how to perform analysis of land-sea interactions, …elements of lsi, as illustrated in the next...

Co-fundedbytheEuropeanMaritimeandFisheriesFundoftheEuropeanUnion. AgreementEASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/01/S12.742087–SUPREME

How to perform analysis of land-sea interactions, combining MSP and ICZM in the considered project area

Deliverable No 1.3.7

ProjectFulltitle SupportingmaritimespatialPlanningintheEasternMediterranean(SUPREME)

ProjectAcronym SUPREME

GrantAgreementNo. AgreementEASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/01/S12.742087–SUPREME

Coordinator Dr.PierpaoloCampostrini

Projectstartdateandduration 01/01/2017–31/12/2018

Projectwebsite http://www.msp-supreme.eu/

DeliverableNo. 1.3.7 DeliverableDate December2018

Status:Final(F)/Draft(D)/Reviseddraft(RV) F

Tasknumber C1.3.7

TasknumberTitle Land-seainteractionsandrelationshipswithIntegratedCoastalZoneManagement

ResponsibleInstitution(acronym) PAP/RAC

Coordination MarinaMarković

Authors MartinaBocci,EmilianoRamieri,MarinaMarkovic

Contributions

Addis,D.Castellani,C.Mourmouris,A.Projectpartners:Barbanti,A.,Farella,G.,Sarretta,A.(CNR-ISMAR)Basan,N.,Gissi,E.,Innocenti,A.,Manea,E.,Musco,F.(IUAV)Braida,M,Celli,A.,Montanaro,O.(MATTM)ChalkiadakiO.,DassenakisM.,KarditsaA.,MegalofonouP.,MilatouN.,ParamanaTh.,PetrakisS.,PoulosS.(NKUA)AvgerinouKolonias,S.(NTUA)Antoniadis,S.,Hema,T.(UNEnvironment/MAP)

Editing Pavasović,S.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TheworkdescribedinthisreportwassupportedbytheEuropeanMaritimeandFisheriesFundoftheEuropeanUnion–throughtheGrantAgreementEASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/01/S12.742087–SUPREME,correspondingtotheCallforproposalEASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3forProjectsonMaritimeSpatialPlanning(MSP).

DISCLAIMER

Thisdocumentreflectsonlytheauthors’viewsandnotthoseoftheEuropeanUnion.ThisworkmayrelyondatafromsourcesexternaltotheSUPREMEprojectConsortium.MembersoftheConsortiumdonotacceptliabilityforlossordamagesufferedbyanythirdpartyasaresultoferrorsorinaccuraciesinsuchdata.TheuserthereofusestheinformationatitssoleriskandneithertheEuropeanUnionnoranymemberoftheSUPREMEConsortium,areliableforanyusethatmaybemadeoftheinformation.

ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthepresentdocumentdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopiniononthepartoftheUNEnvironment/MAPBarcelonaConventionSecretariatconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,area,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Thedepictionanduseofboundaries,geographicnamesandrelateddatashownonmapsincludedinthepresentdocumentarenotwarrantedtobeerrorfreenordotheyimplyofficialendorsementoracceptancebyUNEnvironment/MAPBarcelonaConventionSecretariat.TheUNEnvironment/MAPBarcelonaConventionSecretariatisnotaccountableforthedataandcannotguaranteethattheyarecorrect,accurateorcomprehensive.

TableofContents

ListofAcronyms.......................................................................................................................................................iListofFigures...........................................................................................................................................................iiListofTables............................................................................................................................................................iiListofBoxes.............................................................................................................................................................ii

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................3

2. Concept...................................................................................................................................................52.1 DefinitionsofLSI.............................................................................................................................................5

3. Land-seainteractionatthenationallevel.............................................................................................113.1 NationalapproachestoLSI...........................................................................................................................113.2 LSIexamplesinSUPREMEcountries.............................................................................................................12

4. ProposalsforperformingLSIwithinMSP..............................................................................................184.1 MethodologicalguidelinetoperformLSIwithinanMSPprocess................................................................18PARTA:LSIINTERACTIONSTOCKTAKING............................................................................................................21

Step1:Definethespatialdomain...................................................................................................................................21Step2:Identifyinteractions............................................................................................................................................22Step3:Localizeinteractions............................................................................................................................................23Step4:Describeandqualifyinteractions........................................................................................................................23Step5:Identifykeypolicy–legislative–planningaspects.............................................................................................25Step6:Identifykeygovernanceaspects.........................................................................................................................25Step7:Identifyandengagestakeholders.......................................................................................................................25Step8:Selectkeyinteractions.........................................................................................................................................27

PARTB:LSIINTERACTIONIN-DEPTHANALYSIS...................................................................................................29Step9:Pathwaysofinteractions.....................................................................................................................................29Step10:Spatializeinteractions.......................................................................................................................................30Step11:Quantifyinteractions.........................................................................................................................................31Step12:Analysetemporaldimension.............................................................................................................................32

PARTC:INFORMTHEPLANABOUTLSIANALYSISOUTCOMES...........................................................................32Step13:IdentifyLSIhot-spotareas.................................................................................................................................32Step14:IdentifykeymessagesfromLSIanalysis............................................................................................................32

5. IntegratingLSIinspatialplanning.........................................................................................................33

6. LSIinthecasestudiesarea...................................................................................................................35

References..................................................................................................................................................40

Otherliteratureconsulted.........................................................................................................................42

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ListofAcronyms

CAMP CoastalAreaManagementProgrammeCBA Cost-BenefitAnalysisCISD CroatianInstituteforSpatialDevelopmentCOP ConferenceofthePartiesCORILA ConsorzioperilcoordinamentodellericercheinerentialsistemalagunarediVeneziaDPSIR Drivers,Pressures,State,ImpactandResponseEcAp EcosystemApproachECDGMARE EuropeanCommissionDirectorateGeneral“MaritimeAffairsandFisheries”ESRI EnvironmentalSystemsResearchInstituteEU EuropeanUnionGIS GeographicInformationSystemsGRID GeoReferenceInteractionsDatabaseHNS HazardousandNoxiousSubstancesICZM IntegratedCoastalZoneManagementIMSP IntegratedMaritime/MarineSpatialPlanningKm KilometreLSI LandSeaInteractionsMARSPLAN-BS Cross-BorderMaritimeSpatialPlanfortheBlack-Sea–RomaniaandBulgariaMPA MarineProtectedAreaMSP Maritime/MarineSpatialPlanningMSSD MediterraneanStrategyforSustainableDevelopmentMt MetrictonNAPA NorthAdriaticPortAssociationNKUA NationalandKapodistriakoUniversityofAthensNTUA NationalTechnicalUniversityofAthensPAP/RAC PriorityActionsProgramme/RegionalActivityCentrePPTR PugliaregionallandscapeplanRRCKoper RegionalniRazvojniCenterKoperSCI SitesofCommunityImportanceSDG SustainableDevelopmentGoalSEA StrategicEnvironmentalAssessmentSPA/BD ProtocolConcerningSpeciallyProtectedAreasandBiologicalDiversityintheMediterraneanTAP TransAdriaticPipelineUCH UnderwaterCulturalHeritageUNEnvironment/MAP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme/MediterraneanActionPlanUNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeUNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationUTH UniversityofThessaly

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ListofFigures

Figure1: ClassificationofmaritimeandcoastalregionsaccordingtotheintensityofLSI.Source:ESPONandUniversityofLiverpool(2013)......................................................................................................................9

Figure2: CoastalerosionalongtheItaliancoast.Source:(ISPRA,2017).................................................................13Figure3: Mapofareaswith10-,100-,and500-yearfloodsonSloveniancoast–integralmapoffloodrisk.

Source:(Altasvoda,2015)..........................................................................................................................14Figure4: SeawaterusepermitsinSlovenia.Source:preparedbyIzVRS;datasource:Atlasokolja,2017...............15Figure5: Step-by-stepmethodologicalguidelinetoaccountforLSIinMSP.............................................................20Figure6: ThephasedprocesstoaccountforLSIinplanningcontexts......................................................................33Figure7: LinksbetweenstepsoftheproposedmethodologicalguidelinesforLSIanalysis(chapter4)andthe

stepsforMSPimplementationincludedinthe„ConceptualFrameworkforMSPintheMediterranean”..........................................................................................................................................34

Figure8: LSIhotspotsidentifiedintheNorthernAdriaticcasestudy.Source:(CORILA,2018)................................36Figure9: SeatolandinteractionsrelatedtohumanactivitiesinDubrovnik-NeretvaCounty.

Source:(Glavor,H.etal.,2018)..................................................................................................................38

ListofTables

Table1: Land-seaInteractionsaccordingtotheconceptualizationproposedbytheCAMPItalyproject(2017)....6Table2: TypologiesofmaritimeandcoastalregionsaccordingtoLSIintensityandtheirmaincharacteristics.

Source:ESPONandUniversityofLiverpool(2013)....................................................................................10

ListofBoxes

Box1: CasestudyBurgas:Land-seaInteractions..................................................................................................24Box2: StakeholderinvolvementinMSP...............................................................................................................26Box3: Analysisofconflictscores...........................................................................................................................29Box4: GeoreferenceInteractionsDatabase.........................................................................................................30Box5: Examplesofindicatorsandtoolstoquantifyinteractions.........................................................................31

SUPREMEDeliverableNo.1.1.2

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Foreword

Thepreparationofthisdocumentcomplementstheparallelactivityandpreparationofthedocument”RelationshipbetweenLSIandICZM”,undertakenwithintheframeworkofSIMWESTMEDproject.

Performingandfinalisationoftheseoutputswasundertakeninasynergicway,fortheoverallbenefitofSUPREMEandSIMWESTMEDprojectpartners.


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1. Introduction

Theterm“land-seainteractions”(LSI)isusuallyusedinthecontextofplanningandmanagementofmarineandcoastalareas.Theinteractionsbetweentheterrestrialandmarineareasmayinclude,forexample,theoutflowofcontaminantsfromaterrestrialagriculturalareatoafreshwaterbody,whichisincontactwiththecoastalwaters,aswellasthelayingofasubmarinecableintheintertidalareatoconnectanoffshorewindfarmtothenationalpowergrid.

Mostoftheactivitiestakingplaceinthemarineenvironmentalsohaveaterrestrialcomponentorconnection.Thecoherenceandintegrationbetweentheplanningofmarineandterrestrialspacesareimportantandshouldbeachievedthroughconsistencyofpolicies,plansanddecisions.

Almostallmaritimeusesrequiregroundsupportinstallations.Someuses,mostlyontheground(forexample,beachtourism,water-front,ports),extendtheirdomainalsoatthesea.Theseinteractionsshouldbeidentifiedandmapped,inordertoassesstheircumulativeimpactsandpotentialconflictsandsynergies.

Withtherapidexpansionofmaritimeeconomytheseconnectionsarebecomingmoreandmorerelevant.Infact,significantincreaseinmaritimeactivitieshavealreadydeterminedrelevantconsequencesonlandandfuturetrendsofthesectorsthatareexpectedtocauseadditionalimpacts.Forexample,hydrocarbonexplorationprojectsandassociateddrillingactivityhavebecomemoreandmorecommonintheMediterraneaninrecentyears,andseveralnewgaspipelines,suchastheTrans-AdriaticPipeline(TAP)ortheprojectedpipelinebetweenCyprusandGreece,areplannedtorespondtotheneedforanincreasedgassupplytoEurope.Also,shippingisexpectedtoincreaseintheMediterraneanBasin,bothinnumberofroutesandtrafficintensity,forexampleduetothedoublingoftheSuezCanal.Particularly,asignificantincreaseintankertrafficisexpectedintheEasternMediterraneanSeaduetonewexportroutesforcrudeoilfromtheCaspianregion,thedevelopmentofnewpipelinesbypassingtheBosphorus,andtheexpansionofcurrentpipelinecapacity.Oiltransportissettoriseto750Mtby2025,with6,700tankers/yearlikelytonavigate,unlesstheimplementationofrenewableenergypoliciessucceedsinscalingdownthisscenario.Fastgrowthratesincruisetourismhavebeenobservedinrecentyearsandthissectorislikelytocontinuetoincreasesignificantlyinthefuture,drivenbyagrowingEuropeanmarketdemand.Whilepastgrowthforthetourismsectorwasconcentratedinthenorth-westernMediterraneanSea,futuregrowthwillbeexperiencedthroughouttheMediterraneanBasinwithrapidgrowthforecastforCroatia,Greece,andMorocco,andforareaswithawealthofbiodiversity(Piante&Ody,2015).

Beingawareofthesetrendsandoftheabove-mentionedinterlinks,theland-seainteractionsandrelatedprocessesconstituteoneofthethreecorethemesoftheMid-TermStrategy2016-2021ofUNEnvironment/MAPadoptedwithDecisionIG.22/1(COP19,Athens,Greece,2016),andcorrespondtothefirstobjectiveoftheMediterraneanStrategyforSustainableDevelopment(MSSD)2016-2025,adoptedwithDecisionIG22/2(COP19,Athens,Greece,2016)andtotheSustainableDevelopmentGoals14(Conserveandsustainablyusetheoceans,seasandmarineresourcesforsustainable


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development)and15(Protect,restoreandpromotesustainableuseofterrestrialecosystems,sustainablymanageforests,combatdesertification,andhaltandreverselanddegradationandhaltbiodiversityloss).Indeed,thegoalsof„Lifebelowwater”(SDG14)and„Lifeonland“(SDG15)arestrictlyinterconnectedthoughLSIs.Forexample,theneedtohaltandinvertthedeteriorationofcoastalwatersduetopollutionandeutrophicationisakeyissueforSDG14.SDG14alsodealswithchallengesrelatedtofisheriesmanagementandmarineprotectedareas;theseactivitiesrepresentsomeofthekeyelementsofLSI,asillustratedinthenextchapter.Asallmaritimeactivitieshaveimpactsonlandandparticularlyoncoastalareas,LSIanalysisandsustainablemanagementarekeytoachieveSDG15goalsaswell(protectionofkeybiodiversityareas,haltingofbiodiversityloss,alsothroughhaltingwildlifepoachingandtrafficking).Indeed,knowingbettertheLSIandtakingthemindueconsiderationduringplanningandmanagementinseaandcoastalareascontributesconsiderablytotheachievementoftheseSDGs.

