how to lie with maps mr. keller ap human geography september 2006
TRANSCRIPT
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How to Lie with Maps
Mr. Keller
AP Human Geography
September 2006
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Introduction
• A map is a generalization or representation of the real world.
• All maps lie. They contain distortions. You cannot represent the three-dimensional Earth on a flat surface without distorting reality.
• Any useful map is selective in what is put in and left out. Example, road or subway map.
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Three sources of map distortion
• Map scale – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller.
• Map projection – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface of Earth on a flat plan.
• Map type – you can display the same information on different types of maps
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Map scale – tells us relationship between distance on map and distance on Earth’s surface
• Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to Earth distance.– 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 10,000
inches on Earth’s surface, one centimeter represents 10,000 centimeters, one foot equals 10,000 feet.
– Recall a small fractions has a large denominator so that 1:100,000 is smaller scale than 1:25,000.
– A large-scale map depicts a small area with great detail. A small-scale map depicts a larger area with little detail.
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Ratio scale
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Which is the large-scale map?
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Map scale continued:
• Verbal scale – translates the representative fraction into words– One inch represents one mile conveys more meaning
than 1:63,360
– Used little in places where people use metric system. People familiar with centimeters and kilometers have little need for verbal scales to tell them that 1:100,000 means that one centimeter equals one kilometer or that 1:250,000 means that four centimeters represent one kilometers.
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Map Scale Continued:
• Graphic scale – is a simple bar scale that portrays distance on the map.
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Map projection is the way we fit Earth’s three-dimensional surface
onto flat paper or a screen.
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Mercator Projection
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Mercator Projection
• Stretches the poles from on length to the size of the equator. The north-south scale is constant, but east-west scale increases to twice the north-south scale at 60 degrees N and infinitely at the poles
• Shapes are correct for all areas, and map has correct directional relationships.
• Look at the size of Greenland and Antarctica.• Map exaggerates the distance between Chicago
and Stockholm, both in northern latitudes.
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Equal Area Projection
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Equal Area Projection
• Represents areas correctly but distorts shapes.
• If South America is 8 times larger than Greenland on the globe, it will be 8 times bigger on the map.
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Robinson Projection
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Robinson Projection
• Frequently used.
• Distorts both size and shape, but not too much.
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Map Type -- you can display the same information on different
maps• A thematic maps depicts a single feature, for
example, climate, population, landform, or land use.
• Types of thematic maps:– Isoline – connects points of equal value– Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps
classes for each region– Proportional symbol – size of the symbol corresponds
to the magnitude of the mapped feature– Dot – each dot represents some frequency
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Map types
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What kind of map is this?
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What kind of map is this?
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What kind of map is this?
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What kind of map is this?
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Other types of visual images: Mental map=map of an area in
your mind.
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Satellite Images – data are collected and processed from satellites over Earth’s surface
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Bottom Line: Hundreds of decisions are made in the making of a map, including scale, projection, and type. These decisions ultimately determine the map’s message.