how nucleic acids go from here to there
DESCRIPTION
How Nucleic Acids Go From Here To There. By: Laura Capparilli, Tyler Horton, Zach Johnston, and Kim Hagey. DNA. Characteristics of DNA: double-stranded, double helix, antiparallel Nucleic Acid: polymeric macromolecules made from nucleotide monomers - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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How Nucleic Acids Go From Here To
There
By: Laura Capparilli, Tyler Horton, Zach Johnston, and Kim Hagey
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DNA
Characteristics of DNA: double-stranded, double helix, antiparallel
Nucleic Acid: polymeric macromolecules made from nucleotide monomers
Nucleotide: An organic molecule that serves as a monomer of nucleic acid
Nucleoside: any various compound of sugar paired with either a purine or pyrimidine
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RNA
Characteristics: single-stranded Uracil replaces Thymine
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Bases: Purines and Pyrimidines
Purine: A nitrogen-containing substance derived from uric acid
Purine bases: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidine: A nitrogenous base with a six-sided structure
Pyrimidine bases: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
Base Paring in DNA: A=T, C=G
Base Pairing in RNA: A=U, C=G
Main functions: 1. DNA/RNA Replication Short Term energy storage of
ATP
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Breakdown in GI
Mouth – Mastication & Deglutition
Esophagus- movement of bolus via peristalsis through LES
Stomach- Nucleic Acids dissolve in gastric chyme
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Digestion in the Small Intestine
Ribonuclease - breaks down RNA into ribonucleotides
Chyme enters the duodenum, and the pancreas releases pancreatic juice which contain:
Deoxyribonuclease - breaks down DNA into deoxyribonucleotides
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Digestion in the Small Intestine
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BrushBorder
Further digestion occurs at the microvilli in the S.I. from two enzymes:
Phosphatases&Nucleosidases
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Products of Digestion
So your final products are Phosphate ion, pentose sugars, and a nitrogenous base.
Duodenum and Jejunum absorb the products in the epithelial cells.
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Absorption
Membrane transport proteins carry the products to the simple columnar using active and secondary transport.
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Absorption
Diffusion of the products from the simple columnar epithelium across the basolateral membrane into the interstitial fluid, into the capillary.
Where the Pyrimidines and Purine bases undergo De-Novo Synthesis, the pathway, and Salvage Pathway
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De-novo Synthesis
Why? Nucleic acids may not be readily available
De-novo synthesis is the creation of complex molecules from simpler molecules like sugars or amino acids
De-novo synthesis also refers to the process of DNA replication
For example, primase is an RNA polymerase and it can add a primer to an existing strand. DNA polymerase cannot and therefore needs to add the primer, de-novo
The de-novo pathway does not use free bases (A,G,C,T,U)
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De-novo Pathway
The purine ring is built up one atom or a few atoms at a time and attached to ribose throughout the process
The pyrimidine ring is synthesized as orotate (heterocyclic compound) and attached to ribose phosphate
The ribose phosphate is converted into common pyrimidine nucleotides
The enzymes involved in De-novo synthesis are present as large multienzyme complexes, such as folate, carbon dioxide, and glutamine.
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Salvage Pathway
Bases and nucleosides are formed during degradations of RNA & DNA
The SALVAGE PATHWAY is used to recover these molecules
This is especially important in tissues that cannot undergo De Novo Synthesis
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Salvage Pathway
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Human Urate Homeostasis
Urate is produced as the major end product of purine metabolism by liver, muscles, and intestine.
The biosynthesis of urate is catalyzed by xanthine oxidase (XO).
Approximately two thirds of the daily turnover of urate is accounted for by urinary excretion, with the remaining one third being excreted into the gut as feces.
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Purine DegredationGuanine and Adenine are converted to Uric Acid
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Products of pathway
Nuclease frees the nucleotide
Nucleotidase frees guanosine
Guanosine is converted to guanine
Guanine converted to xanthine
Xanthine converted to uric acid
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Hyperuricemia
An abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood.
High levels of uric acid in the blood can lead to gout, which is a medical condition characterized by recurrent attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis.
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Gout
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Valsalva Maneuver
Forceful attempted expulsion of air with plugged nose and closed mouth
Clears pressure in the middle ear
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Valsalva Maneuver
4 stages:
1. Initial Pressure Rise
2. Reduced Venous Return and Compensation
3. Pressure Release
4. Return of Cardiac Output
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Valsalva Maneuver
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Valsalva Maneuver
Can help diagnose:
Cardiovascular issues
Neurological issues
Urogenital Problems
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Valsalva Maneuver
Clinically, the Valsalva Maneuver is done against a closed glottis
This is a common sensation when exerting force such as lifting a heavy object or trying to force defecation
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Defecation Reflex
Defecation is the final act of digestion by which organisms eliminate solid, semisolid, or liquid waste from the GI tract via the anus
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Defecation Reflex
The rectum ampulla (dilated section of the rectum where feces is stored until it is expelled) acts as a temporary fecal reservoir
As rectal walls stretch due to filling, stretch receptors stimulate the desire to defecate
This causes contraction of rectal muscles, relaxation of the anal sphincter, and contraction of the external anal sphincter
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Defecation Reflex
If not acted upon, fecal matter returns to the colon via reverse peristalsis
Water is reabsorbed from fecal matter in the colon
If defecation is prolonged for too long, constipation can occur
If defecation occurs too quickly, diarrhea will occur
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Defecation Reflex
Defecation is normally assisted by taking a deep breath and trying to expel this air against a closed glottis
The Valsalva Maneuver aids in creating pressure in the chest such that the thorax exerts pressure on the digestive tract in the abdomen
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