how to identify prairie plants? look at pictures of plants and use keys – dichotomous, polyclave,...
TRANSCRIPT
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How to identify prairie plants?
• Look at pictures of plants and use keys – dichotomous, polyclave, interactive – give some examples later.
• Pictures in books work best for plants with showy flowers. For grasses, keys are a must.
• How to decide if a plant is a grass or a forb? How to decide which key to use?
• Focus for this class is mostly grasses.
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Which Key to Use• First, to which division of the Plant Kingdom
does the plant belong? This is based on how the plant reproduces.– Spores – Lichen, Mosses & Liverworts, Ferns,
(Bryophyta, Pteridophyta)– Naked seeds, ie conifers (Gymnospermophyta)– Seeds enclosed in an ovary – flowering plants
(Angiospermophyta)
• Montana prairies do include some lichens and mosses, but not ferns (club moss, horsetail, royal fern), unlike UNDERC-East.
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Prairie Plants = Flowering Plants
• Flowering plants include flowers, grasses, deciduous trees.
• What makes the distinction?
• Angiosperms are split into 2 classes of plants: those with one seed leaf or Monocotyledoneae; those with 2 seed leaves or Dicotyledoneae.
• Is your plant a monocot or dicot?
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Monocots vs Dicots
Dicotyledon class: two seed leaves netted veins tap roots floral parts mostly in 4’s and 5’s
Monocotyledon Class: one seed leaf parallel veins horizontal rootstalks floral parts mostly in 3’s
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IF A MONOCOT
• Then, is the plant a monocot with showy flowers?– Examples – Lily family, Iris family, Orchid family
• Or, is the plant a monocot with non-showy flowers?– Examples – Grass, Sedge, Rush are only families
appearing grasslike. Other aquatic families – cattail, pondweed, etc.
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IF A DICOT• Dicots account for many families with the Aster
family as one of the largest.– Aster family is the largest family of flowering plants in
the northern latitudes – 346 genera and 2,687 species in US & Canada.
• Then, is your dicot plant a member of the Aster family?– Most complex – “sepals” are bracts (ie artichokes),
disk flowers and ray flowers– Example – dandelion has only ray flowers
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Composites - Asteraceae
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IF DICOT IS NOT ASTERACEAE• If there is a flower - make notes on
number of sepals, petals, and stamens. Remember the order from outside to inside – Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Pistil in middle – flower parts occur in rings.
• Note whether flowers are regular or irregular
• Are sepals united or separate• Notice position of leaves – ie alternate,
opposite, basal or whorled
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Keys to Dicot Flowers• Regular dicot flowers with numerous petals
– Cactus, bitterroot
• Irregular dicot flowers– Teasel, pea, toadflax, penstemon, mint, Indian paintbrush
• Regular dicot flowers with 3 or 0 petals– Spurge (eg poinsetta)
• Regular dicot flowers with 4 petals– Phlox, plantain, harebell, dogwood
• Regular dicot flowers with 5 united petals– Borage (Gromwell), morning glory
• Regular dicot flowers with 5 separate petals– Rose, St Johnswort, Dianthus, Geranium
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Using keys to plants
• Variety of keys
• Some based on colors of flowers
• Some technical
• Regardless, important to keep in mind some basics – that is, keys help narrow down your choices by elimination
• For example, the following key to get to grasses versus forbs:
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Some examples of prairie dicots:
Beebalm, Butter and eggs, yellowbell, Indian paintbrush, Dianthus
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Arrowleaf Balsamroot BitterrootBalsamorhiza sagittata Lewisia sp
Lupine -Lupinus sp.
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Artemisia frigida
Artemisia ludoviciana
Artemisia dracunculus
SAGESAsteraceae
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4 major North American graminoid plant families:
• Typhaceae - cattail (plants 3-6’ tall, flower spike 1” thick and 4-12” long)
• Juncaceae – rush (flowers not enclosed in chaff-like bracts) – “lilies turned to grass”
• Poaceae – grass (stems hollow, round; leaves wrapped around stem; leaves in 2 rows)
• Cyperaceae – sedge (stems solid, triangular; leaf bases forming tubes about the stem; leaves in 3 rows) – “sedges have edges”
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On to grasses …
• Grasslands would not be … without grasses – Agrostology = study of grasses
• Grasses are flowering plants, but the flowers lack showy petals and sepals - seeds are wind-pollinated
• Grasses are in the family Poaceae
• Subdivided into 15 Tribes
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15 major North American grass Tribes • Triticeae: Agropyron, Elymus, Eremopyrum, Hordeum, Secale, Taeniatherum,
and Triticum.• Aveneae: Agrostis, Alopecurus, Avena, Beckmannia, Calamogrostis,
Deschampsia, Helictotrichon, Hierochloe, Holcus, Koeleria, Phalaris, Phleum, Polypogon, Trisetum, and Ventenata.
