how green standards are changing data center design and operations
DESCRIPTION
An effort is underway to harmonize certain energy-efficiency standards. Could global standardization ultimately diminish the technical effectiveness of such standards? Which will emerge as the de facto standards? This session will explore these questions, as well in data center efficiency and sustainability guidelines.TRANSCRIPT
© Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Green Standards &data center design and operations
John PetersonPE, PMP, CEM, LEED AP BD+C
HP Critical Facilities Services
Agenda
• Data Center Green Standards
• Government Efforts– Energy Star, Dept of Energy
• Building Rating Systems– LEED
• Industry – ASHRAE, ISO
• Hallmarks of a “Green” data center
2
Data Center Green Standards
EPA ENERGY STARRatings/Certifications
LEED for Data Centers
Rating/Certification
Federal Energy Management
ProgramEO 13514-2009
Industry Consortium Industrial technologies Program e.g.,
Energy Base-liningDCEP program
EU Code of Conduct
for Data Centres
15+ codes, programs
and directives
3
90.1-2010-Appendix G2011 Environmental classes
90.4 Established
Singapore Standard for green data centres-energy and environmental monitoring
systems
© 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Key attributes of EO 13514
Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance
4
Builds upon past policy & regulatory framework:Energy Independence & Security Act, EO 13423, and Energy Policy Act 2005
Defined Green House Gas (GHG) Emissions (e):
•Scope 1 – direct GHG-e from sources owned or
controlled by a Federal agency.
•Scope 2 – direct GHG-e resulting from
generation of electricity, heat, or steam
purchased by a Federal agency.
•Scope 3 – GHG-e from sources not owned or
directly controlled by a Federal agency but
related to agency activities such as vendor
supply chains, delivery services, employee
travel and commuting.
Enterprise Greenhouse Gas Programs
Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP)
The Climate Registry(TCR)
Climate Action Reserve(CAR)
Global reporting Initiative
(GRI)
EPA Climate Leaders
VOLUNTARY
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)Reduce GHG by 10% from
power sector by 2018
EPA Mandatory Reporting GHG Rule (2010)
Facilities > 25000 MT GHG submit annual
report
REGULATORY
2010 California AB-32
Reduce GHG by 2020 to 1990 levels
EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
UK Carbon reduction Commitment (UK CRC)
Reduce GHG by 80% in 2050Vs 1990
National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting
Streamlining protocol
International Regulatory & Policy Gaining Momentum
• Based on actual as-billed energy data
• Serves as a whole building indicator
• Peer group comparison of data center’s energy performance
• Mix of fuels
• ENERGY STAR label to data centers with a rating of 75 or higher (scale of 0-100)
• 39 data centers certified to date (June 2013)
ENERGY STAR certification for data centers
6
ENERGY STAR - Portfolio Manager
7
• New version coming out July 10, 2013
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ENERGY STAR rating/certification
Data Submission for Potential certification
Step-4
Initiation
4 weeks
Step-1
Rating Initiation:• Send proposal to client• Decision to apply for Energy
Star rating. • Define Energy Star rating
objectives• Define Energy Star rating
scope• Determine key client
information: name, site, location
• Determine key technical information: building area, data center area, other spaces area
• Client approval• Select certification team• Notify the team to perform
the facility survey and data collection
Rating Preparation:• Verify eligibility• Read service data sheet
and service delivery guide• Define Survey date and
duration.• Request facility Electrical
& Mechanical documents • Utility bills –current/past 12
months or next 12 months• Conduct preliminary data
analysis• Understand preliminary
elect. & mechanical subsystems
• Understand metering requirements
Execution:• Site Visit and kick-off
meeting/presentation • Educate the client about the
process & interview• Conduct initial walk-through
& ensure as-built condition • Define building total energy • Define data center total IT
loads/UPS output• Determine mechanical loads
power panels or if any is on UPS
• Determine/Verify energy metering for total building and data center
• Install energy meters in designated locations if necessary
Data submission:• Create an account in
portfolio manager• Submit all required monthly
energy data for the building and the data center
• If rating is >75%; apply for Energy Star
• Generate energy use statement
• Populate all data in the report template
• Certify, Stamp and Finalize and submit to Energy Star
• Handover portfolio manager account after training to client for future management
• If rating is <75%; implement ECMs and re-apply.
