How is sugar obtained commercially?

Wang Si Zhe 1o226

Table of content

Uses of sugarObtaining of sugarSeparation techniques usedDiagram on separation techniquesBibliography

Uses of sugar

Sugar is required for many uses some are:Cooking ingredientsSports and soft drinksA source of alcoholFuelling car-(sugar-based ethanol)

Basic introduction of sugar

Sucrose or table sugar is an organic compound.

Its molecular formula isC12H22O1

Our sugar is extracted from nature, sugar canes and sugar beets.

How is sugar obtained commercially?

It is then taken to industries to extract the sugar.Firstly, it undergoes affination.After, the syrup-sugar mixture will be centrifuged

to separate the sugar from the syrup.Then it is mixed with hot, sweet water.Secondly, it goes through a process known as

carbonatation or sometimes, phosphatation.Then it is filtered to remove the chalk and the

non-sugars.

How is sugar obtained commercially

Thirdly, it undergoes decolourisation to remove colour.

Lastly, it undergoes crystallisation to obtain the pure sugar crystals.

For maximum sugar production, the waste is crystallized again until there is no more sugar can be obtained.

Graphic flow chart for process of the making of sugar

Separation techniques

Filtration CrystallisationCentrifuge

What is filtration

Filtration is used the separate colloids from a suspension.

The suspension passes through a filter and the colloid which is left behind is known as the residue.

The liquid which collected is the filtrate.

Filtration in removal of sugar

After the affination process, the sugar went through carbonatation, the calcium carbonate collected lots of non-sugars.

The suspension passes through a filter and chalk with the non-sugars are removed.

Filtration in other uses

Water taps have a small filter to remove large mineral deposits.

Coffee makers used filtration to keep coffee grounds out of water.

Air-conditioners used filtration to remove dust particles.

Crystallisation

Crystallisation is the process in which to extract solute from solvent and also to purify the substance.

It is used to remove easily-decomposed solute from solvent.

Steps to do crystallisation

1. Heat the solution and evaporate most of the solvent.

2. Allow the solution to cool and it will form a saturated solution.

3. Crystals will start to grow.4. Remove the crystals through filtration and dry

it by putting it between two filter papers.

Crystallisation in removing sugar

The liquor which contains the sugar is boiled and then cooled, forming sucrose.

The sucrose is removed through centrifuge .The liquor still undergoes crystallisation to

extract more sugar. This process is called recovery.

Centrifuge

Centrifuge is a machine which separates lighter particles from denser particles.

The mixture in the centrifuge spins very quickly and separates the particles.

Centrifuge in the process of making sugar

In the mother liquor, it is spun in a centrifuge which removes sucrose from the liquor.

The liquor is spun as much as possible until there is no deposits of sucrose and the liquor is rejected as molasses.

Centrifuge in other uses

Centrifuge is used in separating:Red blood cells from blood.Oil industries.

Flowchart of the sugar processing process

Illustration on filtration

beaker

Filter funnel lined with filter paper

Retort stand

Water trough

Bibliography

How sugar is made-introduction. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sucrose.com/learn.html

How sugar is refined. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sucrose.com/lref.html

Peter, D. C. (n.d.). Machines used in sugar production. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_7378916_machines-used-sugar-production.html

Gcse chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.gcsescience.com/e6-crystallization.htm

Where do you use filtration in your everyday life. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_do_you_use_filtration_in_your_every_day_life

Thank you!