Consideringtheelementsabove,LSIanalysisshallbeunderstoodasanimportantcomponentinthepreparationofacoastaland/ormarineplan.Anyway,LSIitselfisnotanewdiscipline,norrepresentsanadditionalrequirementforcoastalormarineplanningactivity.Inthecontextofmaritimespatialplanning(MSP),theanalysisofland-seainteractionsisexpectedtoinformtheplanningprocessthroughtheidentificationofthekeyelementslinkingthelandandmarinecomponentsofthecoastthatneedtobetakenintoaccountwhenplanningtheseaspace,i.e.LSIproblemstobeaddressedandopportunitiestobeexploited.Thesameappliestoland-useplanning,whereLSIanalysisispartofICZM.Overall,LSIanalysisaimstoprovidetheneededinformationforacoherentland-marineplanningacrossthecoastinterface.

ThisdocumentaimstoprovideamethodologicalguidelineforLSIanalysiswithinMSP,alsoexploringhowsuchanalysiscanbeembeddedinthewiderICZMcontext.Inthisperspective,thisdocumentintendstosupportMSPplannerswithapossibleoperativeframeworkfortheLSIanalysis,identifyingspecificactionstobecarriedoutincloseconnectionswiththemaritimespatialplanningprocess.Finally,withspecificregardtoaddressingtheMSPDirectiverequirements,theultimatescopeofthisdocumentistoprovidesomeguidanceonhowto(re)organisetopics,informationandeffort,includingthoseeventuallyalreadyavailablefromformalorinformalprocesses(e.g.ICZM).

Inadditiontothisintroduction,thedocumentincludesothersixchapters.Basedontheanalysisoftheavailableliterature,chapter2providesthedescriptionofsomekeyconceptsforLSIanalysis,includingitsdefinition(section2.1).Chapter3illustratesexamplesofLSIdefinitionsincludedinthenationallegislationandofinteractionsconsideredparticularlyrelevantinthecountriesparticipatingtotheSUPREMEproject.Chapter4representsthecorecontentofthisdocument:itintroducesanddescribesindetail(14steps)amethodologicalapproachtoperformLSIanalysisinthecontextoftheplanpreparationprocess.Chapter5providesthewiderframeworkwhereLSIanalysisisintegratedwithinaplanningprocessandhighlightslinksspecificallywithMSP.Finally,chapter6providessomereflectionsonLSIanalysiscomingfromthepilotcasesimplementedbySIMWESTMEDproject.


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2. Concept

2.1 DefinitionsofLSI

Despiteitshighrelevance,auniquedefinitionandconceptualizationofLSIhasnotyetbeenestablishedorformalizedinliterature(seethelistofreferencesandtheotherliteratureconsultedattheendofthedocument).Inaddition,thefullpictureoftheprocessandtheinteractionssysteminvolve,beyondlandandsea,alsotheaircomponent(Mourmouris,2017;Burns,2017).However,formethodologicalissuesandsincetheDirective2014/89/EUonMSPisreferringspecificallytoLSI,forthepurposesofthecurrentprojectfocusisputoninteractionsbetweenlandandsea.

TheEUDirective2014/89/EUonMaritimeSpatialPlanningspecifiesthattheplanningprocessshouldtakeintoaccountland-seainteractionsandpromotethecollaborationbetweenMemberStates.Withoutprovidingadefinition,theDirectivemakesseveralreferencestotheconceptofLSIin:

§ Art.1,referringtothesubjectoftheDirective;§ Art.4,whichreferstothedevelopmentandimplementationofmaritimespatialplanning.

Paragraph2providesthat,duringtheentireMSPprocess,theMemberStatesshalltakeaccountofland-seainteractions;Paragraph5statesthat,whendrawingupthemaritimespatialplanning,MemberStatesshalltakeintoaccountthepeculiaritiesofthemarineregions,therelatedactivitiesandpresentandfutureusesandtheireffectsontheenvironment,aswellasnaturalresources,andland-seainteractions.

§ Art.6,Paragraph2(a),accordingwhichoneoftheminimumrequirementsforthemaritimespatialplanningisthatMemberStatestakeintoaccountland-seainteractions;

§ Art.7,Paragraph1(“Land-seainteractions”),whichdescribesthenatureoftheLSIandtherelationshipswiththeotherformalorinformalprocesses,suchasintegratedcoastalzonemanagement.

§ LSIisalsoreferredtoinrecitals9,16and18oftheMSPDirective.

GeneralFrameworkforLSIdevelopedbyECDGMAREdescribes“LSIasacomplexphenomenonthatinvolvesbothnaturalprocessesacrosstheland-seainterface,aswellastheimpactofsocio-economichumanactivitiesthattakeplaceinthecoastalzone”(ECDGMARE,2017).

AlthoughtheICZMProtocoloftheBarcelonaConventiondoesnotexpresslyincludeaLSIdefinition,thiscanbeindirectlyderivedfromarticle2throughtheinterpretationofthegivendefinitionsof“coastalzone”and“integratedcoastalzonemanagement”.ICZMisdefined(art2,lett.f)asa“dynamicprocessforthesustainablemanagementanduseofcoastalzones,takingintoaccountatthesametimethefragilityofcoastalecosystemsandlandscapes,thediversityofactivitiesanduses,theirinteractions,themaritimeorientationofcertainactivitiesandusesandtheirimpactonboththemarineandlandparts”.Furthermore,thecoastalzoneis“thegeomorphologicareaeithersideoftheseashoreinwhichtheinteractionbetweenthemarineandlandpartsoccursintheformofcomplexecologicalandresourcesystemsmadeupofbioticandabioticcomponentscoexistingandinteractingwithhumancommunitiesandrelevantsocio-economicactivities”(art2,lett.e).Theanalysisoftheinteractionsbetweenlandand


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marinecomponentsofthecoastisthereforeakeyelementoftheICZMprocessandincludesecologicalprocessescrossingthecoastlinedelimitation,interactionsamonglandandsea-basedsocio-economicactivitiesandbetweenhumancommunities.

Table1:Land-seaInteractionsaccordingtotheconceptualizationproposedbytheCAMPItalyproject(2017)

SEA-LANDINTERACTIONEconomicactivities/naturalphenomena

at“sea“interactingwith“land“

SPECIFICHUMANACTIVITIES§ Aquacultureinseawater§ Fishing§ Miningactivitiesfromseabed(includingsandandmarineaggregatesmining)

§ Industry(systems,includingoff-shoredesalination,CO2captureandstorage)

§ Energyindustry(offshore/oilandgas]energy,offshorerenewableenergy[wind,waves,surge/)

§ Infrastructures(ports,civi!worksofmarine/coastalengineering/artificialreefs,breakwaters,etc./)

§ Submarinecablesandpipelines§ Maritimeactivitiesingeneral,includingdredgingandstorageofmaterials

§ Maritimetransport(maritimetraffic,commercial,includingferries)

§ Tourismandcruiseboat§ RecreationandSports§ Biotechnology§ MarineProtectedAreas(MPA),BiologicalProtectionZones(BPZ)(andingeneral'areabasedmanagementtools,includingmarineprotectedareas')

§ Defenceandsecurity

LAND-SEAINTERACTIONEconomicactivities/naturalphenomena

at“land“interactingwith“sea“

SPECIFICHUMANACTIVITIES§ CoastalandlagoonAquaculture§ Riverandlagoonfishing§ Naturalresourceuse(waterabstraction,removalofaggregates/quarries/)

§ Farmingandlivestockfarming§ Industry(food,manufacturing,on-shoreplant,includingdesalinationplant,CO2captureandstorage)

§ Energyindustry(onshoreenergy/oilandgas/,onshorerenewableenergy/wind,sun,geothermal/)

§ Infrastructures(riverports,includingdredgingactivities,engineeringwork,includingdam,bridges,remediationactivities,railwaysandroads)Portactivity

§ Transports(rivertransport,roadandrailtransportation)§ Tourism,SportsandRecreationactivities(i.e.bathingstations,touristicfacilities)

§ Biotechnology§ NaturalProtectedAreas(Naturereserves,NationalParks,RegionalParks,etc.,on-shoreorwithoffshoreboundaries)

§ Defenceandsecurity

GENERALHUMANACTIVITIES§ Waste(marinelitter)

GENERALHUMANACTIVITIES§ Urbanplants(includingpollutionofwaterbodiesthatcollectwastewater)

§ Waste§ Servicesnetwork(i.e.sewagesystems)

NATURAL§ Extremeevents(storms,heavytides,tsunami)§ SeaLevelRise(globalandlocal)§ Riskstocoastalareas(coastalerosion,marinefloodingandsalineintrusion)

§ Algaebloom§ Volcanicandtectonicactivities

NATURAL§ Soilerosion(leaching,windaction)§ Naturalsubsidence§ Hydrogeologicalinstability(includinglandslides)§ Transportodriversediments§ Flooding§ Volcanicandtectonicactivities


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TheanalysisofconsultedliteratureandtheavailabledefinitionsofLSI–inparticularthoseprovidedbytheItalianDecreeonMSP(LegislativeDecree201/2016)1andCAMPItalyproject–highlightthedoubledirectionofLSI,landtowardseaandseatowardland.Table1aboveprovidesanexampledevelopedbytheCAMPItalyprojectofbothmarineandterrestrialhumanactivitiesandnaturalphenomenathathaveormighthaveinteractionacrossthecoastborder,dividedinsea-landinteractionsandland-seainteractions.

Analysedliteraturealsopointsouttwomajorinteractionsoccurringbetweenlandandsea.Thesehavebeenalsotakeninconsiderationinthe“ConceptualFrameworkforMSPintheMediterranean”adoptedinDecember2017bytheOrdinaryMeetingoftheContractingPartiestotheBarcelonaConvention(UNEnvironment-MAPPAP/RAC,2017),.Theseare:

§ Interactionsrelatedtoland-seanaturalprocesses.Implicationsofsuchprocessesoncoastalenvironmentandoncoastalsocio-economicaspectsshallbeidentifiedandassessedconsideringtheirdynamicnature,inordertoincludethemintotheplanningandmanagementprocesses.Atthesametime,humanactivitiescaninterferewithnaturalprocesses.TheanalysisoftheexpectedimpactsoflandandmarineactivitiesshouldincludetheevaluationoftheireffectsonLSInaturalprocessesandthepotentialconsequenteffectsonnaturalresourcesandecosystemservices.

§ Interactionsamonglandandseausesandactivities.Almostallmaritimeusesneedsupportinstallationsonland(suchastheportsforshipping,marinasforyachtingorgridconnectionsforoffshorewindfarms),whileseveralusesexistingmostlyonthelandpart(e.g.,tourism,recreationalactivities,land-basedtransport,etc.)expandtheiractivitiestotheseaaswell.Theseinteractionsshallbeidentifiedandmapped,assessingtheircumulativeimpacts,benefitsandpotentialconflictsandsynergies,fromthepointofviewoftheirenvironmental,socialandeconomicimplications(UNEnvironment-MAPPAP/RAC&UniversityofThessaly,2015).

Possibleland-seainteractionsofsometypicalmaritimesectorsaredescribedinthebrochurepreparedbyShipmanetal.(2018)fortheDirectorateGeneralfortheEnvironmentoftheEuropeanCommission.Theseguidelinesconsiderthefollowingsectors:aquaculture,desalination,fisheries,marinecables&pipelines,minerals&mining,ports&shipping,tourism&coastalrecreation,offshorewindenergy.MainLSIrelevantforeachsectorareidentified,keydata,potentialanalyticaltoolsandmitigationmanagementaresuggested,togetherwithstakeholders’categoriestobeinvolvedandpossiblemanagementoptions.

ThemanagementofLSIshouldtakeintoaccounttheinteractionsofplanningprocessesandplansforlandandseaareas.Itisimportanttoensurethatlegal,administrative,consultationandtechnicalprocessesarecoordinated(andhopefullylinked)toavoidunnecessaryduplications,incoherence,conflicts,wasteofresourcesand/orexcessivedemandofstakeholders’efforts.Thechallengeistoplanandmanageinshoreandoffshoreactivitiesinharmonizedmannerconsideringthefunctionalintegrityoftheland-seacontinuum.Thisalsoimpliesallocationoflandspace(andrelatedinfrastructureandservices)tosomemaritimeactivitiesand/ortheallocationofmaritimespacetosomeland-basedactivities.Finally,theachievementofthiscoherencealsorequiresalignment/integrationofthedifferentapproaches,methodologiesandtoolsappliedrespectivelyonlandandatsea.

1 Availableat:http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2016/11/07/16G00215/sg%20;accessedinSeptember2018.


