how to manufacture petroleum, greases, lubricants & petro chemicals
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How to Manufacture
Petroleum, Greases, Lubricants
Petro Chemicals
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Lubricants, greases and petrochemicalsare most versatile on the Industrial Plateaunow a day. The significance of Lubricants,
Greases and specialty products in the dayto day functioning of nearly every machinepart, instrument, appliance & device cannotbe over emphasized lubricants reduce
friction & wear between rubbing parts,thereby enhancing their life.
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Information
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A lubricant is a substance introduced toreduce friction between moving surfaces. It
may also have the function of transportingforeign particles. The property of reducingfriction is known as lubricity. The broad typesof lubricating oils are as under; crankcase oils,
gear oils, metal working oils, metal drawingoils, spindle and other textile oils, steamturbine oils. Synthetic lubricants have a higherviscosity index, but are less stable to
oxidation. They are suitable for hightemperature applications.
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In the modern industrial year, greases have beenincreasingly employed to cope with a variety of
difficult lubrication problems, particularly thosewhere the liquid lubricant is not feasible. Greasesare essentially solid or semi solid lubricantsconsisting of gelling or thickening agent in a liquid
lubricant. Greases and lubricants are one of theimportant products derived from crude petroleum.Petroleum is formed by hydrocarbons (ahydrocarbon is a compound made up of carbonand hydrogen) with the addition of certain othersubstances, primarily sulphur.
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Petroleum in its natural form when firstcollected is usually named crude oil, and can
be clear, green or black and may be either thinlike gasoline or thick like tar. The principalproduct of petroleum refining are motorgasoline, aviation gasoline, kerosene, jet fuels,
diesel fuels, lubricating oils and fuel oils.Considerable quantities of petroleum wax,bitumen, liquid petroleum gases (LPG),industrial naphtha and coke are also produced.
Petrochemicals are chemicals made frompetroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.
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Petroleum and natural gas are made up of hydrocarbon molecules, which are comprised
of one or more carbon atoms, to whichhydrogen atoms are attached. The Indianlubricants industry claims to be the sixthlargest in the world. The petrochemicalindustry in India has been one of the fastestgrowing industries in the country. Thisindustry also has immense importance in the
growth of economy of the country and thegrowth and development of manufacturingindustry as well.
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Some of the fundamentals of the book are typesof lubricating oils, crankcase oils, gear oils,
metal working oils, metal drawing oils, spindleand other textile oils, steam turbine oils,synthetic lubricants, formulations and compounding of lubricants, additives for straight
mineral oil gear lubricants, raw materials forlubricants, equipments for lubricantsmanufacture, reclamation of used lubricating oil,nature of contaminants in used lubricating oil,
gravity methods of purification, metal formingand deforming lubricant, cutting oils, heattreatment oils, greases,
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sodium soap greases, lithium soap greases,aluminium soap greases, mixed soap
greases, complex soap greases etc.The objective of this book is to furnishcomprehensive information about nearly allprominent types of lubricants, greases and
petrochemicals. This book covers formulae,processes of various petroleum items. Thisbook is an invaluable resource forentrepreneurs, existing units, professionals,institutions etc.
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Table of Contents
1. Types of Lubricating OilsCrankcase OilsGear OilsMetal Working OilsMetal Drawing OilsSpindle and Other Textile OilsSteam Turbine Oils
Synthetic LubricantsMiscellaneous OilsFatty Oils
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Residual and Petrolatums as
LubricantsAsphalt Residual as LubricantsApplication of Asphalt Residual as
LubricantsPetrolatums as LubricantsParaffin Wax as Lubricant
Resinous Materials as LubricantsSolid LubricantsThickeners
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Carbohydrates and Proteins asThickenersPolymers as Thickening AgentsAcetylene Black as a Thickener
Petroleum LubricantsBolt LubricantsCryogenic Bearing Lubricants
Lubricants for Missile SystemsLubrication with Glass
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2. Formulations and Com-pounding of LubricantsAdditives for straight Mineral Oilgear LubricantsFormulation of Open or ExposedLubricantsFormulation of mild type E.P.LubricantsAircraft LubricantMiscellaneous Formulation
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3. Raw Materials for LubricantsTest for good fatty acid
Preformed SoapsAdvantages and the Use of PreformedSoapsLubricating Oil
Gravity of Lubricating OilPour Point of OilDyes for Colour
PerfumeFillerSynthetic Lubricants
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4. Equipments for Lubricants
Manufacture EquipmentsHandling Packaged Raw MaterialEquipment for Saponification
Equipment for Dispersion ofThickening AgentsManufacture of Lubricating Oils
Milling Equipment
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5. Reclamation of used Lubricating OilNature of Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oil
Gravity Methods of PurificationFilterationRegenerating Process of Used Lube OilContaminants present in Used Lube Oil
Principles of Used Lub OilExisting Process for Regeneration of UsedLubricating OilsLubricant RecyclingReprocessingReclamation
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6. Additives for LubricantsAntioxidants, Rust & Corrosion Inhibitors
Extreme Pressure Additives AntiwearAgentsFoam Inhibitors
Viscosity Index ImproversDetergents and DispersantsPour Point Depressants
