how do we know what we know about war? normalization begins early through media memorials, rituals,...
Post on 23-Jan-2016
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![Page 1: How do we know what we know about war? Normalization begins early Through media Memorials, rituals, mourning Schools, churches, stores](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56649d375503460f94a0f48f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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How do we know what we know about war?
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Normalization begins early Through media
Memorials, rituals, mourning Schools, churches, stores
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Even language
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War offers an illusion of power and control
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But wars never follow the desired or imagined plan; they are difficult to control
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How does Chris Hedges account for war?
• Hedges is an idealist: not a dreamer, but one who looks at collective consciousess
• Most explanations focus on livelihood: how war is liked to production
• Hedges sees war as filling a deep human need for purpose: ontology
• War becomes crusade• These can operate in the
individual, in groups, in the nation
• Eros & thanatos? Sex & death?
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By contrast, Robert Kaplan sees the sources of war in geography (geopolitics)
• Kaplan fancies himself a realist, but his framework is a form of idealism
• Geography is immutable• Human societies adapt to
geography to survive• Hence, their character is
determined by geography• This operates in 2 ways:
– In terms of behaviors in war– In terms of prosecuting war
• What is determined cannot be changed: geographic space is national destiny!
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What if the (nation)-state is war?
What if our societies are sustained only because of war?
What would a “not-war” world look like? And who would lose?
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Why do wars happen?
I. Where?II. What kind?III. Types of causesIV. Examples
1. Korean War2. Kashmir3. Somalia4. Georgia5. Myanmar
V. Shared features
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Where are wars happening today?
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/map.htm
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What kinds of wars are these and why?
• Interstate: N.-S. Korea • Territorial: South China
Sea; Israel-Palestine• Secessionist/liberation:
Angola; India; Chechnya• Civil war: Ivory Coast;
Somalia; Georgia; Palestine• Ethnic/religious: Afpak;
Spain; Turkey• Insurgency/rebellion:
Algeria; Burma; Laos• Economic: Mexico; Congo• Intervention: Iraq; Yemen
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Alexander Nikitin has offered the following framework for the causes of
war• War is unnatural (and
can be eliminated)• War is natural, in
human nature (and cannot be eliminated)
• Structural/contextual factors sometimes enable war (some are “natural,” others not)
http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pic/pac256/WG2draft1.htm
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"WAR IS UNNATURAL” theories (Theories of unnatural essence of war)
War has no "eternal" or natural causes. War is a violation of human and social nature. It could and should be abandoned.
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"WAR IS NATURAL" Theories (Theories of natural causes of war)
Wars have natural causes & reasons. These causes are built-in human and/or social nature. The causes are indestructible, thus wars are unavoidable.
Minimum Security © 2006 Stephanie McMillan
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HUMAN NATURE is a main cause of war.
•Inborn, instinctive aggressiveness in an individual is an unavoidable parameter of human nature. •War is biologically “approved.” •War is a continuation and an extension of the "struggle of species for survival' from a biological world to a social world (Social Darwinism)
If war is “natural,” how does it come to be so?
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HUMAN SOCIAL NATURE is a main cause of war.
•Structure of social relations, group contradictions, division and sub-division of humankind into ethnic entities, nation-states, alliances and empires presuppose wars as one of "natural" and functional ways of social interaction between them.
•Some wars are more justified and functional, some less, but as a whole wars are a "dialectical" way of resolving contradictions.
•Progress and social development sometime occurs in the form of wars.
•Wars could be modified, controlled, but could not and even should not be eliminated as a social phenomenon.
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•Scientific and technological progress, industrialization and post-industrial development created,
–firstly, great demand for resources and redistribution of them, and –secondly, huge arsenals of modern means of destruction and fantastic abilities of a modern man to influence through technology (weaponry, computers, communication & propaganda) other men and states.
•Scientific thought couldn't be stopped. Weapons and dual-use technologies couldn't be disinvented. •Modern technologically supported wars (as well as futuristic nuclear, space, electronic and so on wars) are a "natural" and unavoidable companion of a scientific and technological progress.
TECHNICAL (MAN-MADE) NATURE is a main cause of modern and future wars.
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Structural or Contextual factors enable wars to happen, and so they do
• For example, there is no global state or authority to step in & prevent war
• The state emerged via war & is sustained by it (whether real or not)
• Small countries next to big ones are almost always disadvantaged
• A search for lebensraum
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Permissive, General & Proximate causes
1. Permissive: Wars happen because constraints that prevent them dissolve
2. General: Wars break out because parties have irresolvable differences & war is a “solution”
3. Proximate: Individual wars each have a unique set of triggers
Consider some specific examples
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Korean War, 1950-1953 & on
• Divided at the end of WWII
• Civil war w/in Cold War
• N. Korea invades• “UN forces” intervene• China intervenes• Armistice in 1953• Technical state of
war
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Kashmir
• Princely state under British Raj
• Mostly Muslim, but acceded to Hindu India
• Parts occupied by India, Pakistan & China
• Three wars between India & Pakistan inc. Kashmir
• Insurgency late 1980s-90s
• Mass demonstrations this summer
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Somalia
• Colonized by Italy & Britain
• Cold War ally of USSR, & switched sides
• U.S. provided support to Siad Barre until 1990
• Country split apart w/ many warring factions
• U.S. & Ethiopia want to prevent Islamic state
• Official govt. has no power
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Somalia_map_states_regions_districts.png
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Georgia (Caucasus)• Former republic in
USSR• Multi-ethnic society
rules by Georgians• Three secessionist
provinces• Tiblisi unsuccessful in
ending two• Russia entered S.
Ossetia in 2008• Russia supports
Abkhazia
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Myanmar (Burma)
• British colony• Military govt.• Highly-diverse• Mineral rich along
eastern borders• Govt. suppresses
minorities, who revolt
• But neighbors also have problems
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Do these wars share any characteristics?
• Internal to country• Small, ethnically-
mixed countries• One dominant
nationality• Power & wealth
imbalances• Mineral-rich regions• External meddling