how perceptions of beauty and other elements of social life can combine to form an ascribed status...
TRANSCRIPT
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HOW PERCEPTIONS OF BEAUTY AND OTHER
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE CAN COMBINE TO FORM AN ASCRIBED STATUS WHICH
LIMITS MOBILITY
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• MATRIARCHY– SOCIAL DOMINANCE BY WOMEN
• SEXISM– BELIEF THAT ONE SEX OR THE OTHER IS INNATELY
INFERIOR OR SUPERIOR
– UNTOLD LOSSES WHEN CONSIDERING HOW MUCH TALENT HAS BEEN LOCKED OUT
• INEVITABILITY OF PATRIARCHY– IS BIOLOGY DESTINY? SHOULD WOMEN RULE?
– MARGARET MEAD’S RESEARCH
“THE RULE OF FATHERS”A FORM OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN
WHICH MALES DOMINATE FEMALES
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THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS AND GENDER
WHAT IS FEMININE AND MASCULINE?HOW DO WE ACQUIRE SUCH DISTINCTIONS?
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SOCIALIZATION AND GENDER
The Israeli Kibbutz
A small community where all work is theoretically shared equally
Margaret Mead
Gender conceptions vary in New Guinea; Arapesh, Mundugumor
and the Tchambuli.
George Murdock
General role assignment when studying 200 pre-industrial
societies, but much variety beyond this.
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THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS AND GENDER
WHAT IS FEMININE AND MASCULINE?Talcott Parsons page 347
Complemetary set of roles:
Men are socialized for the labor force, to be rational, self-assured, and competitive. Instrumental qualities
Women are socialized for child rearing and raising the family, stressing emotional responsiveness and sensitivity to others. Expressive qualities
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IT STARTS IN THE FAMILY
• SELECTIVE ABORTION– SOCIAL VALUE AND DEATH
• IS IT A BOY OR GIRL?– COLOR-CODING GENDER
• HANDLING OF CHILDREN– BE A GOOD “LITTLE MAN”
• IT’S OK TO BE A TOM-BOY– WHY WOULDN’T A GIRL
WANT TO BE A BOY?
– BUT, WHAT IF A BOY ACTS TOO MUCH LIKE A GIRL?
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• PEER GROUPS USE NORMATIVE CONCEPTIONS OF GENDER– PRESSURES TO TAKE PART IN BEHAVIORS THAT
ARE NORMATIVE TO AGE AND GENDER
• PLAYING GAMES– BOYS AND “VICTORY” TEAM SPORTS
• TEACHES COMPETITION, RULES, WINNING
– GIRLS AND “COOPERATIVE” GAMING• GAMES TEACH INTERPERSONAL SKILLS AND THE VALUE
OF SHARING AND COOPERATION
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THE MEDIATHE MEDIATHE MEDIATHE MEDIA• WHITE MALES HAVE
CENTER STAGE• MINORITIES OF ALL
KINDS MINIMIZED Still?
• WOMEN RECEIVE ROLES BASED ON SEX APPEAL
• THE “BEAUTY MYTH”– EATING DISORDERS
– EMOTIONAL STRESS
– IDEAL IMAGING
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• ALMOST 60% OF ALL WOMEN WORK OUTSIDE OF THE HOME
• ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT AND SERVICE SECTOR JOBS MAKE UP THE TYPE OF WORK DONE BY ONE-HALF OF ALL WORKING WOMEN
• MANY WOMEN RETURN HOME FROM WORK TO BEGIN THEIR “SECOND SHIFT”
• ON AVERAGE, WOMEN EARN 71 CENTS FOR EVERY DOLLAR EARNED BY MEN (1992)– LARGELY DUE TO TYPE OF WORK DONE
• CORPORATE WOMEN AND THE GLASS CEILING
• RECENTLY, 20% OF RICHEST AMERICANS IDENTIFIED BY FORBES WERE WOMEN
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Gender and Violence
• Forcible rape - each year, 2-3 of every 1000 females over age 12 are raped in the U.S.
• Violence in the Home- women are the typical victims of family violence.
• Women in the Criminal Justice System - women are much less likely to kill, but when they do, judges are much more likely to give lenient sentences.
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• GIVEN THE ECONOMIC REALITIES, WOMEN CERTAINLY CAN QUALIFY
• AT ALL LEVELS IN THE CLASS SYSTEM, WOMEN HAVE:– LESS INCOME– LESS WEALTH– LESS EDUCATION, AND – LESS POWER THAN MEN
• PATRIARCHY PROVIDES WOMEN WITH A DIMINISHED SOCIAL STANDING
• Intersection theory- page 342
IN WHAT WAYSMIGHT AMERICAN TRADITIONS
CLOAK WOMEN IN A SHROUD OF LIMITATIONS?
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FEMINISM IN AMERICAITS MOST BASIC PRINCIPLES
• IMPORTANCE OF CHANGE– IT IS CRITICAL
• EXPANSION OF HUMAN CHOICE– NO RESTRICTIONS ON POTENTIAL
• NO GENDER STRATIFICATION– EQUALITY UNDER THE LAW
• ENDING SEXUAL VIOLENCE– DISTORTS RELATIONSHIPS
• SEXUAL AUTONOMY– CONTROL OVER REPRODUCTION
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• LIBERAL FEMINISM– HUMANITARIAN-LIKE THINKING
• SOCIALIST FEMINISM– BELIEF IN SOCIALIST REVOLUTION
• RADICAL FEMINISM– ELIMINATE IDEA OF GENDER
– EGALITARIAN, GENDER-FREE REVOLUTION
• OPPOSITION TO FEMINISM– MOST IS DIRECTED TOWARD SOCIALIST
AND RADICAL FEMINIST GROUPS
– GENERALLY, MEN DO NOT WANT TO GIVE UP THEIR STATUS. WHO REALLY WOULD?
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Figure 13.1 Men’s and Women’s Athletic Performance
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Applying Theory Gender