how machines do work outline notes pages 114-121
TRANSCRIPT
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How Machines Do Work Outline NotesPages 114-121
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1. What is a Machine? Machine: a device that allows you to do work in a way that is
easier
A machine makes work easier by changing at least one of three factors. A machine may change the amount of force you exert, the distance over which you exert your force, or the direction in which you exert your force.
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A. Input and Output Forces Input force: the force you exert on the machine
Output force: the force the machine exerts on an object
Input distance Output distance
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B. Input and Output Work Input work: input force times the input distance
Output work: output force times the output distance
The amount of output work can never be greater than the amount of input work.
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C. Changing Force When a machine increases force, you must exert the input
force over a greater distance.
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D. Changing Distance When a machine increases distance, you must apply a greater
input force.
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E. Changing Direction When a machine changes the direction on the input force, the
amount of force and the distance remain the same.
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2. Mechanical Advantage A machine’s mechanical advantage is the
number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it.
Mechanical advantage: ratio of output force to input force
Mechanical Advantage = output force ÷ input force
Inputforce
Output force
MA
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A. Increasing Force When the output force is greater than the input force, the
mechanical advantage is greater than 1.
The machine multiplies the applied effort.
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B. Increasing Distance For a machine that increases the distance, the output force is
less than the input force.
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C. Changing Direction If only the direction changes, the input force will be the same
as the output force and mechanical advantage will be 1.
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3. Efficiency of Machines In real situations the output work is always less than the input
work.
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A. Friction and Efficiency Efficiency: compares the output work to the input work
Efficiency is expressed as a percent.
In every machine some work is wasted overcoming friction.
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B. Calculating Efficiency To calculate the efficiency of a machine, divide the output work
by the input work and multiply the result by 100 percent.
Efficiency = (output work ÷ input work) x 100%
Efficiency Inputwork
Outputwork
X 100%
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C. Real and Ideal Machines Any machine with an efficiency of 100% is an ideal machine.
Ideal machines doe NOT exist.
Some work is wasted due to overcoming friction.
A machine’s measured mechanical advantage is called actual mechanical advantage.