how to computer work muhammad ahmed hussain [email protected]@gmail.com /...
TRANSCRIPT
How to How to Computer Computer
WorkWork
MUHAMMAD AHMED HUSSAIN
[email protected] / yahoo / homail.com
By:
You Will Learn…
That a computer requires both hardware and software to work
About the many different hardware components inside and connected to a computer
How the CPU works and how it communicates with other devices
Hardware Needs Softwareto Work Hardware
Physical components of the computer (monitor, keyboard, memory chips, hard drive)
Software Set of instructions that directs
hardware to accomplish a task
Functions of the Microcomputer
Binary Number System
Technology of storing and reading only two values: on and off
Bits and bytes Originated in the 1940s by John
Atanasoff
Binary Number System
Binary Number System
PC Hardware Components
Input/output devices: outside computer case
Processing and storage components: inside the case
Elements required by hardware devices to operate: Method for CPU to communicate
with it Software to instruct and control it Electricity to power it
Hardware Used forInput and Output
Connects to computer case by ports
Most popular input devices: Keyboard Mouse
Most popular output devices: Monitor Printer
Ports
Input Devices
Output Devices
Hardware Inside the Case
Motherboard (contains CPU, memory, etc.)
Floppy drive, hard drive, and CD-ROM drive (permanent storage)
Power supply with cords supplying electricity to all devices inside the case
continued…
Hardware Inside the Case
Circuit boards (used by CPU to communicate with devices inside/outside the case) Contain microchips, which are most often
manufactured using CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technology
Cables that connect devices to circuit boards and the motherboard Data cables Power cables (or power cords)
Peripheral Devices
Communicate with CPU but are not located directly on the motherboard
Some are linked by expansion cards in expansion slots on the motherboard
The Motherboard
Largest, most important circuit board in the computer
Contains the CPU, with which all devices must communicate: Installed directly on the motherboard Linked by a cable connected to a port on
the motherboard Indirectly linked by expansion cards
Also called the main board or system board
The Motherboard
Ports on a Motherboard
Major Components on All Motherboards For processing:
CPU Chip set
For temporary storage: RAM Cache memory
Electrical system: Power supply
connections
For communication with other devices: Traces Expansion slots System clock
Programming and setup data: Flash ROM CMOS setup
chip
The CPU
Most important chip (the microprocessor)
Performs most of actual data processing
The Chip Set
Controls flow of data and instructions to and from the CPU
Provides careful timing of activities
The Chip Set
CPU and Chip Set Manufacturers
IBM-compatible PCs Intel Corporation AMD VIA SiS Cyrix
Macintosh (Apple Computer, Inc.) Motorola Corporation
Storage Devices
Temporary (primary storage, or memory) Temporarily holds data and instructions
while processing them Faster to access than permanent storage
Permanent (secondary storage) Data and instructions must be copied into
primary storage (RAM) for processing
Primary and Secondary Storage
Primary Storage Devices
Memory, or RAM, located on motherboard and other circuit boards Volatile versus nonvolatile (or ROM)
memory Common types of boards that hold
memory chips SIMMs (single inline memory modules) DIMMs (dual inline memory modules) RIMMs (memory modules manufactured
by Rambus, Inc.)
RAM Chips
Types of RAM Modules
Secondary Storage Devices
Hard disks Floppy disks Zip drives CD-ROMs DVDs
Hard Drive
Uses EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) technology
Motherboard can accommodate up to four IDE devices on one system
IDE provides two connectors on a motherboard for two data cables
Motherboard with Connectors
A Typical System
Hard Drive’s Power Supply
Floppy Drive Cable
Floppy Drive Connection
CD-ROM Drive
Motherboard Components Used for Communication Among Devices The bus
System of pathways used for communication and the protocol and methods used for transmission
Includes a data bus, address bus, and control bus
Bus Lines
Data Bus
System Clock
Synchronizes activity on the motherboard
Sends continuous pulses over the bus that are used by different components to control the pace of activity
Frequency of activity is measured in MHz,or 1 million cycles per second
System Clock
Bus Lines
Lines of a bus, including data, instruction, and power lines, often extend to the expansion slots
Types of expansion slots PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
For high-speed input/output devices) AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
For a video card ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)
Used by older and/or slower devices)
Bus Lines
Types of Expansion Slots
Interface (Expansion) Cards
Enable CPU to connect to external device or to a network
Interface (Expansion) Cards
Full View of a Video Card
The Electrical System
Power supply Most important
component of computer’s electrical system
Converts/reduces electricity to voltage the computer can handle
Runs a fan directly from electrical output voltage to cool inside of computer case
Electrical System
Electrical System
Instructions and Data Stored on the Motherboard
ROM BIOS Holds software needed to start up PC and
begin loading an OS Most are flash ROM
CMOS chip Stores setup (configuration) information
Setup information can also be set by means of jumpers and DIP (dual inline package) switches
Powered by a battery on motherboard when power is off
ROM BIOS Chip
ROM BIOS Chip
CMOS Chip
Using Jumpers
DIP Switches
How a CPU Works and Communicates with Other Devices Responsible for most processing Depends on chip set, system
clock, and buses to move data to and from I/O devices, memory, and secondary storage
Only two states: on and off
Components of a CPU
Input/output (I/O) unit Manages data/instructions
entering/leaving CPU One or more arithmetic logic
units (ALU) Does all comparisons and
calculations Control unit
Manages all activities inside CPU itself
Components of a CPU
How the CPU Works
Registers hold data and instructions while it processes them
Memory cache holds data and instructions just before they are processed
Internal bus runs at different speed than external bus
How the CPU Uses Memory
CPU accesses memory by way of the data bus
How CPU and Devices Use System Bus to Communicate
The Address Bus
The Control Bus
System clock control line Provides timing for motherboard
components Interrupt request (IRQ) lines
Used by devices to get CPU’s attention; assigned at startup
Read/write control lines How to use address on address bus (read
or write operation) I/O control lines
How to use address lines (memory addresses or I/O addresses)
Interrupt Request (IRQ) Lines
I/O Control Lines
Understanding Binary
With computers, everything is binary; every process is a series of zeros and ones
Decimal and hexadecimal notations are two shorthand ways of displaying binary numbers
Understanding Binary
Hexadecimal notation (hex) Shorthand way to display long
binary numbers; easier for humans to understand
Built on multiples of sixteen ASCII (American Standard Code
for Information Interchange) standard Has assigned an 8-bit code for
letters, symbols, and other characters
Chapter Summary
An introduction to the inside of the computer
Initial insight into how hardware components of a computer system work
How a CPU works and communicates with other devices
Understanding binary
