 1.7 24,000 30,000 30,000 36,000PHILIPS ADV XLL 25W 25 2400 85 2350 82 1.7 36,000 40,000 40,000 46,000SYLVANIA XP 25W 25 2475 85 2400 80 2.9 24,000 40,000 40,000 42,000SYLVANIA XP XL 25W 25 2475 85 2400 80 3.5 36,000 50,000 52,000 55,000
F28T5 25-28 2900+ 85 2750+ 851.4 - 2.5
* *20,000 - 30,000
25,000 - 40,000
F54T5HO 49-54 5000 85 4800+ 851.4 - 2.5
* *20,000 - 45,000
25,000 - 60,000
Lamp manufacturers may alter rated lamp life and lumen specifications, so get updates from manufacturers.Prepared by Stan Walercyk of Lighing Wizards 1/1/11 version. www.lightingwizards.com
CATALOG LUMENS
CRI
MAX MG
OF HG
4' T8 LAMP LIFE, LUMENS, CRI & MERCURY
INSTANT START PROGRAM STARTLAMP WATTS3000-4100K
CATALOG LUMENS
CRI
5000K LAMP LIFE HOURS
88
4' lamp type
initial catalog or photopic
lamp lumens
lamp watts
lamp lumens
per lamp watts
lamp quant
ballast type
standard ballast factor
system watts
initial system lumens
initial system lumens per watt
mean or 8000 hour
lumen maint- enance
mean or 8000 hour
system lumens
mean or 8000 hour
system lumens per
watt
3100 32 96.9 2 EE IS 0.87 53 5394 101.8 95% 5124 96.73100 32 96.9 2 EE PS 1.15 70 7130 101.9 95% 6774 96.83100 32 96.9 2 G IS 0.87 58 5394 93.0 95% 5124 88.42950 32 92.2 2 EE IS 0.87 53 5133 96.8 95% 4876 92.02950 32 92.2 2 G IS 0.87 58 5133 88.5 95% 4876 84.12800 32 87.5 2 EE IS 0.87 53 4872 91.9 95% 4628 87.32800 32 87.5 2 G IS 0.87 58 4872 84.0 95% 4628 79.82850 30 95.0 2 EE IS 0.87 51 4959 97.2 95% 4711 92.42850 30 95.0 2 G IS 0.87 55 4959 90.2 95% 4711 85.72750 28 98.2 2 EE IS 0.87 48 4785 99.7 95% 4546 94.72750 28 98.2 2 G IS 0.87 51 4785 93.8 95% 4546 89.12440 25 97.6 2 EE IS 0.87 42 4246 101.1 95% 4033 96.02440 25 97.6 2 G IS 0.87 47 4246 90.3 95% 4033 85.82400 25 96.0 2 EE IS 0.87 42 4176 99.4 95% 3967 94.52400 25 96.0 2 G IS 0.87 47 4176 88.9 95% 3967 84.4
high lumen F28T5 3050 28 108.9 2 EE PS 0.95 58 5795 99.9 93% 5389 92.9typical F28T5 2900 28 103.6 2 PS 1.00 64 5800 90.6 93% 5394 84.326W F28T5 2900 26 111.5 2 EE PS 0.95 55 5510 100.2 92% 5069 92.226W high lumen F28T5 3050 26 117.3 2 EE PS 1.15 67 7015 104.7 92% 6454 96.351W F54T5HO 5000 51 98.0 2 EE PS 1.00 108 10000 92.6 92% 9200 85.2typical F54T5HO 5000 54 92.6 2 PS 1.00 117 10000 85.5 93% 9300 79.5F34T12 800 3100 34 91.2 2 RS E 0.85 60 5270 87.8 93% 4901 81.7F34T12 CW 2650 34 77.9 2 RS M 0.88 72 4664 64.8 87% 4058 56.4
4' LINEAR FLUORESCENT EFFICACY TABLE
notes: Lumens, lumen maintenance, ballast factors and wattages may vary among various manufacturers.
high performance F32T8
extra long life 2950 lumen F32T8
basic grade F32T8
30W F32T8
28W F32T8
25W F32T8
Prepared by Stan Walerczyk of Lighting Wizards www.lightingwizards.com 11/11/09 version
extra long life 25W F32T8
93% is used as an average EOL lumen maintenance for T5HOs. 90% - 94% range among manufacturers.All wattages based on 277V. EE IS is extra efficient instant start. G IS is generic instant start. EE PS is extra efficient program start. PS is program start. RS E is rapis start electronic. RS M is rapid start magnetic.Extra long life is 36,000 hours with IS and 40,000 hours with PS ballasts at 3 hour cycles.
In enclosed fixtures, since reduced wattage F32T8s consume less heat they can often operate closer to optimal 77 degrees F temperature, so may provide more light than this table shows compared to full wattage.Although efficacy can be improved with IS and RS ballasts with T5s and T5HOs, lamp life can be greatly reduced and lamp manufacturers may not warranty lamps.