• Stipeae: Stipa and Oryzopsis.• Meliceae: Catabrosa, Glyceria, and Melica.• *Poeae: Bromus, Dactylis, Festuca, Lolium, Poa, Puccinellia, and Vulpia.• Andropogoneae: Andropogon, Sorghum, and Zea.• Paniceae: Cenchrus, Dichanthelium, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Panicum,
Paspalum, Pennisetum, and Setaria.• Chlorideae: Bouteloua, Buchloe, Cynodon, Eleusine, Schedonnardus, and
Spartina.• Aeluropodeae: Distichlis.• Eragrosteae: Calamovilfa, Eragrostis, Muhlenbergia, Munroa, and
Sporobolus.• Aristideae: Aristida.• Arundineae: Arundo, Cortaderia, and Phragmites.• Danthonieae: Danthonia.• Oryzeae: Leersia, Oryza, and Zizania.• Bambuseae: Arundinaria.
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Grass Terminology – Parts of a grass plant
• Leaf = sheath and blade joined by ligule• Floret = flower is inside the:
– lemma (outer bract) and – palea (inside bract)
• Spikelet = floret(s) along rachilla (central axis) and – lower and upper glumes
• Forms of Inflorescence: panicle, raceme, spike
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Grass Terminology – Parts of a grass plant
• Leaf = sheath and blade joined by ligule
• Floret = flower is inside the lemma (outer bract) and palea (inside bract)
• Spikelet = floret(s) along rachilla (central axis) and lower and upper glumes
• Forms of Inflorescence: panicle, raceme, spike
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R. Pohl: How to Know the Grasses A. Chase: First Book of Grasses
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Ligules (left and ctr) Auricles (rt)
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Grass Terminology – Parts of a grass plant
• Leaf = sheath and blade joined by ligule
• Floret = flower is inside the lemma (outer bract) and palea (inside bract)
• Spikelet = floret(s) along rachilla (central axis) and lower and upper glumes
• Forms of Inflorescence: panicle, raceme, spike
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Grass floretGrass spikelet (generalized)
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AWNS – protruding midrib of a lemma or glume; lateral nerves rarely produce awns (Pohl 1954)
FLOWERS – stamens
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Comparison of forb to grass showing parts of spikelet
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http://gemini.oscs.montana.edu/~mlavin/herb/mtgrass.pdf
Avena
Lolium
Bromus japonicus
Festuca
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Grass Terminology – Parts of a grass plant
• Leaf = sheath and blade joined by ligule
• Floret = flower is inside the lemma (outer bract) and palea (inside bract)
• Spikelet = floret(s) along rachilla (central axis) and lower and upper glumes
• Forms of Inflorescence: panicle, raceme, spike
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PanicleRaceme Spike
Forms of Inflorescence
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Panicle - pedicelPoa pratensis
Festuca idahoensis
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Koeleria macrantha Bromus tectorum
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Spike - sessile
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Grass showing panicle inflorescence, Yarrow
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TOOLS for ID: KEYS and PICTURES
• Interactive grass “weed” key on web: http://whizlab.isis.vt.edu/servlet/wid?table=grasses posted by Kevin Bradley, Post-doc, VPI.
• Grass vegetative key with pictures http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/TOOLS/TURF/
• Common Weed Seedlings of Michigan - simple vegetative key for grasses and broadleaf weeds with pictures http://web1.msue.msu.edu/msue/iac/e1363/e1363.htm#key
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TOOLS for ID: KEYS and PICTURES (continued)
• "Grasses of Montana" by M. Lavin and C. Seibert (Feb 2009). http://gemini.oscs.montana.edu/~mlavin/herb/mtgrass.pdf
• National Plant Data Center – polyclave key http://npdc.usda.gov/technical/plantid_wetland_mono.html