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Animportantconsiderationisthatlandseainteractionsnotonlyinvolvethoseareasandcountriesdirectlyfacingthemarinespace,butalsoinnercountrieswhichhaveimportantconnectionstotheseathroughcomplexsocioeconomicinteractionsandwhichmightaffectthemarineenvironmentthroughlargeriverbasinsystems.Thisconceptwasspecificallyanalysedbythe„ESaTDOR–EuropeanSeasandTerritorialDevelopment,OpportunitiesandRisks”study,developedwithintheframeworkoftheESPON2013Programme(ESPON&UniversityofLiverpool,2013).ThestudyfocusedonLSIwithinEurope’ssixregionalseas;LSIwasassessedconsideringthreemainfeatures:

§ Economicsignificance,basedonemploymentinmaritimesectors,usedtodescribetheintensityoflandwardinfluences;

§ Flows,representingthemovementofgoods,services,informationandpeoplethroughseaareas;

§ Environmentalpressures,representingthehumanimpactsonthemarineenvironment,throughbothseaandland-basedactivitiessuchasrespectivelyshippingoragriculture.

Basedonthese,Europeanmaritimeandcoastalregionswerecategorisedinfivecategories(Figure1andTable2)accordingtotheintensityofLSI:fromEuropeancore,whereland-seainteractionsareattheirhigherintensitytoWildernessRegionswhereland-seainteractionsareattheirleastintensity,alsoconsideringtheintermediatelevelsrepresentedbyRegionalhubs,TransitionareasandRuralareas.

Accordingtothereferredassessment(Figure1),EasternMediterraneancanmainlybeconsideredasareaoftransitionalLSIintensity,withmediumenvironmentalpressuresandmorenarrowlyorlocalisedconcentrationofmaritimeeconomy.ExceptionistheItaliancoastalareaintheAdriaticandIonianSeasthatispartofaregionalhubcharacterisedbystrongland-seainteractions,highmaritimeactivitiesandemployment(althoughlessthantheEuropeanCoreones),butalsosignificantenvironmentalpressures.Finally,thesouthernrimoftheEasternMediterraneaniscategorisedasaruralarea,withlowenvironmentalpressurebutalsolowlevelofmaritime-relatedactivitiesandemployment,dominatedbyprimaryproductionandtourism.

MoreelaboratedanalysisoftheLSIconceptsthatarethebasisforthemethodologicalguidanceonhowtoperformLSIanalysisisgiveninthecomplementarydocument,preparedundertheSIMWESTMEDproject.


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Figure1:ClassificationofmaritimeandcoastalregionsaccordingtotheintensityofLSI.Source:ESPONandUniversityofLiverpool(2013).


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Table2:TypologiesofmaritimeandcoastalregionsaccordingtoLSIintensityandtheirmaincharacteristics.Source:ESPONandUniversityofLiverpool(2013).

EUROPEANCORE REGIONALHUB TRANSITION RURAL WILDERNESS

EconomicSignificance

Greatestconcentrationofmaritimeemployment/highstrategiceconomicimportance.

Highmaritimeemployment,significanteconomicimportance.

Morelocalisedconcentrationsofmaritimeemployment/moredependentuponalimitednumberofstrategicindustries.

Lowlevelsofmaritimerelatedemployment,economydominatedbyprimaryproductionandtouristsectors.

Verylowandintermittentlevelsofmaritimeemployment,limiteddirecteconomicimportance.

Flows Greatinternationalconnectivity,globalhinterland.

Nationallysignificantandsomeinternationalconnections,Europeanscalehinterland.

Nationallyandregionallysignificantconnectionsandhinterland.

Limitedconnectivity,local/regionalhinterlandwithsomemoresignificantsectors/seasonalextensions.

Remoteareas,limitedconnectivity.Verysmalllocalhinterland,someextensions.

EnvironmentalPressures

Highenvironmentalpressureassociatedwithhumanuses.

Significantenvironmentalpressures.

Mediumenvironmentalpressures.

Lowenvironmentalpressure.

Limitedenvironmentalpressure.

Land-SeaInteractions Veryhigh High Medium Low Verylow


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3. Land-seainteractionatthenationallevel

3.1 NationalapproachestoLSI

Atthenationallevel,adefinitionofLSIisprovidedbydifferentnationallegislations,mainlyrelatedtotranspositionoftheEuropeanDirectiveonMSP.InformationprovidedbelowisderivedfromrelevantSUPREMEDeliverables.

ThetranspositionofMSPEUDirectiveintheItalianlegislationisgivenbytheDecree201/2016.Herein,inthearticle3,LSIisintendedasthe“interactionsinwhichterrestrialnaturalphenomenaorhumanactivitieshaveanimpactonthemarineenvironment,resourcesandactivitiesandinteractionsinwhichmarinenaturalphenomenaorhumanactivitieshaveanimpactontheterrestrialenvironment,resourcesandactivities”.Buildingonthisconcept,theGuidelinesformaritimespatialplanning(DecreeofthePresidencyoftheCouncilofMinistriesof1stDecember2017)includeseveralreferencestotheneedfortheidentificationoftheareasrelevantintermsofland-seainteractionsandprovidealistofelementsandfactorstobeconsideredinordertoidentifysuchareas:

§ relevantriverbasinsaccordingtotheiridentificationundertheprovisionsoftheWaterFrameworkDirective(Decree152/2006);

§ terrestrialandmarineprotectedareas(includingSitesofCommunityImportance–SCI,sanitaryprotectionzones–SPZandNatura2000network);

§ UNESCOsites;§ coastalareaswithhighlandscape/seascapevalue;

§ areaswithimportantcoastalmarineinfrastructures(e.g.ports).

ThetranspositionofMSPEUDirectiveintheCroatianlegislationisgivenbythePhysicalPlanningAct(OfficialGazette153/13,65/17).Section4.2oftheAct,definestheProtected(Marine)CoastalArea(PCA)(Art.45-49.f)asazoneofspecialStateinterest,encompassingtheareaofcoastalcitiesandmunicipalities(includingterritorialsea).Withinthatzone,andinordertoensureprotectionandsustainabilityofdevelopmentandplanning,restrictedareacovering1,000mwidecontinentalbelt(bothonterrestrialpartandislands)and300mwideseabelt,measuredfromthecoastline,isestablished.Inaddition,land-seainteractionsareexplicitlyaddressedaspartofArt.8,49.b.1,49.coftheAct,beingoneofthekeyprinciplesofspatialplanning.

SlovenianSpatialPlanningAct(OfficialGazette,61/17),addressesmarinespatialplanning,thustransposingMSPDirectiveintheSlovenianlegislation.TheActstates(Art.23)thatplanningofmarineusesatseashallfollowthesameapproachasplanningontheland.TheActalsorequirespreparationofmarinestrategy.

LSIisconsideredintheGreekSpecialFrameworksforSpatialPlanningcoveringspecificsectors,includingaquaculture,tourism,industryandrenewableenergy.Theseincludeprovisionsforthecoastalandmarineaspectsofeachsector.TheEUMSPDirectivehasbeentransposedintotheGreeklegalsystembytheLaw4546(GG101/A/12-June-2018).


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3.2 LSIexamplesinSUPREMEcountries

Countryfiches(CORILA,2017;CISD,2018;NTUA,UTHandNKUA,2018;RRC,2018)andcomparativeLSIoverview(NTUAandUTH,2017)preparedundertheSUPREMEprojectprovideacompletepictureofrelevantLSIsatnationallevel,accordingtothecommonformatdecidedfortheproject.ThefollowingmostrelevantandcommonchallengeswithregardtoLSIintheSUPREMEareahavebeenidentifiedintheSUPREMEcountryfiches:

§ coastalerosion;§ climatechangeimpactsanddisasterriskreduction;§ properplanningandmanagementofconnectionsbetweenlandandsea-bornetransportation;§ coastalurbanisationandlittoralization;

§ boomingofcoastaltourism;§ land-basedimpactstomarineenvironmentaseutrophicationandpollutantcontaminationalong

hotspotareas;

§ degradation/transformationofland-seatransitionsystemascoastallagoonsanddeltas;§ difficultiesinestablishingaproperprotectionofvulnerableandhighvaluescoastal-marine

systems;

§ limitedconnectionbetweencoastal-marineandruraldevelopment;etc.

Acompletecatalogueofinteractionsrecognizedatcountrylevelandtheirdetaileddescriptionisincludedinthecountryfiches(CORILA,2017;CISD,2018;NTUA,UTHandNKUA,2018;RRC,2018).BelowsomeexamplesareprovidedforindicativepurposestoillustratethevarietyofinteractionsanalysedintheSUPREMEprojectstudyarea.

CoastalerosionrepresentsarelevantLSIforItaly:alargepartofthecoastalzoneissubjectedtoastrongrecessionduetoerosionevents:between1960and2012the23%ofthecoast(1,534km)resultedtobesubjectedtoerosion,withanoverallrecessionof92km2;the19%ofthecoast(1,306km)resultstobeincreasingitssurface,withanoverallgainof57km2.Despitethenumeroushumanprotectionactionstostabilizethecoastlinethisphenomenonisstillimpactingthecoast,especiallyalongthesandylittoralasinalltheAdriaticregions,andwheremarinefloodingeventscandevelopasinCalabriaregion.

Themainreasonsofcoastalerosionarenotonlyrelatedtonaturalphenomenaastherisingofsealeveland/ortheerosionactionbyhydrodynamicforces,butalsotohumanactivitiesthatattendoncoastalequilibriumsometimeschangingitsunstablegeo-morphologicalequilibrium(Cantasanoetal.,2017).

Theimpactsofcoastalerosiononnaturalresourcesandecosystemservicesarelossofhabitats,withconsequentenvironmentalfragmentation,andlossofbiodiversity,aswellasoflandscapingandenvironmentalheritage.Theimpactonhumanactivitiesismainlyontourismdevelopmentbutitcanalsoaffectfishery,transportinfrastructureandphysicalrestructuringofcoastline.

CoastaldefencefromerosioninItalyisregulatedbyseveraldirectivesandlawsthatoriginfromdifferentlevelsofgovernance,asdescribedindetailintheItaliancountryfiche(CORILA,2017).


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Figure2:CoastalerosionalongtheItaliancoast.

Source:(ISPRA,2017)

Amongland-seainteractionsfromhumanactivitiesmaritimetransportisveryrelevantforItaly.TheAdriatic-Ionianareaismostcharacterisedbytrafficlinkedtothemovementofpassengersandtrucksandtrailersinferriesofthero-paxtype.SeveralcentralEuropeanandlandlockedcountriesdependheavilyonthenorthernAdriaticportsfortheirimports.FiveNorthernAdriaticports(Koper,Ravenna,Rijeka,Venice,andTrieste)havegatheredconsiderableimportancewithinthelogisticalplatformoftheNorthAdriaticPortAssociation(NAPA).Factorssuchasmarinepollutionfrommaritimetransport,marinenoiseortheintroductionofinvasivespeciesthroughballastwatersseriouslyaffectmarineandcoastalbiodiversity,tourismandfishingactivitiesarerelevantforthisinteraction.ThemajorenvironmentalimpactofthetransportsectorintheAdriaticisrepresentedbythepotentialaccidentsandtheconsequentoilspills.Inaddition,conflictsforspacemayarisewithothersectorslikeaquacultureandfisheries.Conflictinginterestsmayalsooccurwiththedevelopmentofoffshoreenergyinstallationssuchaswindfarmsoroilandgasrigs,whichmayincreasetherisksofaccidents(CORILA,2017).


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SubmarinecablesandpipelinesalsorepresentarelevantLSIforItaly:mostimportantpipelinesintheAIRareaarelocatedoffshorecentralItalyandconnectoffshoregasproductionplatformswithcoastalpowerplants.ThemainprojectfortheregionistheTAP(TransAdriaticPipeline),basedonanagreementsignedin2013amongItaly,GreeceandAlbania.TheTAPwillcrosstheentireterritoryofGreeceandAlbaniafromeasttowestallthewaytotheAdriaticSeacoast,landinginthesouthernpartofApuliaRegion.Impactsonnaturalresourcescanbevariousandareconnectedmainlytodamagesoftheinfrastructures.Asanexample,theTransAdriaticcross-bordergaspipeline,whichwillcomeashoreinSanFoca,inthemunicipalityofMelendugno,willpassonlyafewkilometresfromtheCesine(IT9150032)andAlimini(IT9150011)SCIs,whicharecharacterisedbyQuercusspinosa(oak)forestsandundergrowthonlandandPosidoniabedsandmigratoryfishandcetaceansatsea.Furthermore,thePugliaregionallandscapeplan(PPTR),whichseekstoprotectthefragileecologicalbalanceofthedunes,explicitlyprohibitstheconstructionofgaspipelines.Majorimpactsonhumanactivitiescanbewithtrawlfisheries,coastaltourism,renewableenergy(offshore)andsandextraction(CORILA,2017).

Riskstocoastalareas(coastalerosion,marineflooding,andsalineintrusion)representimportant,naturalLSIforSlovenia.IntheSloveniancoastalarea,threeareas(Izola,KoperandPiran)weredefinedasAreasofSignificantImpactsofFloodsaccordingtotheFloodsDirective(Directive2007/60/EC).Ontwooftheseareas(IzolaandPiran)marinefloodingisthemainrisksource,whileintheareaofKoperfloodriskisaresultofbothmarineandriverflooding.NaturalcoastalerosionprocessesontheSloveniancoasthavebeensignificantlyaltered,sinceonly23%ofthecoastlineremainsinnaturalstate.AnimportantpartofthenaturalcoastlinerepresentstheflyschcliffsatPiran,StrunjanandDebelirtič(RRC,2018).

Figure3:Mapofareaswith10-,100-,and500-yearfloodsonSloveniancoast–integralmapoffloodrisk.