Preparation
Step-2
Execution
Step-3
6 WEEKS-1 year +
DoE On-line Profiling Tool: Data Center Pro
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INPUTS
• Description
• Utility bill data
• System information
• IT
• Cooling
• Power
• On-site gen
OUTPUTS
•Overall picture of energy use and efficiency
•End-use breakout
•Potential areas for energy efficiency improvement
•Overall energy use reduction potential
DC Profiler Tool
To download the DC Profiler tool: http://ecenter.ee.doe.gov/EM/tools/Documents/DCPro_Downloadable_InstallInstructions.pdf10
DoE- Air Management Energy Assessment Tool
• Air management recommendations (actions)• Potential for reducing the supply airflow rate• Potential for increasing the supply air
temperature • Estimates of the % energy reduction for
supply fans and chillers
The AM-Tool is a free Excel tool for assessing the data center air-management status and providing actions and energy savings.
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To download tool and documentation http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/saveenergynow/dc_pro.html
Unit Program Step
AHU Airflow cfm Step 1 AHU
AHU Supply Air Temperature F Step 1 AHUAHU Return Air Temperature F Step 1 AHU
Equipment Temperature Rise F Step 2 Equip
Equipment Airflow cfm Step 2 Equip
Number of Equipment Units - Step 2 EquipEquipment Power W Step 2 Equip
IT-Equipment Intake Temperature F Step 3 RCI
Typical Max IT-Equipment Intake Temperature
F Step 4 Main Input
Typical Min IT-Equipment Intake Temperature
F Step 4 Main Input
Recommended IT-Equipment Intake Temperature Range
F Step 4 Main Input
Allowable IT-Equipment Intake Temperature Range
F Step 4 Main Input
OUTPUTS• Provide air-
management recommendations
• Estimate the potential for reducing supply airflow rate and increasing supply air temperature
• Estimate the percentage of energy reduction for fans and chillers
DoE AM Tool-Required Inputs
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INPUTS• Air-handler unit data
for calculating Return Temperature Index (RTI) (energy metric)
• IT-equipment data for calculating the RTI metric
• IT-equipment intake temperatures for calculating Rack Cooling Index (RCI) (equipment cooling metric)
• Main input with questions for determining energy savings and recommendations
DoE Electrical Assessment Tool
To download the tool and user manualhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/datacenters/docs/dcpro_eat.xls
Designed to help assess the potential savings from efficiency actions in the electrical power chain of a data center
INPUTS
• Basic configuration and efficiency information on electrical system components such as transformers, generators, uninterruptible power supply (UPS), power distribution unit (PDU) devices, and lighting
• Energy use of electrical systems
OUTPUTS
• Estimate potential savings for various electrical system efficiency actions.
• UPS efficiency comparison / benchmarking
• Energy efficiency metrics
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DoE Assessment Process
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Process StepCurrent
Tools/Resources1. Use DC Pro Profiling tool for preliminary assessment. Complete on-line survey of
profiling tool. Profiling Tool
2. Hold kickoff conference call to review goals and scope; Identify needed information and documents
Use report from Profiling tool as a discussion
prompter
3. Compile existing information from drawings, trend logs, etc. Enter available information into tools/worksheets
Assessment Tools or Worksheets
4. On-site meeting with all stakeholders: Site tour (if needed) / Overview presentation (if needed) / Review, confirm and document efficiency actions to be studied, metrics to be analyzed, and measurement plan (assign roles and responsibilities)
