how to cite sources using harvard, chicago, and mla styles

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How You Should Cite Sources

Harvard, Chicago, and MLA Styles

There are different styles to reference sources. In this conference, we will focus on three of them: Harvard, Chicago, and MLA.

Harvard style is a widely used format to cite sources across most subjects. Despite its name, it is not tied to Harvard University. In fact, no organization sets its standard and that is why there are different variations of it. That implies that you should choose a variation and use it consistently. For example, some variations use a parenthesis to present the date while others do not.

Chicago referencing style is very used in the humanities (especially in literature, history, and the arts). The Chicago Manual of Style is published by the University of Chicago Press. It includes two basic documentation systems: a) author-date and b) notes and bibliography. In this conference, we will focus on the former.

The Modern Language Association (MLA) referencing style is most used in the humanities. It uses a system that consists of two parts: citations in text and the works cited list that is included at the end of the paper. What makes it different from other styles is that citations in the text point out (using numbers) to the works cited list.

Periodicals

1.   Journal

2.   Newspaper

Citation

Books 1.   Printed Book 2.   Edited Book 3.   Ebook

Periodicals (I)

•  Harvard basic format

Journal Article

Author’s surname,

First (and middle) name initial.

Year of publication.

Title of article.

Title of Journal,

Volume number

(Issue or part number),

Page(s). Preceded by p. or pp.

Burik, S. 2009. Opening philosophy to the world: Derrida and education in philosophy. Educational Theory, 59(3), pp.297-312.

Periodicals (II)

•  Chicago basic format

Journal Article

Author’s surname,

First name.

“Title of Article.”

Title of Journal

Volume number,

no. issue (Year): Page(s).

Burik, Samuel. “Opening Philosophy to the World: Derrida and Education in Philosophy.” Educational Theory 59, no. 3 (2009): 297-312. Be aware that there is no punctuation between the journal title and the volume number. If there are two or more authors, reverse the order of “surname, first name” from the second author on. Use the word “and” before the last author.

Periodicals (III)

•  MLA basic format

Journal Article

Author’s surname,

First name.


Title of Journal

Volume number.

Issue (Year): Page(s). Print

Burik, Samuel. “Opening Philosophy to the World: Derrida and Education in Philosophy.” Educational Theory 59. 3 (2009): 297-312. Print No punctuation between the journal title and the volume number.

Periodicals (IV)


Newspaper Article

Applebaum, B. 2013. Fed looks for other way to aid economy. The New York Times, 21 November. p. B1. Online newspaper: Follow the basic format and add “Retrieved from http://….”

Author’s surname,

First (and middle name) initial.


Title of article.

Title of Newspaper,

Day and month.

Page(s). Preceded by p. or pp.

Periodicals (V)


Newspaper Article

Applebaum, Bert. “Fed Looks for Other Way to Aid Economy.” The New York Times, November 21, 2013. •  Online newspaper: Follow the basic format and add the URL •  Add an access date only if required. In that case, use the word “accessed” •  If there are two or more authors, reverse the order of “surname, first name”

from the second author on. Use the word “and” before the last author.

Author’s surname,

First name. “Title of Article.”

Title of Newspaper,

Month, day, and year.

Periodicals (VI)


Newspaper Article

Applebaum, Bert. “Fed Looks for Other Way to Aid Economy.” The New York Times, 21 Nov, 2013: B1. Print •  Online newspaper: Follow the basic format, write “web” instead of “print”, and

immediately add the access date following the dd/mm/year format •  If there are two or more authors, reverse the order of “surname, first name”

from the second author on. Use the word “and” before the last author.

Author’s surname,

First name.


Title of Newspaper,

Day, abbreviated month, year:

Page number.

Print

Books (I)


Printed Book

Author’s surname,



Title of book.

City of publication,

State initials or country (if relevant):

Publisher.

Sullo, B. 2007. Activating the desire to learn. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Sommers, C. and Sommers, F. 2004. Vice & virtue in everyday life: Introductory readings in ethics. London, UK: Thomson.

Books (II)


Printed Book

Author’s surname,

First name .

Title of Book. City of publication:

Publisher, Year of publication.

Sullo, Bob. Activating the Desire to Learn. Alexandria: ASCD, 2007. Sommers, Christina and Fred Sommers. Vice & Virtue in Everyday Life: Introductory Readings in Ethics. London: Thomson, 2004.

Books (III)


Printed Book

Author’s surname,

First name .

Title of Book. City of publication:


Print.

Sullo, Bob. Activating the Desire to Learn. Alexandria: ASCD, 2007. Print. Sommers, Christina and Fred Sommers. Vice & Virtue in Everyday Life: Introductory Readings in Ethics. London: Thomson, 2004. Print.

Books (IV)


Edited Book

Noll, J.W. (Ed.). 2011. Taking sides: Clashing views on educational issues. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Editor’s surname,


(Ed.). or (Eds.).


Title of book.

City of publication.

State abbreviation:

Publisher.

Books (V)


Edited Book

Noll, James, ed. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Educational Issues. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.

Editor’s surname,

First name,

ed. or eds.

Title of book.

City of publication:


Books (VI)


Edited Book

Noll, James, ed. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Educational Issues. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print.

Editor’s surname,

First name,

ed. or eds. Title of book.

City of publication:


Print.

Books (VII)


Ebook

Denscombe, M. 2010. The good research guide: For small social research projects.[Ebook] New York: McGraw-Hill. Available at: http://books.google.com.pa/books/about/The_Good_Research_Guide.html?id=I6rRC0oyotkC&redir_esc=y [04 December 2013]

Author’s surname,

First (middle) name initial.


Title of book.

[Ebook] City of publication: (if known)

Publisher. Available at: URL

[access date] day month year

Books (VIII)


Ebook

Denscombe, Martyn. The Good Research Guide: For Small Social Research Projects. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Accessed December 04, 2013.http://books.google.com.pa/books/about/The_Good_Research_Guide.html?id=I6rRC0oyotkC&redir_esc=y Sullo, Bob. Activating the Desire to Learn. Alexandria: ASCD, 2007. Kindle edition.

Author’s surname,

First name.

Title of Book.

City of publication: (if known)


Type of edition or “Accessed date. URL”

Books (IX)


Ebook

Denscombe, Martyn. The Good Research Guide: For Small Social Research Projects. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Google Book Search. Web. 04 Dec. 2013.

Author’s surname,

First name.

Title of Book.

City of publication: (if known)


Database. Ebook or Web.

Access date. Day month (abbreviation) year

Now You Know Basic Rules for Citing:

1.  Journal articles 2.  Newspaper articles 3.  Printed books 4.  Edited books 5.  Ebooks

Using Harvard, Chicago, and MLA styles.

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