Source:(Altasvoda,2015)


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AbstractionofseawaterforhumanusesisarelevantLSIforSlovenia.Someofthewaterisusedforspas,somefortheproductionofheat,technological,andotherreasons(suchasfirewater).Abstractionofseawatercanbedetrimentaltobothecosystemservicesprovisionandnaturalecosystemfunctioning,howeverduetoheavilyregulatedusageofthewaterabstractionsinSlovenia,itisensuredthattheimpactsontheecosystemlevelremainnegligible.Sincethewaterisusedforavarietyofeconomicallyprofitablesectors(tourism,energyproduction,technology)itsabstractionisbeneficialtohumansociety,asitsupportsjobs,aswellasrecreationalactivities.Waterabstractionisregulatedbygrantingofpermitsandrightsfortheuseofseawater,whichisunderjurisdictionoftheSlovenianWaterAgencyandmonitoredbytheEnvironmentAgencyofSlovenia.Geographically,thisactivityisdistributedalongtheSloveniancoast,seethefollowingFigure4(RRC,2018).

Figure4:SeawaterusepermitsinSlovenia.

Source:preparedbyIzVRS;datasource:Atlasokolja,2017.

HydrogeologicalinstabilityisacharacteristicofCroatiaduetothekarsticnatureofthecoastandtheunderwater.Therearesignificantareasunderflyschwherelandslidesarecommonrisk.FlyschinAdriaticpartofCroatiaiswidespreadinIstria,Kvarnerregion,onsomebiggerislandsasRab,Hvar,etc.,RavniKotari,MakarskalittoralandsouthernfromDubrovnikinKonavlelittoral.ThesephenomenadeterminenegativeLSIduetotheriskofearthquakes,tsunamis,remodellingofwatercourses,floodsconnectedwithbarrierscausedbyremodelling(upstreamanddownstream),dislocationofriverandstreambeds,newrisksofpotentiallandslides,changesinreliefandconsequentlyinhabitats(CISD,2018).


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ThestronggrowthoftourismandparticularlytheincreasednumberofcruiseshipsrepresentarelevantLSIforCroatiadeterminedbyhumanactivities.Tourismdevelopmentandgrowthisvisiblealongtheentirecoast,whilethearrivalofcruiseshipsprimarilyreferstothelargestseasidetownssuchasDubrovnik,SplitandRijeka.

Negativeimpactsontheenvironmentarerelatedtothepollutionoftheseaandseabottominnauticalanchors,seapollutionalongcoastline,chemicalpollution,wasteandwastewaterdischarge,oiloutbreaks,underwaternoiseandsoon.Theexpansionofnauticalinfrastructureaffectsthelocallossofmarinefloraandfauna.Cruisetourismdestinationshaveproblemswithresolvingtheissueoflargeamountsofgeneratedwaste(approximately4,400kgofwasteperdaypership),whiletheparticularproblemisthedischargeofballastwaterthroughwhichinvasivespeciesaretransported.Negativeimpactisalsoseenthroughthespreadofinvasivespeciesbynauticalvesselsandpollutionoftheseabydischargesfromnauticalvessels.Excessiveuseofmarinespacefortourismcanleadtoareductioninbiodiversityandattractivenessofthearea,aswellasreductionofoverallspacecapacity.Positiveimpactsarerelatedwithsocioeconomicdevelopmentbyincreasingthenumberanddiversityofjobs,aswellasdiversificationoftourismandcomplementaryactivities.SeamakesitpossibletodevelopbathingtourismandisamainreasonfortouristarrivalsinCroatia(CISD,2018).

Relatedalsowiththepreviousone,expansionofportinfrastructure,constructionofbreakwaters,constructionofroadtransportinfrastructure,forconnectingislands(bridges),infrastructureconstructioningeneralrepresenttogetheranotherrelevantLSIforCroatia.Negativeimpactontheenvironmentisevidentinthedegradationofthenaturallandscape,indamagingthesubmarinehabitat(andthusthemarinefloraandfauna),thecollapseofthecoastandthecoastalseafloor,etc.Theexpansionoftheportinfrastructureoftenresultsintheexpansionofartificialcover(concrete,asphalt)degradingnaturalcoastlineandallrelatedelementsofthemarineandlandecosystem.Constructionofroadsandroadembankmentsalongthecoastoftendestroysvaluablemarinehabitatsnearby.Positiveimpactsofincreasednumberofportinfrastructuresarerelatedtothedevelopmentofmaritimetrafficandmaritimeactivities(fisheries).Positiveimpactoftheconstructionofbreakwatersisvisibleinincreasingthesafetyofcoastaldwellers.Theconstructionofroadinfrastructure,primarilybridges,ispositiveforsocioeconomicrevitalizationofislands(CISD,2018).

Duetoitsextensivecoastalzone,marinefloodingrepresentsanimportantLSIforGreecerelatedtonationalprocessesinmostpartsofitscoastalterritory.Theimpactsofmarine(coastal)floodingonnaturalresourcesandecosystemservicesareidentifiedinsalinizationofcoastalaquifers,acceleratedcoastalerosion,intrusionofsaltwaterinestuariesandriversystems,degradationofcoastalwetlands,deteriorationoffloraandmobilizationofsoilpollutantsandotherphenomena.Theimpactsonhumanactivitiesarerepresentedbyincreaseddangeroffloodsandthus,humanloss,destructionofcoastalsettlements,protectionstructuresandotherstructures,malfunctionsintourismandtransports,riskforthecoastalhistoricandculturalmonuments,etc.

AquacultureisarelevantLSIforGreece,havingincreasedsubstantiallyduringthepast30years.Finfishfarmingisusuallyanintensiveindustrythatinvolvesanadditionofsolidsandnutrientstothemarineenvironment,andisrecognisedaspotentiallycausingenvironmentaldegradationthroughtheseinputs.Theescapingofexoticspecies,transmissionandcontrolofdisease,andcontrolofpredatoryspeciesarealsoareasofconcerninthistypeofaquaculture.Incontrast,shellfishfarmingusuallyresultsinanet


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removalofnutrientsfromthewatercolumn,andisgenerallyconsideredtocauselessenvironmentaldamage.Nevertheless,shellfishproductioncancauseabuild-upoforganicmaterialontheseabedbelowasaresultofparticulatefalloutfromtheshellfishorfromthealteredhydrodynamicsaroundthefarm.Aquacultureincreasespressureonwildfishspecies;aspracticedtoday,inintensiveaquaculturethehighconcentrationofanimalsmeansparasitesanddiseasesspreadeasily.Massiveuseofantibioticsandvaccinesandintroductionofexoticspecies,arestillrelevantissues.Thesectorfacesvariouschallengesregardingsocial,environmentalandeconomicsustainability,whichcanaffectthepositiveprospectsoftheactivity(NTUA,UTHandNKUA,2018).

Also,oilspillsplayanimportantroleasLSIforGreece:whilemajoroilspillscanhaveextremeimpactsonthemarineenvironment,alsofrequentsmallerspillsanddischargescanexertsignificantpressuresandmustbeconsideredappropriately.Thesecanderivefromshiptraffic,pipelinesorplatformsforoilandgasexplorationorberelatedtoothermarineactivities,suchase.g.constructionofwindenergyplatforms.Chemicalsubstancespotentiallybeingspilledatseaarereferredtoas“HazardousandNoxiousSubstances(HNS)”.Theyaresubstancesotherthanoilwhich,ifintroducedintothemarineenvironmentcancreatehazardstohumanhealth,harmlivingresourcesandmarinelife,damageamenities,orinterferewithotherusesofthesea(NTUA,UTHandNKUA,2018).


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4. ProposalsforperformingLSIwithinMSP

TheanalysiscarriedoutfortheinitialassessmentandthecountryfichespreparationintheframeworkoftheSUPREMEprojectsprovidessomeoverallrelevantelementsonhowLSIcanbeapproachedwithinMSP,whatarethechallengesandwhatarethemostcommoninteractionsacrosstheEastern-Mediterraneancountries.

Firstly,aone-size-fits-allapproachtoaddressLSIissueswithinMSPwashighlightednottobeappropriatewhenconsideringdifferentcontexts.Theapproachtobeusednotonlydependsonthespecificcharacteristicsofthearea,butalsoonthescaleofanalysis.

Interactionsbetweenlandandseamightinvolvecomplexrelationsamongenvironmental,socio-economicandgovernanceelements.CategorizationofLSIelementscanhelpinstructuringproblemsunderstanding;howeveranintegratedperspectiveisrequiredtoaddressallaspectsofLSI.

Institutionalfragmentationbetween(andwithin)landandseaisanotherbigchallenge.Thischallengeisfurtherexacerbatedbytheoften-existingmismatchbetweenadministrativeboundariesandthescaleofnaturalandsocio-economicLSIprocesses.

Allthesepointsrequireincreasedcapacitybuilding,educationandknowledgetransferonLSItostakeholders,includinglandandseaplanners.Inaddition,thefollowingoperativeelementshaveemergedasrelevantinthediscussiononhowtodealwithLSIatcasestudylevel:

§ TwotypologiesofLSIinteractionsshouldbeconsidered:interactionsduetonaturalprocessesandinteractionsamonglandandsea-basedactivities.

§ InfluenceofLSIonplanningprocessesandplansforlandandseaareasaswellasrelationsbetweenlandandseacommunitiesshouldbetakenintoaccount.

§ Temporaldynamicofinteractionsshouldbeconsidered.Thisisparticularlyrelevantwhendealingwithnaturalprocessesacrosstheland-seainterface.

§ Criteriatodefinethescaleandgeographicscopeoftheanalysis(seesection2.3)shouldbeconsidered,weightingthemaccordingtotheirrelativeimportanceinthespecificstudyarea.

§ Independentlytothespecificapproachedscale,linktoasea-basinscaleapproachshouldbetaken,asanumberofLSIissueshaveaclearwide-transboundarydimension.

§ Linkingtothemoredetailedanalysis,identifyingthespecifichot-spotareasforLSI(e.g.majorportinfrastructures,riverinput,coastalnurseryhabitat,etc.)isalsoneeded.

§ LSIanalysisshouldbebasedonthebestavailableinformation,transparentlyhighlightcurrentgaps.

4.1 MethodologicalguidelinetoperformLSIwithinanMSPprocess

BuildingontheelementsidentifiedaboveandemergedthroughoutthediscussionamongthepartnersoftheSUPREMEandSIMWESTMEDprojects,thescopeofthissectionistosuggestamethodologicalguidelinetoaccountforLSIintheMSPprocess.Themethodologicalguidelineisintendedtosupportintegratedplanningandmanagementofinshoreandoffshoreactivitiesinharmonizedmanner,consideringthefunctionalintegrityofland-seacontinuum.TheproposedmethodologicalguidelinecapitalizestheexperienceofthereportonInitialAssessmentpreparedundertheSUPREMEprojects.


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Themethodologicalguidelineforeseesthecompilationofacatalogueofinteractions,populatedwithsemi-quantitativeandquantitativeinformation(alsoexternallyassociated).TheuseofaGISasmappingtoolcansupporttheanalysis,particularlyitsadvancedphases.

Themethodologicalguidelineconsistsofastep-wise,tieredprocessconsidering(Figure5):

§ aninitialandmoregeneralstocktakingphase(PARTA),followedby

§ anin-depthanalysisaboutmostrelevantinteractions(PARTB),andby§ afinalphase(PARTC)aimingatinformingtheplanningprocessaboutkeyoutcomesfromLSI

analysis.

PARTAandPARTBofthestep-wiseprocessareproposedastwodifferentlevelsofanalysisaccordingtoatieredapproach.PARTAisintendedtobeapreliminaryanalysisphase,aimingatidentifyingmostrelevantelementsforLSI,andconsidering,inprinciple,allknownland-seainteractionsinthearea.PARTBrepresentsafocusedanalysisphase,tobecarriedoutonlyforthemostimportantinteractions,selectedthroughPHASEA.TheseinteractionsarethoserelevantforMSPkeyissues,identifiedbytheplanningprocess.Giventhisapproach,somestepsinPARTBrepresentadeepeningoftheanalysiscarriedoutthoroughcorrespondingstepsinPARTA.

Thetieredapproachwasintroducedtoeasetheapplicationofthemethodologicalguidelinebothtocontextswheretheplanningprocessisjustinapreliminaryphaseandknowledgeandinformationarestilltobecollectedandtocontextswheretheplanningprocessismoreadvanced.InthissecondcasetheguidelinecouldbeappliedstartingdirectlyfromPARTBorusingPARTAtore-organizedavailableknowledge,dataandmaterialsaccordingtotheneedsofthein-depthanalysis.Thetieredapproachprovidesflexibilitytothemethodologicalguideline,whichisconsideredusefultobothorganizeavailableknowledgeonLSIandgathernewinformationinastructuredframework,avoidingduplicationofeffort.

SinceLSIanalysisisembeddedwithintheprocessofpreparationofanMSPplan,theproposedLSIstepsareclearlylinkedtosomeofthetypicalMSPphases,ashighlightedinthefollowingparagraphsandillustratedinchapter5.SomeoftheproposedLSIstepsconsistentlyoverlapswithcorrespondingMSPones,andshallthereforeimplementedtogetheralsotoavoidduplicationofeffortandoptimizetiming.TheopportunitytostreamlineLSIanalysiswithintheprocessofplanmakingishighlightedalsobyShipmanetal.,(2018)wherelinksareidentifiedwithallthephasesofMSP:scoping,assessment,analysisandplanmaking.

WithintheprocessofplanpreparationLSIanalysisshouldbeundertakenintwodistinctphases:1)inthestocktakingandanalysisphase,wheretheexistingandpotentialinteractionsareidentifiedbasedonthepresentconditionsoftheterritoryandthealreadyplanneddevelopments);2)afterscenariosidentification,wherenewinteractionscouldemerge(ordisappear)duetotheplanningchoices(seetheleftarrowpointingtoPARTBinFigure5).