Assessment Tools or Worksheets
5. Conduct on-site measurements as needed to complete inputs for assessment tools.
Assessment Tools or Worksheets
6. Estimate savings for actions in each assessment area: Electrical power chain / IT equipment and software / Air Management / HVAC / On-site generation (Can be done off-site)
Assessment Tools
7. Estimate costs for each action in conjunction with site personnel (can be done off-site)
8. Compile assessment report and present to site Report Template
9. Provide report to DOE (sanitized if necessary, and if site approves) and provide feedback on overall assessment process
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k2w
k1w
k3w
k
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DoE Master List of Actions
To download the master list of actions “energy conservation measures” http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/datacenters/pdfs/data_center_actions_list.pdf
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Building Rating SystemsSustainable Building Rating Systems Development Basis BREEAM (Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method)
Original
BREEAM Canada BREEAM BREEAM Green Leaf BREEAM, Green Leaf™ Calabasas LEED LEED® CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency)
Original
CEPAS (Comprehensive Environmental Performance Assessment Scheme)
LEED®, BREEAM, HK-BEAM, IBI
Earth Advantage Commercial Buildings (Oregon) Undisclosed EkoProfile (Norway) Undisclosed ESCALE Undisclosed GBTool Original EPC for Data Centers (developed by California Energy Commission and LBNL)* GEM (Global Environmental Method) For Existing Buildings (Green Globes) –
LEED®
UK Green Globes Canada GOBAS (Green Olympic Building Assessment System) CASBEE, LEED® Green Building Rating System – Korea BREEAM, LEED®, BEPAC Green Globes Canada BREEAM Green Leaf Green Globes™ US Green Globes Canada Green Leaf Eco-Rating Program Original Green Star Australia BREEAM, LEED® HK BEAM (Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method)
BREEAM
HQE (High Environmental Quality) Undisclosed
Sustainable Building Rating Systems Development Basis BREEAM (Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method)
Original
BREEAM Canada BREEAM BREEAM Green Leaf BREEAM, Green Leaf™ Calabasas LEED LEED® CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency)
Original
CEPAS (Comprehensive Environmental Performance Assessment Scheme)
LEED®, BREEAM, HK-BEAM, IBI
Earth Advantage Commercial Buildings (Oregon) Undisclosed EkoProfile (Norway) Undisclosed ESCALE Undisclosed GBTool Original EPC for Data Centers (developed by California Energy Commission and LBNL)* GEM (Global Environmental Method) For Existing Buildings (Green Globes) –
LEED®
UK Green Globes Canada GOBAS (Green Olympic Building Assessment System) CASBEE, LEED® Green Building Rating System – Korea BREEAM, LEED®, BEPAC Green Globes Canada BREEAM Green Leaf Green Globes™ US Green Globes Canada Green Leaf Eco-Rating Program Original Green Star Australia BREEAM, LEED® HK BEAM (Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method)
BREEAM
HQE (High Environmental Quality) Undisclosed
iDP (Integrated Design Process) Original Labs21 Original LEED® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Original LEED Canada LEED® LEED India LEED® LEED Mexico LEED® MSBG (The State of Minnesota Sustainable Building Guidelines) '98, and BREEAM
LEED®, Green Building Challenge
NABERS (National Australian Built Environment Rating System) Undisclosed PromisE Undisclosed Protocol ITACA GBTool SBAT (Sustainable Buildings Assessment Tool) Original Scottsdale's Green Building Program Undisclosed SPiRiT (Sustainable Project Rating Tool) LEED® TERI Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment Original TQ Building Assessment System (Total Quality Building Assessment System)
Original
* The only rating system specifically developed for data center projects
iDP (Integrated Design Process) Original Labs21 Original LEED® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Original LEED Canada LEED® LEED India LEED® LEED Mexico LEED® MSBG (The State of Minnesota Sustainable Building Guidelines) '98, and BREEAM
LEED®, Green Building Challenge
NABERS (National Australian Built Environment Rating System) Undisclosed PromisE Undisclosed Protocol ITACA GBTool SBAT (Sustainable Buildings Assessment Tool) Original Scottsdale's Green Building Program Undisclosed SPiRiT (Sustainable Project Rating Tool) LEED® TERI Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment Original TQ Building Assessment System (Total Quality Building Assessment System)
Original
* The only rating system specifically developed for data center projects
Most common rating systems are LEED, BREEAM and Green Globes
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U.S. GBC LEED Introduction
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• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) - recognized as the most prominent third-party green building certification system in the US and derivations are widely used abroad.