89
FLUORESCENT T8s• Some LED marketing literature and sales people try to make
fluorescent T8s look bad, like– Stating that T8s only last 15,000 or even just 10,000 hours
• It is true that rated life for fluorescents, HID, incandescents and halogen is when half of the lamps have burned out and half are still working in laboratory conditions– Small percentage of lamps may only last a few months– Small percentage of lamps may last over a decade– Large majority of T8 lamps will last at least 80% of rated life when not
turned on and off too much• For example, most 42,000 hour rated T8 lamps will last at least 33,600 hours
when not turned on and off too much
• GE, Philips and Sylvania do a good job policing each other on lumen and life ratings
90
FLUORESCENT T8s• Starting is the hardest on fluorescent lamps
– Lamp life can really get short with instant start ballasts and occupancy sensors that turn on and off the lights more than 4 times per day on average
– Program start ballasts really help lamp life when lamps are cycled on and off a lot
• When I go over the pros and cons of instant and program start ballasts with T8s, over half of my clients select parallel wired program start ballasts
• So the next time you see LED literature or hear an LED sales person stating that good fluorescent T8 lamps last less than 20,000 hours, you could– Throw away the LED marketing literature– Delete the LED file in your computer– Hang up on the LED sales person– Tell the LED sales person to leave
91
LED vs. FLUORESCENT T8s$0.15 3500 1.1 $0.05 15
notes
type wattsannual
elect. cost
lamp life @ 12 hour
cycles
end of life lamp lumens
end of life lamp lumens
lamp life @ 12 hour
cycles
watts watt
reduc- tion
annual elect.
savingsincen- tive
appr. installed
cost
pay- back (yrs)
compre- hensive
long term benefit
4480 50,000 68 76 $43.89 $13.30 $220.00 4.7 $714.99may not be sufficient light long term
5077 40,000 58 86 $49.67 $15.05 $55.00 0.8 $1,077.51
probably sufficient light with better thermals & fixture efficiency
5428 55,000 65 79 $45.62 $13.83 $57.00 0.9 $1,051.77
probably sufficient light with better thermals & fixture efficiency
5077 40,000 58 86 $49.67 $15.05 $65.00 1.0 $1,067.51reflector may increase light levels
5428 55,000 65 79 $45.62 $13.83 $67.00 1.2 $1,041.77reflector may increase light levels
4 1600 lumen 17W LED T8s
/KWH saved incentive
Copyright of Stan Walerczyk, LC, principal of Lighting Wizards. January 1, 2011 version.
2x4 lensed troffer with 4 F34T12CWs
4 F34T12 CW lamps, 2 2-lamp energy saving magnetic ballasts, angled sides with good white paint & clear prismatic lens
blended rate cumulative years in long term benefit
proposed
retrofit and relamping options
144
footnotes: Numbers in colored boxes can be changed, which automatically alters computations.
annual hours
6500
2 3100 lumen long life 32W fluorescent F32T8s, 2-lamp .89 BF high performace parallel wired program start ballast & white reflector
2 2950 lumen extra long life 32W fluorescent F32T8s in outboard lamp holders & 2-lamp 1.00 BF high performace parallel wired program start ballast
reduced AC savings x
existing
2 2950 lumen long life 32W fluorescent F32T8s, 2-lamp 1.00 BF high performace parallel wired program start ballast & white reflector
25,000
2 3100 lumen long life 32W fluorescent F32T8s in outboard lamp holders & 2-lamp .89 BF high performace parallel wired program start ballast
$75.60
92
LED vs. FLUORESCENT T8s$0.15 3500 1.1 $0.05 15
notes
type wattsannual
elect. cost
lamp life @ 3 hour
cycles
end of life lamp lumens
end of life lamp lumens
lamp life @ 3 hour
cycleswatts
watt reduc-
tion
annual elect.
savingsincen- tive
appr. installed
cost
pay- back (yrs)
compre- hensive
long term benefit
3360 50,000 51 38 $21.95 $6.65 $165.00 7.2 $269.58probably not sufficient long term light
5077 36,000 58 31 $17.90 $5.43 $55.00 2.8 $326.38
sufficient light with better thermals & fixture efficiency
4831 52,000 58 31 $17.90 $5.43 $57.00 2.9 $351.23
probably sufficient light with better thermals & fixture efficiency
4050 36,000 46 43 $24.83 $7.53 $65.00 2.3 $464.01reflector may allow sufficient light
4831 52,000 58 31 $17.90 $5.43 $67.00 3.4 $341.23reflector probably allow sufficient light
2x4 lensed troffer with 3 basic grade F32T8s
3 basic grade F32T8s, generic 3-lamp .88 BF electronic instant start ballast, angled sides with good white paint & clear prismatic lens
blended rate cumulative years in long term benefit
proposed
retrofit and relamping options
89
annual hours /KWH saved incentivereduced AC savings x
existing
2 3100 lumen long life 32W fluorescent F32T8s in outboard lamp holders & 2-lamp .89 BF high performace parallel wired program start ballast
$46.73
Copyright of Stan Walerczyk, LC, principal of Lighting Wizards. January 1, 2011 version.footnotes: Numbers in colored boxes can be changed, which automatically alters computations.