Activeengagementofstakeholdersisakeycomponentoftheproposedmethodologicalguideline,anditisspecificallyforeseeninselectingthekeyLSIinteractions(attheinterfacebetweenPART1andPART2,isStep8)onthebasisofapreliminarilycompiledlong-catalogue.Asfortheoverallmethodologicalguideline,itisessentialthatstakeholderengagementinLSIanalysisisintegratedasmuchaspossiblewiththeprocessofstakeholderinvolvementforeseenbyMSP.


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Figure5:Step-by-stepmethodologicalguidelinetoaccountforLSIinMSP

Themethodologicalguidelinestepsaredescribedbelow.Forthevarioussteps,examplesareprovidedofsomeexperiencesandtoolsavailableacrossEurope.

InordertoprovideoperationalsupporttoLSIanalysisinthepilotcasesofSUPREMEandSIMWESTMEDproject,astructuredtablewaspreparedaccordingtothestepsofthemethodologicalguidanceandmadeavailabletotheprojectpartnersaseditablefile(seeAnnex1),tobecompiledduringtheanalysis.

STEP1Spatialdomain

STEP2LSIidentification

STEP3LSIqualification

STEP5LSIpolicy/legal/

planningelements

STEP6LSIgovernance

elements

STEP7LSIstakeholders

STEP4LSIlocalization

STEP8KeyLSIselection

STEP9PathwaysofLSI

STEP10LSIspatialization

STEP11LSIquantification

STEP12LSItemporaldimension

STEP14LSIkeymessages

STEP13LSIhotspotareas

PARTA– LSISTOCKTAKING

PARTB– LSIIN-DEPTHANALYSIS

PARTC– INFORMINGTHEPLAN

LSIANALYSIS MSPPROCESS

Stakeholderengagement

MSPmain issues

Keysectordevelopments

MSPlan spatialdomain

LSIanalysis ofthemain MSPissues

OutcomesfromLSIanalysis tofeed theplan

Additionalinteractionsgenerated bytheplanningchoices


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PARTA:LSIINTERACTIONSTOCKTAKING

Step1:Definethespatialdomain

ThegeographicscopeofLSIanalysisiscase-specificandrelatedtothespecificMSPcontextinwhichLSIanalysisisincluded.Assuch,thegeographicscopeofLSIanalysisdependsfirstlyfromthespatialdomainofthemaritimeplantheLSIanalysisislinkedto.

LSIanalysisisgenerallyappliedtotheentireMSPareaandalsoaimstoidentifyLSIhot-spotswhichcanbeexaminedinaseconditerationofamoredetailedMSP-LSIanalysis.However,themethodologyisflexibleenoughtobeimplementedonlyinalreadyknownLSIhot-spots.

Inrelationtotheplanningdomain,LSIgeographicalscopehastoconsidertheterritorialcontext,thenaturalprocessesinvolvedandthehumanactivitiesoccurringatland-seainterface.Theseelementsdefinetheso-called“functionalscope“oftheanalysis.Asaconsequenceofconsideringsuchelements,thespatialdomainofLSIanalysiscanbelargerthanthemaritimeplanningdomain.

However,beingthescalerelatedtotheplanningdomain,thespatialdomainofLSIcanbelimitedtolocalareas,orfocussedonsub-nationalplanningterritories,orencompasstheentirecoastalnationalterritory.Forexample,iftheMSPplanconsiderstheentirecountry,theLSIanalysisisalsoatthisscale.Onthecontrary,incaseswheretheMSPprocessfocusesonaspecificzone(e.g.withhighconflictsandsynergies)theLSIanalysisisalsofocussedthere.ThisindeedmightevenresultfromidentificationofaLSIhot-spotfromapreliminarylargescaleanalysis.

Theextensionofthemaritimeplan,theportionofcoastinvolvedanditscharacteristics,relevantprocessesandactivitiesareusedtodefinethegeographicalscopeofLSI.Naturalandanthropogenicprocesseslandwardsareconsideredtotheextenttheirmanagementisrelevantfortheconditionsofthemarineareasandmaritimeactivities.

Thisstepisneededatthebeginningoftheprocesstosettheboundariesofanalysisbut–sincethespatialdomainhastoconsidertherelevantmatrixofinteractions–thisstepshouldberetakenafterhavingdevelopedanin-depthspatialanalysisofeachkeyLSIinteraction(step10).

AnumberofcriteriacanbeidentifiedtodelimitatetheareaofLSIanalysis:§ Scaleoftheplan:continental,regional,sub-regional,national,sub-national,local;§ Coastcharacteristics:hydrography,geomorphology,bathymetry,etc.;§ Administrativeboundariesonthelandcomponentofthecoastalarea;§ Maritimeboundariesdefinedaccordingtonationallawsandinternationalconventions.

HowmuchthescopeofLSIanalysisshouldbeextendedlandwardsistobedeterminedonacasebase.Infact,the“functionalscope“ofLSIdependsonphysicalcharacteristics,humanactivitiesandnaturalandanthropogenicprocesses,aswellasonthegovernanceaspects.Asaguidingprincipleitcanbeconsideredthatthelandwardslimitoftheanalysishastobealwaysrelatedtothescopeandneedsofthemaritimeplan.Conditionsandprocesstakingplaceonlandshouldbeconsideredonlytotheextenttheyarerelevantformaritimeactivitiestobeplanned.Forexample,thedesignationoflargeseaareastomarinerenewableenergydevelopmentwouldneedcheckingofavailabilityofgridandinfrastructures


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onthecoast,andfurtherlandwards,forenergydistribution.Inthecaseofariverflowingintothesea,environmentalconditions,humanactivitiesandprocessestakingplaceinthedrainagebasinshouldbeconsideredonlyifdirectlyinfluencingtheactivitiestobeplannedatsea(e.g.determiningconditionsthatallow/donotallowtocarryoutmarineaquaculture).

Finally,relevantimplicationsofpolitical,socio-economicandenvironmentalconditionsatbroader(regional,sub-regional)scaleshouldalsobetakenintoaccountwhendefiningthespatialdomainfortheLSIanalysis.Theselargerscaleconditionscouldberelevant.Forexample,fortheMediterraneanthisanalysismightnotbelimitedtotheEuropeanaspectsbutalsoconsiderinteractionsataregionalscale.Infact,someimportantmanagementsolutionscannotbeimplementedbyindividualcountriesbutatregionalscale.Therefore,additional,broadercriteriacouldbetakenintoconsiderations:

§ Relevantsocio-economicprocesses,outsidetheplanarea,thatare(canbe)driversofchange:e.g.socio-economicandgeopoliticalconditionsintheareacaninfluencethetypology/intensityofmaritimetransport,determiningtheflowsofpeopleandgoodsacrosstheland-seainterface;

§ NaturalprocessoutsidetheplanareathatcanberelevantfortheLSIandtheplanitself:e.g.thepresenceofbigriversandthecharacteristicofmarinecurrentscancontributetobringpollution(includingdepositsormarinelitter)totheplanarea.

Step2:Identifyinteractions

Acatalogueofinteractions,startingfromtheinitiallistindicatedintable1(section2.1),iscompiledinthisstep,consideringthedoubledirectionofLSI:1)landtowardsseaand2)seatowardsland.

Bothpresentandpotentialinteractionsareidentified,thelatterbeingderivedfromactionsforeseenbytheavailableplanninginstruments(seeStep5–Identifykeypolicy-legislation–planningaspects).

Interactionscanrefertotransferofmatter(e.g.water),goods(e.g.sand,oil,fish,etc.),people(e.g.throughcruising),information(e.g.throughenvironmentalmonitoring)acrosstheland-seainterface.Theseflowscanhaveenvironmentaland/oreconomicand/orsocietalimplications(ESPONandUniversityofLiverpool,2013;CAMPItaly,2017):

§ EnvironmentalPressuresandImpacts:landandseacandeterminepositiveornegativeeffectsonetotheother(e.g.theflowoffreshwaterfromriverbasincanbringnutrientsintocoastalwatersandensuretheyremainproductive;coastalwatercirculationcandeterminebeacherosion;maritimetrafficcandetermineimpactsinportsareasduetopollution,trafficcongestion,crowdingofcoastalcities,etc.).

§ Economiceffects:interactionscomingfromthenaturalprocessesorland/seausescangenerate(directlyand/orindirectly)addedvalues(asrevenues)and/orcoststospecificeconomicactivitiesoreconomyingeneral(e.g.sea-levelrisecancausefloodingandlossoftourism/housingfacilitiesleadingtosignificanteconomicloss).

§ Societaleffects:societaladdedvalues(e.g.jobcreation,developmentoflocalcommunities,socialcohesion)ornegativeimpacts(e.g.lossoflocalactivities,professions,traditions;tensionwitheconomicsectors)canbegenerated.

Thespacewhereinteractionstakeplaceshouldalsobeconsidered:seasurface,watercolumn,coastal/seabedsoil,coastal/seabedsub-soil,aerialspace(Mourmouris,2017).


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Inaddition,thetemporalcomponentoftheinteractionsshouldbeconsidered:theymightchange/appear/disappearduringtheyearoronalongerscale.

Asindicatedinsection2.2,bothinteractionsrelatedwithnaturalprocessesandwithlandandseausesarerelevantandaretobeconsidered(UNEP-MAPPAP/RAC,2017).Thefirstrefer,forexample,tocoastalerosion,transportofriversediments,flooding.Thelatterreferinsteadtopollutionfromlandwardactivities,litteringatsea,increasedresuspensioncausedbydredging.Thus,thefollowingstructureistobeconsideredforthecatalogue:

a) Interactionsduetonaturalprocessesi) Land→Seainteractionsii) Sea→Landinteractions

b) Interactionsduetousesandactivitiesiii)Land→Seainteractionsiv)Sea→Landinteractions

Anindicativelistofinteractions,tobeconsideredasastartingpointforthecompilationofthecatalogueisreportedinTable1.AstartinglistofLSIsforthemosttypicalmaritimesectorsisalsoidentifiedbyShipmanetal.(2018).

Step3:Localizeinteractions

Inthisstepinformationaboutthegeographicallocationofinteractionsisincludedinthecatalogue.Thecollectionofthegeographicallocationofinteractionsallowsthepreparationofageneralmapforthestudyarea,byusingexistingmapandaGISsoftware,identifying,atafirstlevelofapproximation,thegeographicaldistributionofinteractions.

Thetemporalcomponentoftheinteractionsshouldbeconsideredalsointhisstep:therelocationmightvaryduringtheyearoronalongerscale.

MainareasofinteractioncanbeevaluatedalreadyinthisstepandoverlappingbetweenareasofinteractionwillhelpidentifyingconflictsandsynergiesrelatedwithLSI.MappingrequirestheuseofGIS-Software(e.g.ESRI,Post-GIS,Mapviewer,R)andthecollationandstorageofsomespatialdatainastandardisedgeodatabase.Thisisintendedtobeapreliminaryspatialanalysis,withresultseasytounderstand,atfirstglance.ResultsfromthisstepwillbecapitalizedinStep10whereanin-depthspatialanalysisofkeyinteractionswillbecarriedout.

Step4:Describeandqualifyinteractions

Inthisstepeachinteractionisshortlydescribedinordertoexplain,fromatechnicalpointofview,itsnature,whatitisaboutandthereasonswhytheinteractionexists.Eachinteractionisthenevaluatedandqualifiedaspositive(+),negative(–)orneutral(0).Foreachinteraction,descriptionandqualificationaredoneinrelationtothethreedimensionsofsustainability(whereverpertinent):

a) Environmental:consideringpositiveornegativeeffectsonthecoastoronthesea,respectively.b) Economic:consideringpositiveornegativeeconomiceffectsrelatedwiththeuseoflandand

searespectively,andhumanactivitiesingeneral.c) Societal:consideringpositiveornegativesocietalimplicationsofnaturaloruse-relatedinteraction.


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Itisworthnotingthatconsideringthesethreedimensionsofsustainabilityallowsaccountingforcomplexityofinteractionmatrix:infact,thesameinteractioncanhave,forexample,positiveimplicationsforeconomyandsocietybutnegativeonesonenvironment.Thecompletepictureofinteractionsisneededtoinformtheplanningprocess.Again,temporalcomponentshouldbeconsideredalsointhisstep,wheneverrelevant.

ShortdescriptionandqualificationforLSIsofthemosttypicalmaritimesectors,alsoaccordingtothethreecategoriesindicatedabove,canbefoundinShipmanetal.(2018).

Box1:CasestudyBurgas:Land-seaInteractions

QualificationofLSIinteractionwasdoneintheframeworkoftheMARSPLAN-BSproject,forthepilotMaritimeSpatialPlandevelopedfortheareaofBurgas.BurgasisthefourthlargestcityinBulgaria,locatedalongtheSouthBulgarianBlackSeacoastandoneofthemostimportantportsattheBlackSeawithsignificantinfrastructureforsupportingtheeconomicactivities.

Followingtheanalysisofthenaturalenvironmentandenvironmentalconditions,theurbandevelopment,existingeconomicactivities,potentialinterestsandland/seausesalongthecoastandinthemarineareaofBurgas,amatrixshowingtheconflictsandsynergiesbetweendifferentland/seauseswasproduced.Thelatterisshowninthefigurebelow:greencolourareinteractionswithoutconflictandcompatibilitiesbetweenlandandseaactivities,andwithenvironment;yellowcolourindicatesweakconflictsbetweenlandandseausesandwithcoastalandmarineenvironment;redcolourindicatesinteractionswithconflictsintheland-seausesandenvironment;emptyboxesdenotetonointeractionsidentified.

