How far are you in the certification process?

A. I haven’t started

B. I got the gogoCLIENT working

C. I passed the IPv6 Web Server test

D. I passed the IPv6 Email Server test

E. I got further than that, perhaps to Sage or Guru

Review

How many bits are in an IPv6 address?

A. 8

B. 32

C. 64

D. 128

E. 256

How many hexadecimal characters are in an IPv6 address?

A. 8

B. 32

C. 64

D. 128

E. 256

How many bits in the IPv6 address are used to identify a network on the Internet?

A. 8

B. 32

C. 64

D. 128

E. 256

The first 16 bits of an IP address are:1111 1110 1000 0000What is that word in hex?

A. 9870

B. 1514

C. FC00

D. FE80

E. FE90

Which IPv6 address is invalid?

A. ::

B. ::1

C. F:F:F:F:E:E:E:E

D. B:A:D:C:0:D:E

E. C:C:5:F:C:A:F:E

Which IPv6 address is invalid?

A. DEAD:BEEF::CAFE

B. ABBA:BAD::ACDC:G00D

C. 192:168:0::1

D. 1::1

E. 2::

How is the host portion of a public IPv6 address usually determined in Windows 7?

A. The router automatically configures it

B. It must be manually set

C. It is constructed from the MAC address

D. It is a random number

E. Something else

How is the network portion of a public IPv6 address usually determined in Windows 7?

A. The router automatically configures it

B. It must be manually set

C. It is constructed from the MAC address

D. It is a random number

E. Something else

What DNS record specifies an IPv6 address?

A. A

B. AAAA

C. MX

D. PTR

E. CNAME

What DNS record specifies an email server?

A. A

B. SOA

C. MX

D. PTR

E. CNAME

Summary of Certification Process(part 1)

IPv6 Client

IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets

Test IPv6 Tunnel

Register a Domain Name

• Domain registrar– Registers whois info– Assigns authoritative

DNS server– Puts “glue records” at

the top-level domain (.info, .com, etc.) with A and AAAA records of your nameservers

Set DNS Records

Test DNS Resolution

IPv6 Web Server

IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets

IIS ServerListening On [::]:80

HE.NETHTTP GET

IPv6 BackboneNative IPv6

IPv6-to-IPv4Gateway

Native IPv6

IPv6 Email Server

IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets

James Server

Listening On [::]:25

HE.NETSMTP SEND

IPv6 BackboneNative IPv6

IPv6-to-IPv4Gateway

Native IPv6

Chapter 3

3.3 IPv6 Header

• Traffic Class: same as TOS in IPv4

• Flow Label: used for QoS

• Next Header: can start a chain of headers

3.4 IPv6 Extension Headers

• Extension headers are only examined by the destination node– Except for the rarely-used Hop-by-Hop

Options header

Most Important Extension Headers

• TCP, UDP, ICMP6– Specify the higher-layer protocol

• AH and ESP– Used for IPsec security

• Mobility– Used for Mobile IPv6

Routing Header Zero

• Deprecated, and recommended to be filtered out– http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5095.txt

• A denial-of-service condition is possible by specifying a malicious path, such as a loop

ICMPv6

3.5.3 Neighbor Discovery

• Main Uses– Autoconfiguration of IPv6 Addresses– Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)– Address Resolution (replacing ARP)

Router Advertisement

• Router Solicitation (RS)– Sent by an interface when it is enabled and

needs an IP address

• Router Advertisement (RA)– Routers send these messages out, telling

clients the network prefix and other configuration information

Neighbor Solicitation

• Neighbor Solicitation (NS)– A node sends this message to verify that a

neighbor is still reachable, or for Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)

• Neighbor Advertisement (NA)– The response to a NS message

• “Solicited Node Multicast Address” (see p. 3-27)

3.5.4 Autoconfiguration

• Automatic addressing via two mechanisms– Stateless Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)

• No server needed• Routers advertise network portion• Hosts make up their own host portion

– Stateful Autoconfiguration (DHCPv6)• Requires a DHCP server

3.5.6 Path Maximum Transmission Unit (PMTU) Discovery

• IPv4 allows each router to fragment packets if needed to pass into a network with a small MTU

• In IPv6, only the sender can change the packet size– This makes the process much more efficient

Path Maximum Transmission Unit (PMTU) Discovery

• ICMPv6 “Packet Too Big” messages are sent to inform the source device to use smaller packets

iClicker Questions

Which of these systems decapsulates tunneled IPv6-in-IPv4 packets and sends them onto the IPv6 backbone?

A. gogoCLIENT

B. sydney.freenet6.net

C. GoDaddy

D. HE.NET

E. Your ISP

A student fails the HE Web Server test with a “could not grab the file via IPv6” message. Wireshark shows that no HTTP GET was received at their Web server. Which is the least likely explanation?

A. IIS not running

B. Firewall on

C. Incorrect AAAA record in DNS

D. gogo6 tunnel down

E. Filename incorrect

Which DNS record should be set to the highlighted value?

A. A

B. AAAA

C. MX

D. SOA

E. None of the above

Which DNS record should be set to the highlighted value?

A. A

B. AAAA

C. MX

D. SOA

E. None of the above

Which tool shows your domain’s current AAAA record?

A. IPCONFIG

B. NSLOOKUP

C. Wireshark

D. gogoCLIENT

E. NETSTAT

Which tool shows listening ports?

A. IPCONFIG

B. NSLOOKUP

C. Wireshark

D. gogoCLIENT

E. NETSTAT

Which IPv6 header field was once permitted to be zero, but now should never be zero?

A. Traffic class

B. Flow label

C. Payload length

D. Next header

E. Hop limit

Which IPv6 header field is always 6?

A. Traffic class

B. Flow label

C. Payload length

D. Next header

E. Version

Which extension header is used by encrypted packets?

A. TCP

B. UDP

C. ESP

D. ICMP

E. Mobility

Which of these items is not used in IPv6?

A. ARP

B. RS

C. NA

D. SLAAC

E. DHCPv6

Which process does a router use to tell devices what network address to use?

A. DAD

B. RS

C. RA

D. NS

E. NA

Which process prevents two devices from using the same IPv6 address?

A. DAD

B. RS

C. RA

D. NS

E. NA