2 2950 lumen extra long life 32W fluorescent F32T8s in outboard lamp holders & 2-lamp .89 BF high performace parallel wired program start ballast
2 2950 lumen long life 32W fluorescent F32T8s, 2-lamp .89 BF high performace parallel wired program start ballast & white reflector
20,000 6650
2 3100 lumen long life 32W fluorescent F32T8s, 2-lamp .71 BF high performace parallel wired program start ballast & white reflector
3 1600 lumen 17W LED T8s
93
MAYBE SOMETHING
BETTER THAN LED T8s
94
MAYBE SOMETHING BETTER THAN LED T8s
• Kits for troffers, etc– 2’ and 4’ long and about 1 - 2 inches wide LED bars
• Screwed into fixture, using fixture as a heat sink
– If external driver, mount it in ballast compartment
• Something like Albeo’s troffer conversion kit– Google search ‘Albeo youtube’ for installation video
• Something like the LED bars and driver using in the new Lithonia RT LED troffers– www.lithonia.com/rtled
95
DECORATIVE
96
DECORATIVE• Christmas/decorative lights
– LED versions are becoming a no brainer
• Small lamps in chandeliers– Usually sparkle is important, and the amount of light is not critical– Although there are decorative shaped CFLs with small bases, which
last much longer than incandescents, with white phosphor - No Sparkle
– There are decorative LEDs available with small bases that have long life and sparkle
• When getting these types of LED lights– Get ones with good warranties– Especially from big box stores. check with them if they require lumen
maintenance tests before they carry certain products
97
OMNI DIRECTIONAL
(FANCY NAME FOR SOMETHING LIKE AN A19)
98
LED• Getting better all of the time, but still not
really cost effective to replace CFLs
• But when there is at least one winner of the L Prize in this category, they should be ready for prime time– Philips has made an entry– Others will too– There can be up 4 winners in each category
99
CFLs• Although some people give CFLs a bad wrap,
CFLs are quite good in many applications– Screw-ins can often cost $.25 with upstream rebates– Lumens per watt are quite good– CRI is quite good, typically in the 80s– Life is much longer than incandescents– Mercury is really not that much of an issue
• Although quite good, there are some drawbacks, and maybe best to consider a temporary solution– Until LEDs or something else becomes ready for prime
time
100
ACCENTLIGHTING
101
LED ACCENT LIGHTS• Sparkle and Focus
– LED accent lights can provide sparkle and focus like reflector PAR lamps, which CFL reflector lamps can’t
• Cool– Since LEDs do not emit any heat from the light
side, they can be very good lighting flowers, produce, etc. without damaging them
102
LED MR16s• Best LED MR16s that DOE has tested so far can only
replace up to 20W halogen MR16– MR16s are on the small side for higher wattage LEDs to be able to
dissipate sufficient heat– Most halogen MR16s are 50W standard or 35 - 37W infrared– Existing LED MR16s may work fine in
• Overlit applications
• Elevators, which are often overlit
• Some aesthetic applications, where light levels not that important
• Check if existing and new step down transformers will work with LED MR16s, because LED MR16s are such low wattage and will not activate step down transformers
103
HALOGEN MR16s• If existing are standard halogen
– Can switch to lower wattage halogen infrareds• For example, 50W to 35 - 37W
• If existing are halogen infrareds– Maybe keep for 1- 2 years
• LED MR16s should be cost effective for many applications in 1 - 2 years
104
LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38
• The larger the lamp, the easier it is to dissipate heat
• If can use larger lamp, go with it• Some retail chain stores have already
started switching to good LED reflector lamps
• For more general recessed can applications, need wider beam spread options from most manufacturers
105
LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38• There are numerous good products, including
Cree’s LRP38 with indirect lighting on left and Solais LR38 with fan on right
106
LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38• MSI iPAR-38 looks very interesting
– Three wattage lumen settings • 10W with 550 lumens• 12W with 650 lumens• 16W with 800 lumens
– Proprietary Intelligent Communication• Type of bar code reader can provide
– Manufacturing info– Installation info– Hours of use– Wattage setting
107
LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38• GE and others even have wet location ones
108
LED R or PAR 20, 30 & 38• LED R or PAR38s will really be ready for prime
time after there is at least one winner of the L Prize in this category– Last time I checked there were no submittals
109
LED MODULAR EXAMPLE
110
HALOGEN PAR 20, 30 & 38
• Just like MR16s, there are halogen infrared PAR lamps– Which can save 10 - 20 watts compared to
standard halogens
• If standard halogens now, maybe go with halogen infrared now and wait 1 - 2 years to go with LEDs
111
CMH ACCENT LIGHTS• Ceramic Metal Halide with electronic ballasting have
– Can provide sparkle and focus– Excellent CRI– Quite good lumens per watt– Reasonable long life
• Available as– Small omni directional lamps which can go into fixtures
with reflectors– PAR lamps– PAR lamps with integral electronic ballasts
• GE, Philips and Sylvania have 23 - 25 watt PAR38s with 10,000+ hour rated life
112
RECESSED CANS
113
LED• Recessed cans for residential and
commercial are a great application for LEDs– Majority of ENERGY STAR LED products are
recessed cans
• Several of my clients are nervous about getting new LED recessed can fixtures– Because, potential problems of getting