Sourcesandlinks:§ http://msp-platform.eu/sites/default/files/marsplan-bs-burgas_lsi.pdf§ http://marsplan.ro/en/§ http://msp-platform.eu/practices/case-study-burgas-land-sea-interactions


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Step5:Identifykeypolicy–legislative–planningaspects

Aimofthisstepisprovidingageneraloverviewofpolicy,legalandplanningaspects.Inthisstepthecatalogueofinteractionsisintegratedwithmaininformationonpolicy,legislativeandplanninginstruments.Thisstepiscrucial,sincethereseemstobegeneralconcernacrosstheEUforalackofintegrationregardingtheapplicationofEuropeanlegislationsuchastheMSPDirective,theMarineStrategyFrameworkDirective,aswellasotherinternationallegalinstrumentsinforceintheMS,includingEuropeanlegislationandstrategies(ECDGMARE,2017).Afundamentaloutcomeofthisstepistheidentificationofpotentialinteractions,derivingfromactionsforeseenfromtheexisting(sectororcross-cutting)plans.Thisstepcaneitherbeundertakenhere(PARTA)orincludedinstep9(PARTB);inthelattercasethepolicy,legislativeandplanningaspectswillbeconsideredonlyinrelationwiththekeyinteractionsselectedinstep8.

Step6:Identifykeygovernanceaspects

Aimofthisstepisprovidinganoverviewofmainregulatorystakeholders.Inthisstep–closelylinkedtotheresultsfromstep5–theinstitutionsengagedwithinteractions’topics/processes/sectorsintheareaareidentified.Thisstepcaneitherbeundertakenhere(PARTA)orincludedinstep9–Pathwaysofinteractions(PARTB);inthelattercasethegovernanceaspectswillbeconsideredonlyinrelationwiththekeyinteractionsselectedinstep8.

Step7:Identifyandengagestakeholders

StakeholderengagementforLSIanalysisistobeintegratedintotheMSPoverallprocessofengagement.ThisisnotaseparatedprocessbutaspecificpartoftheMSPengagementprocess(seeparagraph5.1–Figure7foracompleteoverviewofthelinksbetweenthestepsoftheLSImethodologicalguidelineandthestepsoftheplanpreparation).

ThestakeholderengagementplanundertheMSPprocessshouldforeseespecificactionsinordertoaddressLSIissues.SomestakeholdersinvolvedinLSIcanbethesameonesinvolvedinplanningprocess(e.g.thosewithspecificinterestsintheseaspace)butothersaretobeengagedspecificallyforLSI(e.g.thosewithspecificinterestsinthecoastalareaandinlandterritoryinrelationwiththesea).Anyway,beingalwaysrecommendabletostakeholders'effort,interactionsonLSIrelevanttopicscanbeorganizedinparallelaspartofthoserelevantfortheoverallMSPprocess.Nevertheless,aStakeholderactiveroleindiscussingandselectingkeyLSIinteractionisforeseen.Relevantstakeholdersareidentified,withreferencetotheinteractionscatalogue.Representativesofinstitutionsengagedinthetopics/sectorsinvolvedintheidentifiedinteractions,representativeofacademiawithcompetenceonoftopicsrelevantfortheinteractions,actorsofthegovernancesystemsandrepresentativesfromthecivilsocietyareidentified.Brainstormingprocesscanbeappliedtocollectanexhaustivelistofpeople/groups/institutions.Theywillthenbestructuredaccordingtothecommonproceduresofstakeholdermapping.


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Box2:StakeholderinvolvementinMSP

TheexperienceonstakeholderinvolvementinMSPoftheBaltSeaPlanproject,aswellasofotherprojects(e.g.BALANCE,PlanCoast)issummarizedinthe“StakeholderinvolvementinMSPreport”whichcanbeusefulalsoforLSIanalysisspecifically.ThisreportaimstoaddresstheissueofstakeholdermanagementinMSPbypresentinganddiscussingthemethods/toolsandexperiencegainedbyBaltSeaPlanpartners.Itprovidesrecommendations,guidanceandinspirationforstakeholdermanagementofMSPprocesses,whiledemonstratingthatthereisno“one-size-fits-all”approachorsolution.

Forexample,itprovidesinsightonfindingtherighttimingandtechniquestointeractwithstakeholdersaswellasanoverviewofpossibletechniques(e.g.Publichearings,Focusgroups,Surveys,Interview,Workshops)andexamplesoftheirapplication.

TheintegratedMSPProcess(PlanCoast,2008)

Sourcesandlinks:§ BaltSeaPlanReportNo24“StakeholdersInvolvementinMSP”§ http://www.msp-platform.eu/practices/stakeholder-involvement-msp§ http://www.baltseaplan.eu/index.php?cmd=download&subcmd=downloads/2_BaltSeaPlan_24_final.pdf§ http://msp-platform.eu/practices/case-study-burgas-land-sea-interactions


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Thefollowingcategoriesofstakeholderscanbeconsidered(adaptedfromBaltSeaPlan,2018):

§ StakeholdersformallyinvolvedintheMSPprocess.Thesestakeholdersarerepresentativesfrompublicinstitutionslikeministries,regionalorlocalauthorities–dependingonthescaleofanalysis.Theyareidentifiedbasedontheanalysisofrelevantlegislationandexistinginstitutionalframeworkandtheassessmentofpoliticalandadministrativeresponsibilitiesfortheareaofanalysis.

§ Stakeholderslinkedtocommercialandnon-commercialactivitiesinandaroundtheprojectarea.Thesestakeholdersareidentifiedonthebasisofinformationcollectedinthecataloguesofinteractions,whererelevantactivitiesareidentified.

§ Stakeholderswhocontributetothepublicand/orthescientificdebateonallgovernancelevel,regardingtheusesofthemaritimeandthecoastalspace:thesestakeholdersarealsoidentifiedonthebaseofthestocktakingphaseandadditionalfocussedresearchwithintheareaofanalysis.

Inthisprocessstakeholdersareexpectedtoplayanactiveroleindiscussingandselectingkeyinteractions(step8).Theirroleisthereforeexpectedtobeactiveandtotaketheformof“stakeholdersaspartnersapproach”(BaltSeaPlan,2018)wheretheresponsibleentitiesfor(MSPand)LSIanalysiscontributetotheanalysisonequalterms.

Step8:Selectkeyinteractions

SelectionofkeyinteractionsrepresentstheconclusivestepofthefirstphaseofLSIanalysis.Itissuggestedtoundertakethisstepthroughstakeholderengagement.Theaimofthisstepistoprioritizeinteractionsandselectthemostrelevantonestobeconsideredforfurthersteps.AstakeholderdrivenprocessissuggestedinordertoengageinLSIanalysispeopleoperatingonlandandsea,allowingexchangeofexperiences,views,knowledgeandculture.

Discussing,prioritizingandselectinginteractionsrequiresharingoftechnicalinformationandenteringinthedetailsoftheselectionprocess.Itisthereforeanactivitytobecarriedoutwithinrelativelyrestrictedgroups.Inviewofthesespecificobjectives,thefollowingengagementtechniquesaresuggested:interviewswithkeystakeholders,focusgroups,localworkshops.Numberofinterviews,numberoffocusgroupstobearrangedandtheirsize(numberofparticipants)andsizeofworkshopistobedefinedbasedonsite-specificbase.

Forinteractionsprioritizationthefollowingmethodologycanbeapplied(two-stepsprocess):

1. Acatalogueofinteractionsalong-listispreparedbasedondeskresearch.

2. Afirstselectionisdonebyinterviewingkeystakeholdersandconsultingwithin1-2focusgroups.Ashort-lististhusprepared.

3. Theshortlistisdiscussed,presented,amendedandfinallyvalidatedinatechnicalworkshop.

Alternativeapproachescanbeusedforprioritization:

§ Quantitativeapproach(scoring):eachstakeholderassignsaquantitativescoretoeachinteraction,withinapre-definedscoringrange.

§ Semi-quantitativeapproach:eachstakeholderselectsher/histoprelevantinteractionswithinamaximumnumberofallowedpreferences(e.g.three,five,seven).


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Interactionscanbeprioritizedasawhole,orseparately,accordingtodifferentcriteria.Inanycase,linksshouldbeguaranteedbetweenLSIanalysisandtheMSPprocess.TheMSPrelevantissuesidentifiedfortheareabytheplanningprocesscanbeusedtoprioritizeinteractions:theirrelevanceforeachoftheissuecanbescored.IfthemaritimeplanisaddressingastrongemphasisonBlueGrowth,interactionsrelevantformaritimesectorsdevelopmentshouldbeselectedinthisstep,byusingappropriatedprioritizationcriteria.Alternatively,accordingtoamoregeneralapproach,thethreedimensionsofsustainability(environmental,economic,andsocietal)canbeusedascriteriaforscoring.

Prioritizationusingaquantitativeapproachcanbedoneaccordingtothefollowingsteps:

1. Identificationofprioritizationcriteria(e.g.eachofthethreedimensionsofsustainability).

Interaction Environmentalpriority Economicpriority Societalpriority

2. Scoringaccordingtocriteria:scoringmetricisdefined(e.g.High=3,Medium=2,Low=1,NotKnown).Thisstepisundertakenbyeachstakeholderinterviewed.

e.g.Stakeholdern.1


INT-1 1 3 3

INT-2 2 1 3

3. Integrationofscoresfromstakeholders:averagescoreperinteraction,percriteriaiscomputedbyaveragingthescoresfromstakeholders(othermetricscanbealsoused).

Averagescoresacrossstakeholders(resultsforstakeholdern.1,frompreviousbox)


INT-1 2.1 2.8 2.6

INT-2 1.8 1.2 2.8

4. Integrationofcriteria:criteriacanbeintegratedinordertomakerankingofinteractionsmoreoperational.Averagescorebycriteriacanbecomputed(othermetricscanbealsoused).Alternatively,criteriacanbealsokeptseparatedandseparatedrankingscanbeprovidedaccordingtoeachofthem.Keyinteractionstobeevaluatedinthefollowingstepsofanalysiscanselectedbyexpertjudgement(e.g.withafinalFocusgroup).

Spatialspecificityshouldalsobetakenintoaccountinprioritization.Whendevelopingtheanalysisatcountryorregional(sub-country)scale,keyinteractionscanbedifferentindifferentsub-areasoftheLSIanalysisdomain.Area-specificinteractionsarethereforeidentified.Nextstepsofthismethodologicalguidelinemightinprinciplebefocussedonlyontheinteractionsexistingintheidentifiedareas.Ifthisisthecase,step13inPhase3isnottobeundertakenandtheareasidentifiedhererepresentalready“hotspotofinteractions“.


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Box3:Analysisofconflictscores

PARTB:LSIINTERACTIONIN-DEPTHANALYSIS

ThispartoftheLSIanalysisistobeundertakenfortheinteractionsidentifiedasrelevantviaPartA.Incaseormoreadvancedplanningcontexts,wheretheaspectsincludedinPartAarealreadyavailable,practitionersshouldmakesuretheknowledgeanddataarealreadyorganizedinacataloguecontainingtheelementsindicatedabove(includinge.g.localization,descriptionandqualificationofinteractions).

PhaseBshouldbeundertakenalsoforthenewcatalogueofinteractionsemergingasresultofthechoicesmadeintheplanningprocess.Newinteractionsmightemergefromtheplanningdecisions;othercoulddisappearorchangeinnature.Ifthisoccurs,asecondroundofLSIanalysisisneeded.

Step9:Pathwaysofinteractions

Inthisstepmechanismsbehindeachselectedinteractionareidentifiedanddescribed:theycanrelatetoflowsofmatter(e.g.waterdischargedbyariversystem,pollutantstransportedbyseacurrents,butalsolandedfish,extractedoil–gas,sediments),flowofmonetaryvalues(e.g.revenuesfromeconomicsectors),flowofinformation(e.g.resultsfrommonitoringsiteatseaoronland).

Additionally,inthisstep,policy–legislative-planningaspectcouldbein-depthanalysed:commentsareincludedaboutsynergies/reinforcement,conflicts/contradictionsand/orgapsrelatedtotheseaspects.

Moreover,governance-relatedaspectsarealsoin-depthanalysed:commentsarealsoincludedabouteventualuncertaintyonresponsibilityorknownweaknessesofthegovernancesystem.Alsoelementstobestrengthenedandimprovedarecollectedinthecatalogue.Theinteractioncatalogueiscomplementedwithalistofrelevantactorsfromthegovernancesystem.

TheanalysesofconflictscoresisatoolpreparedundertheCOEXISTproject.Itappliesamixtureofexpertjudgmentandnumericalscoringtomaketheclassificationofpotentialinteractionsrepeatableandmoretransparentthananexpertjudgmentapproachalone.

Thecalculationofconflictscoresisorganisedinthreesteps:§ Definitionofactivitiesofinterest;§ Settingspatialandtemporalattributesofeachactivity;§ Applyingrulestocalculatetheconflictscoreofactivity.

Thestrengthofthisapproachisthatitisatransparentandreproducibleapproachtoanalyseexpertknowledge.However,theonlyuseofexpertknowledgemaybealsoseenasweakness.Thisiswhyithasbeenassociatedtodataandinformationonspatialandtemporalattributes.Anothercharacteristicofthisapproachortoolisthatextracostsforusersandthelevelofsoftwareskillsneededarequitelow.

Sourcesandlinks:§ www.coexistproject.eu§ www.coexistproject.eu/images/COEXIST/Tools/ConflictScores_FINAL.pdf§ http://msp-platform.eu/practices/analysis-conflict-scores


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Thelatterisarelevantelementtobeconsidered.Infact,thecomplexpatternofresponsibilitiesbetweenlandandseawasidentifiedasakeyissueofconcerninrelationwithLSIinteractions.AdiffuseuncertaintyaboutwhoisresponsibleforwhatandwhetherthescaleofgovernancerelatedtoLSIissuesisfitforpurposehasbeenclaimed,togetherwiththeexistenceofamismatchbetweenadministrativeboundariesandthescaleofnaturalandsocio-economicLSIprocesses(ECDGMARE2017).

