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How do little elephants grow up to be BIG elephants? Slide 2 Slide 3 Slide 4 Cell Cycle Mitosis Cell Cycle = Interphase + Mitotic Phase Cell Division Mitosis Cell Division = Mitosis + Cytokinesis Cell Division = Asexual Reproduction = Natural Cloning (for SOME single-celled organisms) Slide 5 Slide 6 During INTERPHASE, the cell is engaged in normal metabolic activity. This is when the cell is most active, and genes are transcribed to make proteins. G1 is the main growth stage when a cell grows from a small daughter cell into a full-sized cell. S-Phase starts if/when the cell receives a signal that it may need to divide at some point in the future. During G1 and S-phases, chromosomes appear as threadlike or spaghetti- like strands called chromatin. During the S-phase, the DNA in the nucleus is replicated (to produce sister chromatids. The two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere. By the END of G2, each chromosome and its copy (the sister chromatids ) will become condensed and appear as thick, worm-like chromosomes ! During G2, the mitochondria in plant and animal cells and the chloroplasts in plant cells replicate. CELL MEMBRANE Nucleus Cytoplasm Slide 7 G 0 phase is viewed as either an extended G 1 phase, where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide, or a distinct quiet stage that occurs outside of the cell cycle. On occasion, a distinction in terms is made between a G 0 cell that is only temporarily resting (eventually may re-enter the cell cycle) versus a cell that has become quiet and will never re-enter the cell cycle (e.g., heart muscle cells and neurons). Some types of cells, such as nerve and heart muscle cells, become quiet when they reach maturity (i.e., when they are fully differentiated). Quiet cells continue to perform their main functions for the rest of the organism's life, but do not divide and cannot be replaced. Multi-nucleated muscle cells are basically muscle cells that never fully finished cell division (did not complete cytokinesis) and therefore have multiple nuclei and continuous cytoplasm. Because these cells do not undergo cytokinesis, they are also often considered to be in the G 0 stage. Slide 8 Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm Slide 9 Mitosis Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide) chromosomes chromatin DNA appears as condensed, worm-like chromosomes (not spaghetti-like chromatin seen in Interphase). sister chromatids centromere Chromosomes consist of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere. centrioles Two pairs of centrioles appear and begin to move to opposite ends (poles) of the cell. Centrioles occur in pairs; each centriole in a pair is oriented at a right angle to its partner. Spindle fibers Spindle fibers form between the two pairs of centrioles. Centrioles Sister chromatids Spindle fibers Slide 10 Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm Slide 11 Pro-Metaphase The NEW step in the cycle that occurs between Prophase and Metaphase. Activities formerly considered to mark the last part of Prophase: Nuclear envelope disintegrates. Centrioles arrive at the poles of the cell. Activities formerly considered to indicate the beginning of Metaphase: Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres linking two sister chromatids together. Chromosomes (sister chromatids) begin migrating/moving towards center of cell. Slide 12 Spindle Fibers chromatids Spindle Fibers attach to the chromatids (sister pairs of chromosomes) at the centromere. Spindle fibers are usually visible under a microscope in this stage. Sister Chromatids Sister Chromatids migrate until they are all lined up at the cell equator along the metaphase plate. The location of the equator or metaphase plate is determined by WHERE the chromosomes line up. Meta = Middle Meta = Middle Organization of sister chromatids along metaphase plate helps ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes are separated, each new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome. Centrioles Spindle fibers Slide 13 Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm Slide 14 Comparing Prophase, Prometaphase, and Metaphase Animal Cell: comparison of prophase, prometaphase, and metaphase. Plant Cell: comparison of prophase, prometaphase, and metaphase. Slide 15 sister chromatids The paired chromosomes ( sister chromatids ) separate and begin to move/migrate towards the opposite ends (poles) of the cell. Ana = opposite Ana = opposite V-like The migrating chromatids may appear V-like as they are pulled towards opposite poles. Centrioles Spindle fibers Slide 16 Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm Slide 17 The chromatids arrive at the poles of the cell. nuclear envelope nuclei A new nuclear envelope begins to form around each of the two clumps of chromatids, eventually forming two new nuclei. threadsrods Chromosomes gradually become uncondensed and appear as chromatin ( threads rather than rods ). cleavage furrowcell plate A cleavage furrow or cell plate may become visible towards the end of telophase. Mitosis This is the end of Mitosis. Nuclei Chromatin Slide 18 Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm Slide 19 Cytokinesis Cytokinesis : the division of the cytoplasm (and everything in it). Telophase Cytokinesis usually begins during Telophase (occurs concurrently). cleavage furrow In animal cells, the cleavage furrow pinches inward. cell plate In plant cells, a cell plate forms along the metaphase plate region and grows towards the cell walls. daughter cells nucleuschromosomes Cytokinesis results in two daughter cells each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes. Each daughter cell will end up with half of the cytoplasm and about half of the organellesthere are usually enough in the original cell that each daughter cell will end up with some. Slide 20 Animal Mitosis -- Review Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Slide 21 Plant Mitosis -- Review Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Slide 22 22 Mitosis Discussion Question: Mitosis is the process in which the nucleus divides to form two new nuclei. How does mitosis differ in plants and animals? Slide 23 Slide 24 Slide 25 I I nterphase P P rophase M M etaphase A A naphase T T elophase C C ytokinesis IPMATC Interesting People Meet And Talk Constantly Slide 26 26 Slide 27 http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm Slide 28 28 - Cell Division 6 1 2 3 4 5 28 Slide 29 From double helix to chromatin to chromatin to chromosome. to chromosome. The Many Faces of DNA histones During interphase, DNA that is actively being transcribed to make proteins is generally loosely wrapped around special proteins called histones. nucleosome The DNA + histone structure is called a nucleosome. beads on a string A strand of loosely wrapped, spaced out nucleosomes is called beads on a string. Chromatin Chromatin is actually a spaghetti-like fiber made of hundreds of thousands of tightly wrapped and closely packed nucleosomes. Chromatin is the way DNA is stored during interphase if it is NOT being actively transcribed. Slide 30 end of G2 beginning of prophase chromatin fiber chromosome loops condensed chromosome loops chromosomes At the end of G2 and into the beginning of prophase (the mitotic phase), the chromatin fiber will begin folding up along a protein scaffold (chromosome loops), which twist up and wrap in on itself again (forming condensed chromosome loops), and then coils up on itself to create the highly condensed chromosomes that we observe during the mitotic phase. Slide 31 Beads on a String Beads on a String: Active DNA being transcribed to make proteins during INTERPHASE. Chromatin Fiber Chromatin Fiber: Inactive DNA being stored/not transcribed during INTERPHASE. Condensed Chromatin Condensed Chromatin: Chromatin begins to fold up at the end of G2. Condensed Chromosome Condensed Chromosome: In PROPHASE, condensed chromatin coils in on itself to form the highly condensed chromosome. Slide 32 Slide 33 CLICK HERE for animation of DNA double helix wrapping up around histones to form nucleosomes and the beads on a string structure, nucleosomes packing up tight to create chromatin, and chromatin coiling up and condensing to form chromosomes. Slide 34 The process of asexual reproduction begins after a sperm fertilizes an egg.