replacement matching LED modules and drivers down the road
– And prefer getting some kind of solution that is easily replaceable from several manufacturers
114
LED• LED PAR lamp
– There are a number of these available with screw-in or GU12 base– If existing is 277V, can use step down transformer or try to find a
277V lamp– Can use pole changer, which is very helpful for many application
• Recessed can kits with integral LEDs– Probably most of you already know about this type of kit from Cree
and others
• Recessed can kits with GU24 bases for various manufacturers’ LED PAR lamps– Delray may be first manufacturer of these– Trim ring– Customer can select preferred LED PAR lamp– Can use pole changer
115
CFL• CFLs are reasonably efficacious, but
– Not nearly efficacious as high performance T8 systems– Most are only rated for 10,000 - 12,000 hours– Many recessed can fixtures for them have very bad fixture
efficiency• Like 50 - 60%
• But there are some CFL recessed cans with more like 75% fixture efficiency
• Sometimes screw-in reflector CFLs are good solutions• Usually best to try to
– Have just one lamp per fixture– Minimize lamp types
116
REACH-IN FRIG/FREEZER
117
LED• Since this is a limited application, will only briefly
discuss– Walmart and other retail chains have already cost
effectively retrofitted or installed in stores– Since no heat on light side, can also reduce cooling load– Many very good products with and without on/off, staged
or continuous occupancy sensors, which can save considerable
• Some organizations have done a lot of work making specifications for rebates, for example
– www.smud.org
– www.pge.com
118
FLUORESCENT• Majority of 5’ lamps, which are low volume and
relatively expensive• If have T12, definitely do something• Many existing T8s systems do not have the best
lamps or the best ballasts• High performance T8 lamp and ballast systems can
often save 20% wattage compared to generic T8 systems, which will also reduce cooling load– In many applications could go with a bilevel system
controlled by an occupancy sensor
• Before jumping into LEDs, good to ‘raise the bar’ and see if they are cost effective compared to high performance T8 systems
119
TROFFERS
120
LED• Already some good LED troffers from major manufacturers • Can have over 100 lumens per watt
– Which is better than any fluorescent troffer
• May cost $300 - $350 now– But I have specifying them for some high profile conference rooms
for clients that want dimming and ‘high tech’ lighting– Expect to become cost effective with high performance fluorescent
troffers in general applications in about 2 years• Depending on design and application, some models may be
glary • With control systems can have constant lumens so not
overlit to begin with or too little light at end of life• Being able to replace LEDs and drivers from below without
having to lift ceiling tiles could really save maintenance labor down the road
121
LEDCree LR24
Lithonia RT LED
122
T8 FLUORESCENT• There is a new generation of high performance 2x4 1F32T8
troffers that can be installed in typical 8x10 spacing– Depending on BF and if instant or program start extra efficient ballast,
wattage can range from 24 - 39 with direct relationship to lumens– $100 - $150 pricing with high performance ballasts
• Interesting that in CALiPER Round 11, one of these was only measured with 71 lumens per watt, which with 100 lumen per watt T8 lamps and ballasts, translates to about 71% fixture efficiency– While same type of fixture gets 85 - 89% fixture efficiency rating from
good independent labs– Something should be done so more consistency between CALiPER
lumen per watt out of fixture testing and typical fixture efficiency testing
123
T8 FLUORESCENTOffice with Finelite HPRs
124
T8 FLUORESCENT• Existing 2x4 troffers can be cost effectively
retrofitted down to 1F32T8– Standard lensed troffers can often get a 1-cove white
reflector• About $55 - $60 total installed cost
– Parabolic troffers can get upscale kits• About $110 - $120 total installed cost
125
TROFFERS• 50,000 hour rated LED troffers currently cost about
twice more than high performance 1F32T8 troffers and installation labor may be about the same for both types
• Let’s do some life cycle costing for 75,000 hours– LED troffer
• May cost $150 for parts and labor to retrofit or replace at 50,000 hours, which may get down to $100 at 100,000 hours, so total of $200 at 75,000 hours
– 1F32T8 troffer• May cost $15 for group relamping at 25,000, 50,000 & 75,000
hours and $40 for group reballasting at 50,000 & 100,000 hours, so approximate total of $45 at 75,000 hours
– Less relamping costs if use extra long life lamps, which are rated up to 55,000 hours
126
SUSPENDED INDIRECT/DIRECT
FIXTURES
127
LED• LEDs could run cooler with less heat sinking
than in troffers and recessed cans
• Uniform uplight with some not too intense downlight are challenges
• It will take a while for LED suspended fixtures to be cost effective compared high performance fluorescent suspended fixtures– Now LED 4 footer may cost $300 - $400
128
T8 FLUORESCENT• Well designed suspended indirect/direct fixtures with
1F32T8 per cross section– Can provide quite low power densities– Total installed cost often less than individual troffers
• When can have relatively long rows in new construction and gut rehabs
• One lamp per cross section is usually much better than two or three for– Optimal light distribution
• Usually batwing
– Best fixture efficiency– Lowest wattage– Lowest fixture cost
• Fixture cost may be $25 - $40 per linear foot depending on type of fixture, quantity, etc.