Step10:Spatializeinteractions

Thespecificspatialdomainofeachinteractionisidentifiedandmapped.Spatialdomainincludes:theareawheretheinteractionisgenerated(e.g.apointofwastewaterdischargelocatedalongthecoast,thelocationofawindmillatsea),theareaexposedtoimpacts/benefits(e.g.thecoastalareabenefittingfromrevenuesbysmall-scalefisheries,themarineecosystemsexposedtoimpactsofsandextractionfromtheseabed),theareainbetween(ifpertinent).

Mappingofinteractionscanbefinalizedatevaluatingcumulativeimpactsofinteractions(onlandandatsea),thusrepresentingavaluablesupporttointegratedplanningofmarine-coastalareas,aimedatreducingconflictsbetweendifferentuses,efficientuseofresources,protectionofbiodiversityandpromotionoftheprinciplesofsustainabledevelopment(CAMPItaly,2017).

Foridentifyingandmappingtheinteractions,thefollowingelementscanbeconsidered:

§ TypologyandextensionoftheLSIprocesses:widelydiffused(e.g.flowofgoods,large-scaletransportornutrientloadsfromlargedrainagebasin)orspatiallyrestricted(e.g.coastalerosionorlocalconsumptionofmarineresources).

§ Spatialandtemporaldistributionofhumanactivities.§ Distributionofecologicalelements:interfaces,ecologicalconnections,ecologicalbarriers.

Spatialinformationaboutkeyinteractionsisgoingtobeusedinstep14fortheidentificationofLSIhot-spotareas.

Box4:GeoreferenceInteractionsDatabase

GeoreferenceInteractionsDatabaseisaweb-basedflexibledatabase,developedwithintheCOEXISTprojectconnectedwithanumberoftools(stresslevelandconflictscoreanalyses)toanalysemarineactivitiesandinteractions(conflictsandsynergies).GRIDhasadedicatedGISapplicationtoanalysespatialdistributionofpresentandfutureactivitiesandinteractions.

TheVersionGRID1.2allowsperformingthefollowingtypesofanalysesconsideringdifferentpossiblescenarios:§ calculationofconflictscores;§ generationofmatricesofinteractions;§ plotofmaps;§ evaluationofspatialinteractionsexistinginaspecificmarinecoastalarea;§ calculationofasymmetricspatialoverlaps;§ calculationofstresslevels.

Sourcesandlinks:§ www.coexistproject.eu§ www.coexistproject.eu/images/COEXIST/Guidance_Document/Best%20practices%20guidelines_FINAL.pdf§ www.coexistproject.eu/images/COEXIST/Tools/GRID.pdf§ www.msp-platform.eu/practices/georeference-interactions-database


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Step11:Quantifyinteractions

Inthisstepinteractionsarepossiblyquantified,basedonavailabledataandknowledge.Thisstepcorrespondstopressures/impactsanalysisofnegativeinteractionsandtoevaluationofpositiveimpacts(i.e.benefits,addedvalues)forpositiveinteractions.

Inthisstepresultsavailablefromavarietyofotherpolicyandsectoranalysiscanbecapitalized:WaterFrameworkDirective,MarineStrategyFrameworkDirective,andICZMProtocol.

Quantitativeinformationconcerningpressure/impact/benefitindicatorsareincludedinthecatalogueinasyntheticformat.Basedonthequantitativeknowledge,eachinteractionisultimatelyclassifiedas:

§ ofLowintensity;

§ ofMediumintensity;§ ofHighintensity;§ ofVeryhighintensity.

Asfortheentiremethodologicalguideline,wheneverpertinent,theinteractionisqualifiedconsideringseparatelythethreedimensionsofsustainability(environmental,economic,societal).Thisclassificationisgoingtobeusedinstep14fortheidentificationofLSIhot-spotareas.Theindicator(s)usedtoclassifytheinteractionisalsospecifiedinthecatalogue.

Box5:Examplesofindicatorsandtoolstoquantifyinteractions

LotsofdifferentapproachesandexperiencesareavailablefromacrossEuropethatcanbecapitalizedinthisstep.Forexample,thePERSEUSprojectcharacterisedthepressuresonthecoastalareasoftheMediterraneanandBlackSeasbypreparingacomprehensivematrixbasedonaninventoryofactivities,pressures,impactsandecosystemcomponents.Expertopinionswereusedtoweightandscorepressures/impactsandidentifyprioritiesinthedifferentareas.Simultaneously,amethodologywasdevelopedinordertobuildindicatorsrelatedtosomepressuresinthecoastalareas(fishing,aquaculture,sewageandriverplumes,coastalartificialisation)oftheSESusingVeryHighResolution(metricandsub-metric)satelliteimages.

Intermsoftoolsavailableforpressures/impactsanalysisthe“DPSIRframework”(Drivers,Pressures,State,ImpactandResponse)washighlightedtobeonewithofthemostsuitableonesbecauseitdisplaysquitewellthecomplexityofinterlinksandinterrelationsinmarineecosystems.The“QualitativeRiskAnalysis”(consequenceXlikelihood)methodisalsotobeconsideredforriskandvulnerabilityassessmentthankstoitssimplicityandapplicabilitybyanyend-users,devoicingspecificscientificknowledgeandtechnicalexpertiseforitsuse.

Concerningtoolsforeconomicevaluation,theCBAToolKit–auser-friendlytoolforCost-Benefit-Analysiswasindicatedasoneofthemostconvenienttobeused.TheCOASTmodelsupportsstakeholdersinplanningandevaluatingfloodingandestimatingtheireconomicimpactcanalsobeconsidered.


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Step12:Analysetemporaldimension

Inthissteptemporaldimensionofinteractionsisanalysed.Interactionsarequalifiedas:§ Irrelevanttemporaldimension.§ Temporaldimensionrelevantontheshortterm(e.g.onacyclicbase:daily,seasonal;onanon-

cyclicbase:inter-annualvariability).§ Temporaldimensionrelevantonthelongterm(e.g.changesinenvironmentalconditionsalong

years;trendsinsectordevelopment;changedclimaticconditions).

Inaddition,interactionsareevaluatedunderthefuturescenariosidentifiedbytheplanningprocess.

PARTC:INFORMTHEPLANABOUTLSIANALYSISOUTCOMES

Step13:IdentifyLSIhot-spotareas

Inthisstephot-spotareasareidentifiedwithinthelargerareaconsideredforLSIanalysis.HotspotareasarethoseareaswithhighintensityofkeyLSI.Outcomesfromstep10(spatializeinteractions)andstep11(quantifyinteractions)areconsideredtoidentifytheseareas.

Firstly,threedistinctmapsarepreparedconsideringseparatelythethreecomponentsofsustainability:1) Hotspotsforenvironmentalinteractions;2) Hotspotsforeconomicinteractions;and3) HotspotsforsocietalinteractionsFinally,anintegratedmapisproducedcombiningtheprevious

ones.

Thisstepisnotundertakeninthecaseswherearea-specificinteractionshavebeenidentifiedinstep8andthefollowingstepsofthemethodologicalguidelinehavebeenfocussedonlyontheinteractionsexistingintheidentifiedareas.Thesealreadyrepresent“hotspotofinteractions“.

Step14:IdentifykeymessagesfromLSIanalysis

ThisfinalstepisaimedatidentifyingkeymessagefromLSIanalysistoinformtheplanningprocess.Thepossibilitytoinvolvestakeholdersinselectingkeymessagesisevaluatedonacasebase.Essentialelementsforidentificationofkeymessagecaninclude:

§ Commentsaboutsynergies/conflicts/gapsderivedfromtheanalysisofpolicy,legislationandplanningcontext,andofgovernancesystem.

§ ListofthemostrelevantLSIsintheplanningarea(max10interactions)withashortdescriptionoftheirnature(e.g.mechanisms,positiveornegative,whichdimensionofsustainabilitymostrelevant).

§ ListofkeystakeholderstobeengagedinordertodealwithmostrelevantLSIinteractions.§ Localizationofhot-spotareaofLSIandtheircharacteristics.§ Potentialmitigationmeasuresthatmightbeappliedtominimizenegativeimpactsandmaximise

positiveimpactscanbesuggested,togetherwithoptionsforaddressingtheLSIthroughplanmaking(Shipmanetal.,2018).


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5. IntegratingLSIinspatialplanning

ThisdocumentaimstoproposeamethodologicalguidelineforLSIanalysiswithintheMSPprocess.However,resultsfromtheLSIanalysiscaninformandsupportnotonlymaritimespatialplanning,butawidervarietyofplanningcontexts.AccordingtotheconceptualapproachproposedinthisdocumenttheentireprocessofaccountingforLSIcanbedividedinthreephases(asshowninthediagramofFigure6):

1. Settingcontextanddefiningconcept(asdescribedinchapter2);

2. EvaluatingLSI(accordingtotheproposedmethodologicalguidelinepresentedinchapter4);

3. IncorporatingLSIanalysisoutcomesinto(coastalandmaritime)plans(thischapter).

Figure6:ThephasedprocesstoaccountforLSIinplanningcontexts

TransferringofLSIanalysisoutcomes(keyrecommendationsaccordingtothelaststepintheproposedmethodologicalguideline)representsthefinalandprobablythemostcriticalphaseintheprocessofaccountingforlands-seainteractions.Infact,giventheheterogeneityofplanningcontexts,thetimingandthewaystoincorporateLSIoutcomesmaybedifferent.WhenplanningprocessesformallyrecognizeLSI(likeinthecaseofICZMorMSP)thiscanbedonewithinaclearschemeandgovernance.WhenLSIisnotformalizedasastepintheplanningprocessinformalmechanismsshouldbeestablished.

However,LSIassessmentshallbeakeycomponentofanyprocessaimingtodesignamaritimespatialplan,asclearlyrequiredbytheEUMSPDirective.

Figure7providesasnapshotrepresentationabouthowtheproposedmethodologicalguidelineforLSIanalysiscanbeembeddedintotheMSPprocess.

PHASE1

PHASE2

PHASE3

KeymessagesfromLSI

Premises forLSIanalysis


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Figure7:LinksbetweenstepsoftheproposedmethodologicalguidelinesforLSIanalysis(chapter4)andthestepsforMSPimplementationincludedinthe“ConceptualFrameworkforMSPintheMediterranean”.

STEP1Spatialdomain

STEP2LSIidentification

STEP3LSIqualification

STEP5LSIpolicy/legal/planning elements

STEP6LSIgovernanceelements

STEP7LSIstakeholders

STEP4LSIlocalization

STEP8KeyLSIselection

STEP9PathwaysofLSI

STEP10LSIspatialization

STEP11LSIquantification

STEP12LSItemporaldimension

STEP14LSIkeymessages

STEP13LSIhotspotareas

PARTA– LSISTOCKTAKING

PARTB– LSIIN-DEPTHANALYSIS

PARTC– INFORMINGTHEPLAN

STEPSOFLSIANALYSIS STEPSOFMSPPROCESS

CROSS-STEPACTIVITYStakeholderconsultation

STEP5IdentificationofKeyMSPissues

STEP6aDesignphase:elaborationofMSPplan

STEP6bDesignphase:

SEA

STEP3Analysisofexistingconditions

(includinginformationfromexistingplans)

STEP3Analysisofexisting

conditions

STEP4Analysisoffuture

conditions


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6. LSIinthecasestudiesarea

InteractionsbetweenlandandseahavebeeninvestigatedinthecontextofSUPREMEcasestudies,someofwhich(atleastinpart)appliedthemethodologicalguidelineforLSIanalysis.Ingeneral,casestudyanalysisconfirmedtheaddedvalueandusefulnessoftheproposedapproachanditsapplicability.Italsohighlightedstrengthsandweaknessandprovidedrecommendationsforitsfurtherevolution.

TheNorthernAdriaticcasestudyappliedPartsBandC(steps9to14)ofthemethodologicalguidelineforLSIanalysis.Asageneralcomment,itwasstressedthattheinformationrequiredfortheimplementationofthisguidelinewastoodetailed,atleastforsomeofthesteps,forthecasestudycontext.Apreliminaryapplicationwasthereforedeveloped,whichindeedenabledtolocalizethemainareaandactivitiesinvolvedinLSI.Thisalsoallowedidentifyingmethodologicalgapsandproposalsforfutureameliorations.

TheLSIanalysisfocusedonthesectorsmostrelevantforthearea:aquaculture,fisheries,tourism,offshoreoilandgas,militaryuseofcoastalandmarineareas.Detailedresultsoftheanalysisaredescribedthecasestudyreport;tourismsectorisconsideredhereasanexampletoillustratetheperformedanalysis.

Typologiesandpathwaysofinteractionswerefirstlyinvestigated(step9).CoastaltourismisstronglyrelatedtoLSIasitdependsonthequalityofthecoastalandmarineenvironment;atthesametimeitisarelevantpressureonthesameenvironmentitrelieson.Riversinputofnutrientsandcontaminantsinthebathingwatersnegativelyinteractwithtourismactivity,whiletourismissourceofpollutionaffectingcoastalwaters.

Fishingtourism(pescatourism)isoneoftheactivitieswiththehigherdevelopmentpotentialinanLSIperspective,whichcanhelpimprovingsynergiesbetweenthetwoinvolvedsectors.InawiderLSIperspective,developmentofacombinedofferinvolvingsustainableandcompatibleactivitiesatsea(e.g.pescatourism,diving,etc.)andonland(e.g.visittomuseums,environmentalresearchandmarinespeciesrecoverycentres,etc.)canbefosteredinthearea,sustainablyexploitingitswiderangeofculturalandnaturalisticsites.Touristicitinerariescrossingtheland-seabordercouldbesupported,includingsomeofthemostimportantItalianwetlands(e.g.VeniceandCaorlelagoons,PoDelta)andtouchingworldfamousartcitieslikeVeniceandsmallervillageswithhistoricalmaritimetradition(e.g.Caorle,Chioggia,Cesenatico,Cervia).