Antiknock AgentsAntiscrackers Agents
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7. Characteristics of LubriViscosity Index of Lubricating Oils
Vapour PressureGravity of Lab OilThermal Properties
Electrical PropertiesProperties under High PressureSurface Properties
Carbon ResidueColour of Tube Oils
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Neutralisation NoSaporifications No of Petroleum Products
Aniline Point of Petroleum ProductsAsh content of Petroleum OilsPrecipitation No of Lube Oils
8. Cutting OilsMetal Forming and Deforming LubricantCutting Oils
Heat Treatment OilsIndustrial ApplicationsTypes of Cutting Oils
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E.P. Additives or Antiweld
Future Trend of Cutting Oil
Formulations of cutting oilsHydrogenation Process in Lube OilProduction
Choice of Catalyst
9. Greases
Solid LubricantsSemi Solid LubricantsSolid Lubricants
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Gareavs LubricantsType of Greeses
Calcium SoapSodium Soap GreasesLithium Soap Greases
Aluminium Soap GreasesMixed Soap GreasesComplex Soap GreasesNon-Soap Greases
Properties of GreasesGrease Applications
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Market PositionFillers
Carbon BlackAsbestosMicaVermiculiteTalcVarious clay or silicateMetal PowderMetal Oxide
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Manufacturing Process for GreaseIndustrial Grease
Manufacturing Process of Greases inGeneralFire Hazards in the Manufacture
Processing of aluminium baselubricants and greasesProduction of another Barium Base
Lubricating GreasePreparation of Lead SoapsPreparation of Lead Base Lub Greases
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10. Formulation of Greases
Mixed Base LubricatingGreasesColouring Lubricating OilsRefinning of Lube OilPurification of Lube Oil
Reclaiming Used Lub OilNon-Bleeding Grease
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11. Lubricants and their
ManufactureComposition of Mineral OilRefinningBlendingSynthetic HBydrocarbons
Synthetic Non hydrocarbonsPolyalkylene Glycols
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12. Various Formulations of Lubricants andGreases
Textile Lubricant for Spinning Jute, etc.Application of Lead Base LubricatingGreasesPreparation of Lub Grease from Normal
Strontium SoapMixture Base Strontium Soap LubricatingGreases
Complex Soap Lubricating GreasesImportance of Soap Salt complexes andtheir characteristics
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13. Analysis of Quality Assessment ofLubricating
Greases and Petroleum ProductsLubricating GreasesAnalysisTests for Melting or Liquefaction
14. CrackingThermal CrackingCoke RemovalViscosity Breaking
Delayed CokingVapour-Phase CrackingGas Cracking
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Catalytic CrackingFixed Bed Catalytic CrackingMoving Bed Catalytic Cracking ProcessFluid Flow Catalytic Cracking ProcessTypes of Fluid flow catalysts
Suspensoid Catalystic CrackingCycloversion Catalytic CrackingReformingGas Reversion and PolyformingCatalytic ReformingHydroforming
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Fluid HydroformingPlatformingProcessing of Cracked GasesCold Sulphuric Acid PolymerizationHot Sulphuric Acid PolymerisationSolid Phosphoric Acid PolymerisationLow pressure regenerative Process
High Pressure Non-regenerative ChamberProcessHigh Pressure Non-Regenerative ReactorProcess
HydrogenationDehydrogenationAlkylationIsomerization
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15. Refining of PetroleumProductsChemical RefiningPhysical RefiningSolvent Extraction ProcessesDewaxingPropane DewaxingBenzol-Acetone DewaxingBenzol Sulphur DioxideDewaxing
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16 Manufacture of Asphaltic BitumenSteam-Refined Asphaltic Bitumen
Blown Asphaltic BitumenPitch-Type Asphaltic Bitumen17. Chemicals from PetroleumFeedstocksChemicalsfrom saturated hydrocarbonsChemicals from OlefinsOxidation of Olefins
Chlorination of EthyleneChlorination of OlefinsChlorination of Propylene
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Chlorination of ButenesChlorhydrination of Olefins
Hydrochlorination of OlefinsSulphonation of OlefinsOxo ProcessKetones and their derivativesAldehydes and their derivativesAcids and their derivativesAcetic Acid and Acetic AnhydrideOlefin oxides and their derivativesAromatics
Naphthenes and Naphthenic AcidsCarbon Monoxide-hydrogen systemInorganic Compounds
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18. Natural and Cracked GasesGeneral PropertiesNatural GasRefinery gasLiquefied petroleum gas
19. Petroleum WaxesNature of the petroleum waxesComposition of the petroleum waxesProduction of waxesThe properties of petroleum waxesParaffin Waxes
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Microcrystalline waxesSolid state transitions in paraffin waxes
The effect of crystallinely modifyingagents of theproperties of paraffin waxUtilization of petroleum waxes20. BitumenEmulsions and cutbacksRheological Properties
Wetting and adhesive propertiesApplicationIndustrial applications
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21. Petroleum ProductsL.P.G. (Luiquified Petroleum Gas)Synthesis Gas
Motor GasolineAviation GasolineKeroseneJet FuelsDiesel FuelsIndustrial NaphthasHeating Oils and Residual Fuel OilsLight, Medium and Heavy Fuel OilsPetroleum WaxesMicro Crystalline Wax from slack waxPetroleum Jelly
BitumenPetroleum CokeCarbon Black
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22 ABS R i
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22. ABS ResinUses and ApplicationsManufacturing Process23. Acetaldehyde24. Acetic Acid25. Acetone26. Acrylamide Monomer27. Acrylonitrile
28. Benzaldehyde29. Adipic Acid30. Benzene Hexachloride (B.H.C.)31. Benzoic Acid
32. Benzyl Chloride33. Bisphenol -A34. Butadiene35. Diethyl Toluamide
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36. Dimethyl Formamide37. Ethyl Acetate38. Ethylene Oxide
39. Formaldehyde40. Formic Acid41. Fumaric Acid42. Iso Propyl Alcohol
43. Methyl Amines44. Nitrobenzene45. Phthalic Anhydride46. Poly Carbonates47. Polyols
48. Polyurethane Foam49. Vinyl Chloride
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