129
T8 FLUORESCENT• Make sure fixture reflectors are designed for T8s
and not for T5s/T5HOs• There are many good manufacturers and models
130
TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
WHERE LEDs CAN WORK WITH INCUMBENTS
131
TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• Task ambient lighting is having relatively low
footcandle ambient lighting and additional task lighting when and where need it
• Light levels drop off exponentially as distance increases between source and task– For example if double distance, 1/4 the footcandles– Much less wattage getting high light levels from a task
light 2’ away from task, than from ceiling fixtures 6’ away from task
• This strategy may be the most cost effective way to have very low power densities while providing good quality lighting
• In typical offices, usually .4 - .6 watts per square foot is easily attainable
132
TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• Ambient, in offices, works very well with either
– New or retrofitted 2x4 high performance troffers that have 1 high performance & often high Kelvin 32W F32T8 and high performance parallel wired program start ballasting
• Maybe tandem wire ballast per pair of troffers
– New or retrofitted suspended indirect/direct fixtures with 1 high performance & often high Kelvin 32W F32T8 per cross section and high performance parallel wired program start ballasting
• Ambient lighting can provide 10 - 20 footcandles on desks– Often more light is worse than less light, because more light can
cause more glare and higher contrast ratios
133
TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• Existing task
– For a long time most modular office systems had fluorescent undercabinet task lights
• But most of these fixtures– Use way too much wattage– Are glare bombs
» Hitting shiny paper and/or desks and then bounced into eyes– Provide too much light
» That is why often gray scale tube guards to reduce amount of light, but still uses all of the wattage
– Often difficult to replace ballasts» Many ballast compartments too small for standard sized extra efficient
ballasts– Sometimes still T12s with magnetic ballasts or T8s with magnetic ballasts
– There are some good CFL desk mount task lights• But way too many people still use energy hog incandescent or quartz
halogen
134
TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• High performance LED task
– There are some very good LED task light systems• One example is the Finelite PLS (Personal Lighting System)
– 3, 6 & 9W undercabinet fixture» Not a glare bomb» Uses metal shelf as a heat sink
– Dimmable 8W desk mount fixture» Can get 70 footcandles directly underneath with no other light sources
– Optional occupancy sensor– For a decent quantity
» 1 undercabinet fixture, 1 desk mount fixture, occupancy sensor, power supply and cables may cost $200 or less in decent quantities
– New version has the switch before the power supply, so zero wattage when fixtures are off
– For individual offices that do not have shelves over desks, often just a desk mount fixture is recommended
135
TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• Finelite PLS
– Both undercabinets and desk mounts won 2007 Lighting For Tomorrow Awards
– Desk mount, which is also called ‘Curve’ won 2009 Next Generation Luminaires Design Competition
• Best In Class - Task Lighting
www.finelite.com/sustainability/professional-development
136
TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• There are several other LED office task lights, including
Philips Color
Kinetics UC
Luxo Air Luxo Ninety Steelcase Kast
Philips Alko Lincs100 & sensor
137
TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING• PG&E’s Emerging Technology Program’s ‘High Efficiency
Office Low Ambient / Task Lighting Pilot Project’ – www.etcc-ca.com/project-search/search-results_m126/criteria:1/query:any/
jr_endyear:2009/jr_organization:Pacific+Gas+and+Electric+%28PG%26E%29/order:alpha/page:2/limit:10/
– .66 watts per square foot– If 5000K and high performance fixed output ballasts would have
been used, that power density could have been lower– Although dimming ballasts were used in the suspended ambient
fixtures, that was for tuning, not for energy savings– This report clearly states that it would be much more cost effective
to go with fixed output instant start ballasts
• Since there are millions and millions of square feet of offices in North America and the world, reducing wattage and improving lighting is so important
138
TASK AMBIENT LIGHTING
• With good task ambient lighting the power density can be low all of the time that expensive and complex dimming daylight harvesting peak load shedding systems are not cost effective– Even with dimming ballasts in ambient fixtures, good task lights
are usually recommended
139
$0.150 $0.05 /KWH 1st year saved rebate
fixture & application
type
total watts
annual hours
annual elect- rical cost
option letter
retrofit/replacement option descriptiontotal watts
watts per
square foot
watts redux
annual elec- trical
savings
appr. incen-
tive
appr. installed
cost
rated lamp life @ 3
hour cycles
pay- back just
elec- tricity
payback including
maintenance savings &
worker productivity
benefits
long term
benefit just elec-
tricity
long term benefit
including maintenance
savings & worker
productivity benefits
ARetrofit each troffer with 3 25W F32T8 5000K lamps & .71 BF extra efficient program start parallel wired ballast
112 0.93 68 $41 $14 $12030,000 - 36,000
2.6 2.2 $506 $628
B
Retrofit each troffer with upscale kit which eliminates parabolic louvers, 1 high lumen F32T8 5000K lamp & 1.15 BF extra efficient program start ballast
78 0.65 102 $61 $20 $23030,000 - 36,000
3.4 1.9 $708 $1,443
B1
Retrofit each troffer with upscale kit which eliminates parabolic louvers, 1 high lumen F32T8 5000K lamp & .89 BF extra efficient program start ballast. Also include 7W LED task light.
67 0.56 113 $68 $23 $31030,000 - 36,000 for T8s
4.2 2.1 $730 $1,747
B2
Retrofit each troffer with upscale kit which eliminates parabolic louvers, 1 high lumen F32T8 5000K lamp & .71 BF extra efficient program start ballast. Also include 2 7W LED task lights.