Tourismiswidelydistributedalongthecoastlineofthecasestudyarea.Highconcentrationoftourism-relatedLSIscanbefoundinthePoDelta,inVeniceandCaorlelagoonsandrelatedsettlements,aswellasinthetownsofChioggia,CesenaticoandCervia(step10).Formostoftheconsideredsectors,theanalysishighlightedthedifficultyofquantifyinteractions(step11),duelimitedavailabilityofneededknowledgeanddata.Thiswasalsoconfirmedinthecaseofthetourismsector,inparticularinrelationtosite-specificevaluationofsocio-economicaspectsandtheLSIinteractionsrelatedtoenvironmentalquality.Thecasestudystressedthattourism-relatedLSIinteractionsshowastrongtemporaldynamic,linkedtoseasonalityofthetourismactivities.


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BasedontheresultsoftheLSIanalysisappliedtoallthefourconsideredsectors,theNorthernAdriaticcasestudyidentifiedLSIhot-spotareas(step13),asreportedinFigure8(notethatboundariesofthehighlightedareasareapproximatedandabsolutelynotexhaustiveofallLSI).Area1referstothewholeland-seainterfaceofthecasestudyareaandisrelatedwiththeLSIsderivedbythepresenceofriversandports,whicharelocatedalongtheentirecoastline.Area2referstoLSIbetweenaquacultureandtourismactivities.Area3referstoLSIrelatedtosubsidenceprocessesalongthecoastduetothepresenceofoffshoreextractionplatforms.Finally,area4refersthemilitaryareaandtheLSIinteractionsthatoriginfromitspresence,bothfromtheenvironmentalandsocio-economicpointsofview.

Figure8:LSIhotspotsidentifiedintheNorthernAdriaticcasestudy.Source:(CORILA,2018)


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BasedonthetestoftheLSIanalysisperformedintheNorthernAdriaticcasestudy,followingconclusiveremarkswereprovided:

§ ThegeographicscaleinfluencestheLSIanalysisintermsofselectionofrelevantformation,availabilityofneededinformation,depthoftheanalysis,typeandentityofthe(socio-economic,administrativeandenvironmental)interactionsidentified.Whenapplyingthemethodologicalguideline,thescaleofanalysisshallbeclearlydefined.

§ Amoreadvancedefinitionofwhatismeantbyland-seainteractionmightbeusefultobettersupporttheanalysisandorientgatheringofneededinformation.ThiswouldalsohelpinbetterdistinguishingtheconceptofLSIfromthoseofconflictsandsynergiesamongusesandbetweenhumanusesandenvironment.

§ Dependingontheinvolvedprocessesandsectors,land-seainteractionscanbeverydifferentintermsofintensityandspatialdomain.ThereistheneedtodevelopinmoredetailscriteriaandapproachestoproperlyidentifyboundariesoftheLSIanalysisbothlandwardandseaward.Moreresearchisneededonthisissueandothers(asforexampletheoneconsideredinthepreviouspoint)toadvancetheunderstandingandframingofLSItopics.

§ TheperformedLSIanalysishighlightedthatinthecasestudyareathereisnotexhaustiveinformationtoassesstheeffectofland-seanaturalprocessesoncoastalandmaritimeactivities.Thisunderstandingisconsideredhighlyimportant–andshallnotbeunderestimated–toidentifycompensationsmeasuresorevenanticipatenegativeinteractions.

§ Collaboration,co-productionofknowledgeandsharingofneedsandprioritiesbetweenmaritimebasedandterrestrialplanningcommunitiesarefundamentaltopavethewaytowardthebestpracticeofplanning.

WithintheSUPREMEproject,someofthestepsofPartAofthemethodologicalguidelinewerealsotestedintheDubrovnik-NeretvaCountycasestudyinCroatia.Steps1to4wereimplementedconsideringinteractionsduetobothnaturalprocessesandhumanactivities,whichwerecategorisedintermsofseatolandandlandtoseainteractions.

AwidenumberofLSIsrelatedtonaturalprocesseswereidentified.Interactionsrelatedtothreemarineprocesses(storm,salineintrusionandseiches)wererecognisedashighlyrelevantintermsoftheirimpactsonthelandcomponentofthecoast.Stormnotonlycausessoilerosion,interruptionofcommercialoperationordisruptionofenergyandwatersupply,buttheyalsocontributetotheaccumulationoffloatinggarbageinthecoastalarea.Strongsouthernwindswashoffillegaldumpinggroundslocatedonthesouth-easterncoastofAdriaticand,duetonaturalseacirculationcoverbeaches,portsandbayswithhugeamountsoffloatinggarbage.ImpactedareasaretheoldportofDubrovnik,Prapratnobayandotherbeachesorientedtothesoutheast.SalineintrusionisoneoftheincreasinglygrowingconcernsintheCountyarea.Itistheresultofthecombinationofvariousprocesses,includingexploitationofnaturalsanddepositsintherivermouths,decreaseofriverwaterflowduetoanincreasednumberofhydropowerplants,andclimatechangescausedsealevelrise.Thisinteractionhasagreatimpactonthesocietyandeconomy(coastaltourismandagriculture)bydamagingagriculturallandandaffectingdrinkingwatersources.Seichesarestandingwavegeneratedinanenclosedorpartiallyenclosedbodyofwater.Alsoknownasmeteo-tsunami,seicheintheAdriaticoccurseveryfewdecadescausingdamagetothecoastalinfrastructureaswellastoprofessionalandrecreationalfishingandaquacultureequipment.TheycanimpacttheshallowbaysofDubrovnik-NeretvaCounty(cityofVelaLukaandMaliStonbayarea).


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Referringtolandtoseanaturalinteractionsthecasestudyhighlightedtheroleofspringandfallrainfall.Theywash-offthesurfaceportionofthesoiltransportingorganicnutrientstothecoastalwaters,thusbeneficiallyinfluencingtheseatrophiclevels.

Mostoftheanalysedseatolandinteractionsrelatedtohumanactivitiesresultedinhavingnegativeimpacts.However,forthetwosectorsofmarineprotectedareasandunderwaterculturalheritage(UCH)substantialpositiveeffectswereidentified.Togetherwithcruising,UCHwasrecognisedbytheanalysisasthemostrelevantsectorintermsofLSI.CruisingisprobablythemostcontroversialactivityintheDubrovnik-NeretvaCounty.Althoughithaspositiveeffectsonoverallwell-being,itproducesseriousimpactsonnaturalhabitats,environmentalqualityandothernon-touristiceconomicactivities(e.g.byaffectingairandwaterquality,increasingnoisepollution,increasinggreenhousegaseslevels,contributingtotheintroductionofallochthonespecies,increasingvolumeofsolidandliquidwastetomanage,competingforspace,andincreasingtheriskofdamagingPosidoniahabitatsbyanchoring).Properpreservationofunderwaterheritagecanbecombinedwithsustainabletouristicactivities,expandingthetraditionalland-basedoffer.

Similarlyalsolandtoseainteractionsarecharacterisedbysignificantnegativeimpacts.Mostsignificantonesarethoserelatedtocoastaltourismandaquaculture.Overdecades,tourismhasexperiencedcontinuedgrowthanddeepeningdiversificationtobecomeoneofthefastestgrowingeconomicsectorsinCroatia.However,theimportanceofcoastalenvironmentalcomponentstosupportsustainablecoastaltourismisstillignored.Theresultingimpactoncoastalcommunitiesalongwiththeirphysical,socio-economicandculturalenvironmentisincreasing,threateningspacebyoveruse,causingseapollutionanddirectlyaffectingcoastalhabitats.Aquaculture(mariculture)isatraditionaleconomicactivityinMaliStonbayintheDubrovnik-NeretvaCounty.Typically,aquaculturezonesexcludeotheruses,bringingtospatialconflicts.Althoughshellfishfarmingisingeneralenvironmentallyneutral,sometypologiesofaquaculturemayleadtohabitatsdamage,spreadingofdiseasesandwaterpollution.

Figure9:SeatolandinteractionsrelatedtohumanactivitiesinDubrovnik-NeretvaCounty.

Source:(Glavor,H.etal.,2018)


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WithintheDubrovnik-NeretvacasestudythegeographicscopeofLSIs(step3)wasanalysedthroughGIStools,relyingondataprovidedfromtheCountyspatialplan.Localizationofsomeinteractionsshoweddifficulties:forsomeLSIswasnotfeasible,whileforothersitemergedthatlocalizationisnotunivocalandthereforerequiresmoredetailedanalysiswhenintensityisconsidered,makingtheanalyticalprocessmorecomplex.ForexampletheareasofDubrovnikandKorčulaarebothheavilyinfluencedbycruisingtourism,buttheintensityofinfluenceonthefirstismuchstronger.TheLSIanalysiswascompletedwiththeidentificationofkeypolicy,planningandlegislativeaspectsfortheconsideredLSIs(step5),aswellaswiththeidentificationofresponsiblebodies(step6).

ThefollowingconclusiveremarkswerederivedfromtheimplementationoftheLSIanalysisintheDubrovnik-NeretvaCounty.Theapplicationofthemethodologicalguidelineresultedusefulfortheidentificationandrepresentationofcurrentland-seaandsea-landinteractions.Resultoftheanalysiscanserveasabasisforfurtherplanningofcoastalandmarineareas,includingtheintegrationofspecificLSI-orientedmeasuresintheplan.Itisrecommendedthatthiskindofanalysisisconductedintheinitialphasesoftheplandevelopment.Dataavailabilityandacquisitionplaysaveryimportantrolefortheelaborationofcoastalandmarineplans,includingthereforetheanalysisofLSIs.Datagapsshallbeclearlyhighlighted,whileeffortshouldfocusondataproduction,integrationandpublicsharing.

TheLSIanalysisoftheDubrovnik-NeretvaCountycasestudyalsoappliedthestructuredtablepreparedaccordingtothestepsofthemethodologicalguidanceandreportedinAnnex1.ThesameoperationaltoolwastestedinthetwoGreekcasestudies(InnerIonianSea–CorinthianGulfandMyrtoonSea/Peloponnese–CretePassage)tostructuretheinformationrequiredbysteps1to6.Informationonprocessesinvolvedinseatolandandlandtoseainteractionsweresummed-upinthefirstfilesheet,asforexampleinthecaseofextremestormsandmarinefloodingeventsforbothcasestudies.Theseprocessescanberesponsibleofinfrastructuredamageandnegativeimpactoncoastaltourismandprotectedareas.

Seatolandinteractionsrelatedtohumanactivities(e.g.aquaculture,fisheries,offshoreoilandgasrelatedactivities,submarinecablesandpipelines,dredging,recreationalboating,cruising,maritimetransport,protectionofmarineareas,defenceandsecurity,preservationofunderwaterculturalheritage,etc.)werecategorisedinthesecondsheetofthetable.Forexample,forbothcasesinteractionsrelatedtoaquaculturewerequalifiedaspositiveinrelationtosocietalaspects(intermsofsocio-economicbenefitsforcoastalcommunities)andnegativeforenvironmentalones,duetovisualimpactandpossiblewaterpollution.Bothcasesalsopointedoutthepotentialnegativeimpactsofunsustainablemarineaquaculturedevelopmentoncoastaltourism.MarinelitterisanotherissuethatcanbementionedasexampleforbothGreekcasestudies;althoughmarinelitterismainlygeneratedbyland-basedactivities,theinteractionoccursalsointheotherdirection(seatoland),asthispeculiarformofpollutioncanaffectthecoastalenvironmentandhumanactivitiesrelyingonitsquality.

Finally,theanalysisenabledtostructureinformationonlandtoseainteractionrelatedtohumanactivities(e.g.coastalandlagoonaquaculture,riverandlagoonfishing,waterabstraction,agricultureandlivestockfarming,coastalindustry,land-basedenergyproductionanddelivering,portactivities,transport,coastaltourism,coastallandfill,etc.).Forexample,forbothGreekcasestudiescoastalindustryinteractionswithseabasedactivitieswereconsiderednegativeinthecaseofprofessionalandrecreationalfisheries,aquaculture,maritimetourismandmanagementofMPAs,whilewereidentifiedaspositiveinthecaseofthemaritimetransportandenergysectors.


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This document was prepared by the Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC) in the framework of the project “Supporting Maritime Spatial Planning in the Eastern Mediterranean“ (SUPREME).

PAP/RAC is established in 1977 in Split, Croatia, as a part of the UN Environment Mediterranean Action Plan (UN Environment/MAP). PAP/RAC’s mandate is to provide assistance to support Mediterranean countries in the implementation of the Barcelona Convention and its Protocols, and in particular of the Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean. PAP/RAC is oriented towards carrying out the activities contributing to sustainable development of coastal zones and strengthening capacities for their implementation. Thereby, it co-operates with national, regional and local authorities, as well as with a large number of international organisations and institutions.

Following the emerging need to introduce MSP in the entire Mediterranean Region, the 20th Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention (COP 20, Tirana, Albania, 2017) adopted the Conceptual Framework for Marine Spatial Planning. Therefore, MSP was introduced within the Barcelona Convention System, as the main tool/process for the implementation of ICZM in the marine part of the coastal zone, thus contributing to the balance between environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable development.

how to perform analysis of land-sea interactions, …elements of lsi, as illustrated in the next...

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