• LEED basics:• concise framework for measurable green building performance,
including: energy savings, water efficiency, construction methods, building materials, and more.
• can be applied to any building type, from residential homes to office buildings to hospitals to data centers.
• 4 levels of certification: Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum.• The latest release, Version 3, was released on April 27, 2009. • Future versions are consensus based, transparent, ongoing
development cycle.• LEED certification leads to:
• Lower operating costs Increased asset value Reduce landfill waste• Conserve energy and water Healthier and safer environments for
occupants• Reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions• Qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances and other incentives in hundreds
of cities.• Demonstrates a commitment by the owner toward a more efficient,
environmentally-friendly future.
LEED Adaptations for Data Centers
New Construction Energy and Atmosphere •EA prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems (NC) •EA prerequisite 2: Minimum Energy Performance (NC) •EA credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance (NC) •EA credit 3: Enhanced Commissioning (NC) •EA credit 5: Measurement and Verification (NC)
Existing Buildings Energy and Atmosphere •EA prerequisite 1: Energy Efficiency Best Management Practices – Planning, Documentation and Opportunity Assessment (EB) •EA credit 2.1: Existing Building Commissioning – Investigation and Analysis (EB) •EA credit 3.1: Performance Measurement – Building Automation System (EB)
New Construction Water Efficiency (NEW CREDIT)•EA credit #: Cooling Tower Water Management (NC)
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Final Modified / Added Credits
Certified: 40 – 49 ptsSilver: 50 – 59 ptsGold: 60 – 79 ptsPlatinum: 80+ ptsTotal Possible Points=110
LEED Changes – 2013
23 credits have substantive changes upcoming
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Version 4
LEED Changes – 2013
Energy performance: Determine PUE5% improvement in design; 2% of the 5% is to be from infrastructureASHRAE 90.1-2010
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Version 4
PUE Usage and public reporting guidelines
Guidance on topics:•Data Collection and Metrics Calculations
•Reporting Result Timescale and Data Collection Details
•Reporting Results to The Green Grid
•Common Issues with Reporting or Interpreting PUE
• Infrastructure vs. IT
• Power vs. Energy
• “Better-than-Perfect” PUE Measurements
• Comparing Results Calculated over Different Timeframes at Different Granularity Levels
• Comparing PUE Results Between Data Centers21
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Plus CUE, WUE, ERE, ERF….and Data Center Maturity Model “DCMM”
PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness)
Emergency generator
Utility transformer
PUETotal data center energy from all fuels
(kWh)Total IT energy (kWh)
Total data center energy
House energy
=
Data center
Main service
PP-Gen service
Lighting panel
Generator block Heaters
& lighting
Lighting, Exit
lights, BMS,
EPMS & security
House panels
UPS
STS
PDUs
RPPs
Mech. Swgear
Data centerCRAC units,
AHUs, Chillers &
Dry coolers
Fuel
Misc. support Mech. supportPow
er
To
IT
IT-critical load
District chilled water
District steam
Natural gas
CO2
NOx
Total Direct Water Consumption
Fuel
ERF
ERE
Total data center energy
Total data center energy
CUE
WUE
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ENERGY STAR Rating Vs. PUE
≤ 1.5
Monitoring/Measurement Requirements
• 1–49: Low cost operational changes + improving IT efficiency + lowering the heat load +reductions to the cooling load
• 50–74: Simple, low-cost changes + equipment upgrades
• 75–100: ENERGY STAR certification