62 0.52 118 $71 $24 $38030,000 - 36,000 for T8s
5.0 2.3 $706 $1,980
C
Remove both troffers. Install 8' suspended indirect/direct fixture that has 2 high lumen F32T8 5000K lamps & 1.15 BF extra efficient program start ballast.
70 0.58 110 $66 $22 $41030,000 - 36,000
5.9 2.7 $602 $1,790
C1
Remove both troffers. Install 8' suspended direct/indirect fixture that has 2 high lumen F32T8 5000K lamps & .89 BF extra efficient instant start ballast. Also include 7W LED task light.
63 0.53 117 $70 $23 $49030,000 - 36,000 for T8s
6.6 2.7 $586 $2,166
C2
Remove both troffers. Install 8' suspended direct/indirect fixture that has 2 high lumen F32T8 5000K lamps & .71 BF extra efficient instant start ballast. Also include 2 7W LED task lights.
60 0.50 120 $72 $24 $56030,000 - 36,000 for T8s
7.4 2.7 $544 $2,488
F2Retrofit each troffer with 3 15W LED T8 lamps. Also include 2 7W LED task lights to provide sufficient light.
104 0.87 76 $46 $15 $64025,000 - 50,000
13.7 8.6 $59 $470
GRemove both troffers. Install 2 high performance 2x2 LED troffers, set at full 41W, so sufficient light at end of life.
82 0.68 98 $59 $20 $900 50,000 15.0 9.4 $2 $531
G1Remove both troffers. Install 2 high performance 2x2 LED troffers, set at 34W. Also include 7W LED task light.
75 0.63 105 $63 $21 $980 50,000 15.2 8.5 -$14 $742
G2Remove both troffers. Install 2 high performance 2x2 LED troffers, set at 28W. Also include 2 7W LED task lights.
70 0.58 110 $66 $22 $1,060 50,000 15.7 8.7 -$48 $744
$108
KWH rate
existing
copyright of Stan Walerczyk of Lighting Wizards, www.lightingwizards.com, 1/10/10 version
12 x 10 x 9 office area with 2 2x4 18 cell parabolic troffers, each with 3 32W 700 series 20,000 hour rated F32T8s and generic .88 BF ballasting (1.51 watts per square foot)
180 4000
TYPICAL OFFICE 12' long x 10' wide x 9' high
15 years of long term benefit
proposed
140
FUTURE OF
INTERIOR LIGHTING
141
FUTURE OF INTERIOR LIGHTING
• It sure looks like it will be– Color changing LEDs
• Match daylight throughout the day• Benefits of spectrally enhanced lighting for a variety of tasks• For aesthetics • For circadian rhythms
– Philips has already started with fluorescents in elementary schools» http://live.philips.com/index.php/global/video/philips-schoolvision-long-no-
testimonials-du/696111180001
– With personal wireless controls
142
NOW SOME
SPECIFICEXTERIOR
COMPARISONS
NOW SOME
SPECIFICEXTERIOR
COMPARISONS
143
WALL WASHING EMC BUILDING IN IOWA
• Mike Lambert’s project
• Custom Musco LED fixtures
• Reduced wattage by 88.5% replacing MH
144
WALL WASHING EMC BUILDING IN IOWA
145
LED vs. INDUCTION STREETLIGHTS
• The short version of my white paper is available on my website for free– Its eight pages has the same information
that is in this seminar– I am working on expanding it, so it will
have detailed information that is not in this seminar
146
lighting source
qualifier lamp
wattagerated life
hoursinitial
lumens
EOL lumen mainten-
ance
EOL lumens
(approx.)
system wattage (277V)
initial lumens per
watt
EOL lumens per watt
fixture efficiency (approx.)
initial fixture lumens per
watt
initial fixture lumens
EOL fixture lumens
per watt
EOL fixture lumens
HPSclear lamp
10024,000 - 40,000
9,500 75% 7125 130 73 55 75% 55 7125 41 5344
Sylvania 7060,000 - 100,000
6,500 64% 4160 77 84 54 70% 59 4550 38 2912
Philips 8560,000 - 100,000
6,000 70% 4200 85 71 49 70% 49 4200 35 2940
Sylvania 10060,000 - 100,000
8,000 64% 5120 103 78 50 70% 54 5600 35 3584
Sylvania 15060,000 - 100,000
12,000 64% 7680 156 77 49 70% 54 8400 34 5376
Philips 16560,000 - 100,000
12,000 70% 8400 165 73 51 70% 51 8400 36 5880
4000K 350ma
50 1W LEDs
50,000+ - 100,000
NA 70% NA 67 NA NA NA 58 3866 40 2706
4000K 525ma
40 1W LEDs
50,000+ - 100,000
NA 70% NA 70 NA NA NA 61 4239 42 2967
6000K 350ma
40 1W LEDs
50,000+ - 100,000
NA 70% NA 50 NA NA NA 72 3606 50 2524
6000K 525ma
30 1W LEDs
50,000+ - 100,000
NA 70% NA 54 NA NA NA 67 3624 47 2537
Listed LED specs would provide sufficient light for minimum footcandles between fixtures and around designated perimeters, but maybe not for average footcandles.Stan Walerczyk of Lighting Wizards www.lightingwizards.com 2/20/10 version
Listed induction fixture efficiency is better than most IES files, because includes when lamps are properly prepared and some recent fixture improvements.
