how farmers are linking food security, adaptation and mitigation in east africa panel 2:...
TRANSCRIPT
How farmers are linking food security, adaptation and mitigation in East Africa
Panel 2: Opportunities and innovations to bring climate-smart agriculture to scale
Moses M. Tenywa
Brussels Policy Briefing no. 29 Climate change, agriculture and food security: proven approaches and new investments, 27th September 2012
Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute, Kabanyolo (MUARIK)
Presentation outline
• African agriculture
• Changes that have occured
• Food security & land degradation
• Climate risks & impacts
• Adaptation & mitigation measures
• Risk assessment & resilience framework
• Strategies & institutional innovations for
strengthening resilience of farming
systems
GHGs emissions in agriculture & carbon sequestration potential in selected countries in Africa(Source: Brown S et al., 2012)
GHG emissions Million t CO2e/yrTotal in agriculture sector with base year set at 2006
129
Livestock 108.36Non-livestock 20.64
Carbon sequestration (interventions) t CO2e/ha/yrChange in practices (soil only) 0.4 to 5 Changes that including soil and vegetation ( agro forests & native ecosystems)
6 to 22
Across four (4) EA countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda) and five (5) W. African countries (Burkina Faso,Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Senegal)
Land use changes-deforestation & conversion to agriculture account for 17% global C02 emissions (World Bank, 2009).
What has changed in the cattle corridor of Uganda?• Demographic shifts – increasing population• Environmental degradation - fewer trees, degraded soils• Increase in pests and diseases• Lower yields• Population pressure – same land + more people• Shifts in weather patterns- increase in extreme events• Shift from barter to cash trading system • Institutional change – collapse of cooperatives• Declining strength of cultural ties and tradition• More social places & interacting
Increasing climate related risksConsequences of droughtPoor yields, low livestock productivityFamineCoping mechanismsFeeding children with milkAlternative foods (e.g mud fish and water weed (especially in the case of the 1940s drought)Diversifying livelihoods – other cash crops (orange) & livestockDrip irrigation, Crops with short growing season, Drought resistant cropsSharing water with animals
Food security, production risks & hazards
Food Insecurity,Poverty, Envtal
degradation
Increasing population
Increased demand: Food,
Feed, Fiber & Fuel wood
Poor farming practices, Low adoption of
technology,Burning
Erosion,Nutrient mining,
Leaching
Declining yields
LandDegradation
Pests & diseases
Forest conversion and land degradation 37 M Ha of forest & wood lands in Africa destroyed each year (FAO, 1986)
Declining productivity & extensification
• 55% of the land in Africa is unsuitable for any kind of agriculture except nomadic grazing.
• 20-30% of SSA’s cropland is now severely degraded (Oldeman et al. 1991)
• Average yield of maize is only 1 ton/ha and most of EA countries will be unable to feed themselves by the year 2025 under “business as usual”.
Strategies Technologies and Practices
Cropland management Nutrient management , Tillage/residue management , Water management (e.g. small scale Irrigation), Improved varieties , Sustainable use of wetlands, Agroforestry
Sustainable management of Grazing land
Managing grazing Intensity, Pasture improvement (Reseeding, Species Introduction) and management, Water harvesting and management, Fire Management ,Controlling invasive weeds
Livestock management Improved feeds and feeding Practices, Animal Breeding Animal health care and management, Efficient marketing of livestock and livestock products
Restoration of Degraded Lands
Erosion Control, Integrated watershed management (IWM), Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM)
Agricultural manure and waste management
Improved Storage and Handling, Anaerobic digestion (e.g. Biogas), More efficient use of manure as nutrient Source
Technologies and Practices for enhancing adaptation and mitigation co-benefits in the agricultural sector
Technologies for adaptation to climate change used by smallholder farmers
Major management practices include; water harvesting, crop rotation with legumes and intercropping
Agroforestry & Afforestation enhancing removals-mitigation
Agroforestry holds great C-sequestration potential (e.g. mature cacao agroforestry systems under humid conditions store 565 tons of CO2eq per hectare (Rice & Greenberg, 2000).
Conservation and conservation agricultureConservation or reduced tillage agriculture increases SOM, moisture capacity and water use efficiency
Integrating agroforestry in the farming system has mitigation co-benefits through carbon sequestration as well as modification of microclimatic conditions to reduce soil moisture stress. Examples include citrus, coffee and Jatropha in banana plantation and as live fence;
Also storage helps avoid emissions
Agroforestry practices that enhance removals of GHGs
Rhi-zobia
40kg/ha urea
control0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Yiel
d (t
/ha)
Water and fertilizer management-what is the C-foot print?
Strategies for strengthening resilience of farmers
• Mobilization & sensitization
• Participatory planning• Strengthening Natural
resource user Self Help Groups-linking to markets & credit
• Training• Collective
Implementation• Participatory M&E