•100,000 square foot, tier 4 data center
•10 MW IT load
• LEED Silver
•Detailed energy modeling
•Base case and proposed energy end uses (demand and annual)
LEED Example: Global Bank – New Data Center
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LEED Example: Global Bank continuedPage 6
Performance Rating TableBaseline Building Energy Summary by End Use
Energy Peak Energy Peak Energy
KWHx000,000 kW x000 106 Btu 106 Btuh 106 Btu 106 Btuh %Interior Lighting Electricity 0.78 1.38 2662.14 4.71 2% 4163.86 8.16 2% 36.07%Interior Lighting (Process) Electricity 0 0 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00%Exterior Lighting Electricity 0.08 0.04 273.04 0.14 0% 477.82 0.00 0% 42.86%Space Heating (fuel 1) Natural Gas 0 0 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00%Space Heating (fuel 2) Electricity 2.13 1.55 7269.69 5.29 2% 6757.74 5.87 2% -7.58%Space Cooling Electricity 10.26 13.73 35017.38 46.85 20% 102253.48 203.01 60% 65.75%Pumps Electricity 8.36 37.67 28532.68 128.53 55% 443.69 0.00 0% -6330.77%Heat Rejection Electricity 0 0 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00%Fans - Interior Electricity 7.82 10.96 26689.66 37.40 16% 79147.47 108.50 32% 66.28%Fans - Parking Garage Electricity 0 0 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00%Service Water Heating (fuel 1) Natural Gas 0 0 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00%Service Water Heating (fuel 2) Electricity 2.37 3.25 8088.81 11.09 5% 8088.81 11.06 3% 0.00%Receptacle Equipment Electricity 0 0 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00%Refrigeration (food, etc.) Electricity 0 0 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00%Cooking (commercial, fuel 1) Electricity 0 0 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00%Cooking (commercial, fuel 2) Electricity 0 0 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00%Elevators and Escalators Electricity 0 0 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00 0.00 0% 0.00%
31.8 68.58 108533.4 233.99496 100% 201332.87 336.59006 100% 46.09%Note: Energy Consumption is listed in units ofsite energy106 Btu = kWh x 3.413 x 1000 103 Btu = therms / 100
Performance Rating Method Compliance Report
Total Building Consumption
Baseline BuildingProposed Building
Energy Type
Pro
cess
End Use
• 46% reduction in annual energy use for infrastructure systems (as compared to ashrae energy standard 90.1)
• 41% annual water savings (as compared to the Energy Policy Act of 1992 )
• Improved ventilation rates by 32% (compared to ASHRAE Std. 62.1)
ASHRAE Standard 90.1: Compliance options
Energy code compliance options• Prescriptive option• Trade-off option• Energy cost budget
Most compliant options are Trade-off option
Select approved addenda• Demand control ventilation requirements• Fan power limitations• Alternative compliance path for water-cooled
chillers with VFD/efficient part load performance
28 addenda identified as energy-related
Mandatory Provisions• Minimum HVAC equipment efficiency• Load calculations• Controls• Construction & insulation
Overall impact: higher efficiencies, thermal performance, and documentation
30% Energy progress• 6 prototypes in 17 climate zones, based on 2004• More prototypes to be examined• Envelope R-values increase
Results are preliminary
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1: Appendix G ImpactsClarifying existing items• Ventilation cfm of proposed = baseline
• Exception – EQc2 increased ventilation doesn’t change baseline
• Purchased CHW now covered
Summary: Eliminating confusion for calcs
Data Center economizer exceptions• 3 MMBtuh with or without central plant• 0.6 MMBtuh or less being added to existing
building• 0.6 MMBtuh or less with central plant• Local authority prohibits cooling towers