4000K includes 4000 - 4500 Kelvin. Some people think that 6000K is too blue. LEDs driven at 350ma would have longer life than at 525ma.LED fixtures are tested as complete units, not based on components.
Table does NOT include where the available lumens out of the fixture are directed. LED fixtures direct light where necessary, so fewer lumens are required.Since Induction lamps have same or worse optical control as HPS, their EOL fixture lumens should match HPS EOL fixture lumens.
HPS, INDUCTION & LED COBRAHEAD GENERAL COMPARISON TABLE
notesEOL is end of life. NA is not applicable. Real rated life is discussed in related white paper. HPS and LED info is generic. Induction fixture info is also generic.100W generator is used with Sylvania 70W induction lamp. For induction EOL numbers are based on 100,000 hours, and EOL numbers would be better at 60,000.
Induction
LED
147
ISOLUX DIAGRAM FOR TYPE II STREET LIGHTING
• The following three isolux diagrams came from PG&E for City of Santa Rosa, which base case is 100W HPS cobraheads
• Distribution patterns and amount of footcandles would vary some what with various manufacturers and models– But general distribution patterns are pretty consistent for HPS,
induction and well designed LED cobraheads
• These are with bottom flat lensed HPS and induction cobraheads– SAG or drop lens would increase light between fixtures, but also not
be good for dark skies and light pollution on house and opposite sides
100W HPS
Calculation Summary
Label CalcType Units Avg. Max. Min. Avg/Min. Max/Min.
Layout 1_Lum L_Roadway Cd/Sq. M. 0.26 0.76 0.09 2.09 0.44
Layout 1_Ill Illuminance Fc 0.40 1.96 0.12 3.33 16.33
Layout 1_Lv L Veiling Cd/Sq. M. 0.02 0.10 0.00 N.A. N.A.
Layout 1_STV Vis. Level N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
100W HPS
85W INDUCTION
Calculation Summary
Label CalcType Units Avg. Max. Min. Avg/Min. Max/Min.
Layout 1_Lum L_Roadway Cd/Sq. M. 0.13 0.43 0.03 4.33 14.33
Layout 1_Ill Illuminance Fc 0.21 0.95 0.03 7.00 31.67
Layout 1_Lv L Veiling Cd/Sq. M. 0.01 0.03 0.00 N.A. N.A.
Layout 1_STV Vis. Level N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
70W LED
Calculation Summary
Label CalcType Units Avg. Max. Min. Avg/Min. Max/Min.
Layout 1_Lum L_Roadway Cd/Sq. M. 0.29 0.97 0.10 2.90 9.70
Layout 1_Ill Illuminance Fc 0.35 1.12 0.12 2.92 9.33
Layout 1_Lv L Veiling Cd/Sq. M. 0.03 0.12 0.00 N.A. N.A.
Layout 1_STV Vis. Level N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
151
WHAT IS BETTER THAN LUMENS PER WATT?
Footcandles, and really footcandles where the light is necessary, per watt
152
units 85W induction 100W HPS 60 LEDsfixture mounting height feet 28 28 28roadway width feet 40 40 40pole spacing feet 120 120 120illuminance - average maintained fc 0.64 0.78 0.69illuminance - maximum maintained fc 1.6 2.3 1.3illuminance - minimum maintained fc 0.1 0.3 0.4uniformity - avg/min 6.4 2.6 1.7system power watts 85 130 71100 x avg fc/watt 7.5 6.0 9.7100 x min fc/watt 1.2 2.3 5.6
FOOTCANDLES PER WATT
based on the work by Chris Nye at Leotek, www.leotek.com
153
LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS• Where full cut-off for dark sky and maybe
other concerns is important
• Where getting sufficient light in far corners of necessary area without excessive light underneath fixture
154
LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS• 24 hour applications, like garages, because
most potential savings
• Garages and parking lots where can use occupancy sensors for high/low or on/off lighting– Neither of these shorten LED life, like they can
for other lighting technologies– No long warm up and restrike times like HID
155
LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS• Replacing relatively low wattage HPS and standard or probe
start MH lamps with magnetic ballasts– Lower wattage HID lamps and ballasts are considerably less
efficacious than higher wattage ones• HPS (initial lumens per watt including magnetic ballast)
– 69 for 100W– 107 for 400W (55% better)
• MH (initial lumens per watt including mag ballast)– 65 for 175W – 79 for 400W (22% better)
– Lower wattage MH lamps typically have much shorter lamp life than higher wattage ones
– For example, 10,000 hours for 175W and 20,000 hours for 400W
156
LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS• Replacing relatively low wattage HPS and standard or probe start MH
lamps with magnetic ballasts– Higher wattage and lumen HID lamps and the fixtures for them often cost
about the same as lower wattage versions• But since more LEDs are required to replace high wattage HID fixtures, LED
fixtures with more LEDs cost significantly more than LED fixtures with fewer LEDs
• HPS because ugly yellow color and low S/P ratio• HID fixtures with low fixture efficiency, bad optics, not dark sky
compliant, etc.– A few fixture type examples
• Typical cobra head• Acorn without reflector which would prevent too much uplight
• Ballasts in existing fixtures nearing end of rated life• Have to buy new fixtures anyway, so can do financials by subtracting
cost of baseline fixtures
157
LOOK FOR THESE APPLICATIONS
FOR LEDS• New construction– Often fewer LED pole fixtures will be required,
because of better distribution patterns• So even if the unit pricing on LED fixtures is more, if
need fewer of them, poles, foundations and trenching, the total job cost can be significantly less, not even including electrical savings
• I clearly saw this for a new parking lot for one of my clients in the San Francisco Bay Area comparing pulse start quartz MH lamps with magnetic ballasts in high performance vertical base up fixtures compare to high performance LED fixtures
– Required 20% less LED fixtures, poles, labor, etc.
158
INDUCTION
159
INDUCTION• Since fall of 2009 LED have become significantly
better than induction for cobraheads, cold storage hibays and many other applications– LED can even cost less, like in Chula Vista
• Induction can still be a good solution for the acorn post top type of application that optical control is not important– With large size of induction lamps would need fixtures as
big as large kitchen sinks for decent optical control– There are also some good LED kits and new fixtures for
this type of application
160
INDUCTION• Induction will probably become an afterthought in a
year or two• If you want to go with induction
– Recommend only go with Philips or Sylvania, because they have stated that they will continue providing product, support for the long term
– Who know what other domestic and import manufacturers and sales firms will be around down the road
– Several of the other induction companies infringe on Philips and/or Sylvania patents
161
ELECTRONICALLY BALLASTED
PS MH (PULSE START METAL HALIDE)
162
ELECTRONICALLY BALLASTED PS MH
• Two types of PS MH– Ceramic or CMH
• 90+ CRI• Up to 110 lumens/watt• Does not work with all electronic ballasts• Long restrike times even with electronic ballasts• Quite expensive
– Quartz• 65 - 70 CRI• Lower lumens per watt• 30 second to few minute restrike time• Usually can work on all electronic ballasts• Relatively inexpensive
163
ELECTRONICALLY BALLASTED PS MH
• Electronic ballasts (EHID)– These have been quite expensive, like $150– I have had concerns about heat, including in dark colored fixtures
blasted by summer sun, even when not on• But at least Metrolight has an external pod, with excellent thermal
design– www.metrolight.com
• PS MH lamp life may be up to 60,000 hours, but that should be verified from lamp manufacturers’ and/or ballast manufacturers’ extended warranty
164
ELECTRONICALLY BALLASTED PS MH
• LEDs are probably better to replace up to175 or 250W HPS or standard magnetically driven MH
• But electronically ballasted PS MH may be currently more cost effective to replace 250, 400 and higher wattage HPS or standard MH with magnetic ballasts
• Philips Widelite EON fixtures– 2 or 3 PS MH lamps in a fixture with electronic ballast– One lamp on at a time, for about 60,000 hours
• When burns out, Philips thinks that fixtures could be replaced with LED fixtures
– Aiming at $250 for a cobrahead– www.widelite.com
165
PLASMA
166
PLASMA• Luxim has developed a chicklet sized lamp with
plasma metal halides, driven by a high frequency amplifier
• This is really a point source• This technology is quite expensive• Cannot really compete against LED in relatively low
wattage applications• But may be more competitive than LEDs replacing
400W MH or HPS or 1000W MV– So many LEDs would be required, which brings the cost
up
167
PLASMA• First fixture manufacturer and model is Stray Light’s Tesla
– http://straylightoptical.com
– Other fixture manufacturers are also working with Luxim
• There are also competitors to Luxim
168
ALL OF STAN’S PRESENTATIONS• ADVANCED LIGHTING RETROFIT OPTIONS
– With John Fetters
• INTERIORS - LEDs vs. Incumbents: With a big dose of task ambient lighting• EXTERIOR LIGHTING - LED, Induction, HPS, MH, Plasma, Fluorescent• FREE FOR ALL IN THE HIBAY ARENA - Fluorescent, Induction, LED & MH • HOW DO LEDs COMPARE WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE FLUORESCENT,
INDUCTION, HALOGEN, PLASMA, HID– Significant new material, but not as in depth as dedicated interiors or exteriors ones
• HOW LOW CAN YOU GO• DIMMING vs. NON-DIMMING - 10 Rounds in the Daylight Harvesting and Peak
Load Reduction Arena• LIGHTING 101• RETROFIT (WITHOUT UPGRADE) = WASTED OPPORTUNITY
– Will present this one Tuesday 4:30 - 6:00 PM
• THE GOOD, THE BAD & THE UGLY– Developed for IES Sections
• WHERE, WHEN & WHICH LIGHTING CONTROLS ARE REALLY COST EFFECTIVE
• Also custom ones for specific purposes
169
•QUESTIONS
•COMMENTS
•APPLICATIONS
170
IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO FOLLOW UP
• Contact information for Stan Walerczyk– 925-944-9481(San Francisco Bay Area) – [email protected]– www.lightingwizards.com
171
Please remember to complete the course evaluation.
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