Summary: Only small data centers meet exemption criteria
Water-side items• VFD required on pump motors >10 HP• Maximum flows per pipe sizes• Heat exchanger test procedure• Pump head calcs required
Summary: More stringent requirements to increase efficiency
Air-side items• Exhaust air energy recover exception:
flammable • Two new baseline systems 10 & 11• Supply resets• Demand control ventilation
Summary: Greater efficiency on most air systems
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TC 9.09 recommendations at computer equipment air intakes
ASHRAE: Indoor Temperature and Moisture Levels
MAXIMUM80°F dry-bulb67°F wet-bulb60°F dew point
MAXIMUM80°F dry-bulb67°F wet-bulb60°F dew point
MINIMUM65°F dry-bulb53°F wet-bulb43°F dew point
MINIMUM65°F dry-bulb53°F wet-bulb43°F dew point
Alternate Description Dry Bulb (°F)Relative
Humidity (%)Wet Bulb (°F) Dew Point (°F)
Chilled Water
Supply Temp
Condenser
Water
Supply Temp
(for WSE)
Maximum
Outdoor Wet
Bulb Temp (for
WSE)
70F SA Conditions - Low Humidity 70.0 37.6 54.9 43.0
70F SA Conditions - High Humidity 70.0 58.9 60.6 55.0
72F SA Conditions - Low Humidity 72.0 35.1 55.7 43.0
72F SA Conditions - High Humidity 72.0 61.4 63.0 58.0
75F SA Conditions - Low Humidity 75.0 31.8 56.9 43.0
75F SA Conditions - High Humidity 75.0 59.6 65.1 60.0
80F SA Conditions - Low Humidity 80.0 26.9 58.8 43.0
80F SA Conditions - High Humidity 80.0 50.5 66.7 60.0
#1
#2
#3
#4
58.0
60.0
63.0
68.0
56.0
58.0
61.0
66.0
42.0
44.0
47.0
52.0
Alternate Description Dry Bulb (°F)Relative
Humidity (%)Wet Bulb (°F) Dew Point (°F)
Chilled Water
Supply Temp
Condenser
Water
Supply Temp
(for WSE)
Maximum
Outdoor Wet
Bulb Temp (for
WSE)
70F SA Conditions - Low Humidity 70.0 37.6 54.9 43.0
70F SA Conditions - High Humidity 70.0 58.9 60.6 55.0
72F SA Conditions - Low Humidity 72.0 35.1 55.7 43.0
72F SA Conditions - High Humidity 72.0 61.4 63.0 58.0
75F SA Conditions - Low Humidity 75.0 31.8 56.9 43.0
75F SA Conditions - High Humidity 75.0 59.6 65.1 60.0
80F SA Conditions - Low Humidity 80.0 26.9 58.8 43.0
80F SA Conditions - High Humidity 80.0 50.5 66.7 60.0
#1
#2
#3
#4
58.0
60.0
63.0
68.0
56.0
58.0
61.0
66.0
42.0
44.0
47.0
52.0
50001 – Energy Management System
• Designed to be used independently, yet can be aligned or integrated with other management systems (e.g., ISO 9001) and environmental (ISO 14001). Applicable to all organizations.
• Requires an organization to establish, implement, maintain, and improve an energy management system, enabling systematic achievement of continual improvement in energy performance, energy efficiency, and energy conservation.
• Imposes requirements on energy supply and consumption:− Measurement
− Documentation and reporting
− Design and procurement practices for energy-using equipment and systems
− Processes and personnel
• Applies to all factors that can be monitored and influenced by the organization to affect energy use.
• Does not prescribe specific performance criteria with respect to energy.
International Organization for Standardization ISO
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Hallmarks of a “Green” data center• Standards/Metrics for whole building performance• Demand for high temperature server operation will continue,
changing the way data centers are designed• Advances in using outdoor air for cooling will dramatically reduce
energy use • Based on industry design criteria and best practices, Climate and
geography leveraged to minimize GHG emissions• Facility responds to site constraints and advantages• Designed using rigorous whole-building energy modeling• Optimization of energy and water use• Life cycle approach used in decision making• Thorough and transparent reporting of energy use – Energy &
Sustainability Management (ESM)
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