how to read a book
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How to Read a Book. What to Look For as You Read. The main characteristics in the major civilizations Cross-civilizational patterns of migration, trade and exchange, spread of religion, disease, plant exchange, & cultural interchange within and among major societies—SIMILARITIES - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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How to Read a Book
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What to Look For as You Read
• The main characteristics in the major civilizations• Cross-civilizational patterns of migration, trade and
exchange, spread of religion, disease, plant exchange, & cultural interchange within and among major societies—SIMILARITIES
• The basic features of agricultural economies• How key aspects of the past & present have been shaped
by global forces, e.g., exchange of technology & ideas• Assess continuity and change over time• Common impulses in the human experience
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What is Global History?
A study of the evolution and development of the world’s leading civilizations
Major stages in the nature and degree of interactions among different peoples and societies
around the globe
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The Emergence of World History
“Not until the 20th century, with an increase in the international contacts and a vastly expanded knowledge of the historical patterns of major societies did a full world history become possible.”
14th Century Arab historian Ibn
Khaldun
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River Valleys as Central
• Nile (Egypt)
• Tigris-Euphrates (Mesopotamia—the Middle East)
• Indus (India)
• Yellow (China)
Flood waters renewed soil, kept it fertile; drew animal life to the banks;
provided means of transporting goods & people
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What is Civilization?
• Cities (versus a nomadic lifestyle)• Well-organized central governments, bureaucracies• Complex religions• Job specialization—specialized occupations• Social classes—differentiated social status• Arts & architecture• Public works (temples, palaces, irrigation systems, roads,
bridges, walls)• Writing (tax rolls, business or marriage contracts)• Long distance trading networks
Must all these be present for civilization to exist?
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Civilization• “Most humans have always shown a tendency to operate
in groups that provide a framework for economic activities, governance, and cultural forms-beliefs and artistic styles”
• Civilizations “generate surpluses beyond survival needs”• Civilizations give “human groups the capacity to
fundamentally reshape their environments and to dominate most other living creatures”
• “A genuinely global definition of what it means to be civilized should focus on underlying patterns of social development that are common to complex societies throughout history”
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The Problem of Ethnocentrism
• “The tendency to judge other peoples’ cultural forms solely on the basis of how much they resemble one’s own”
• This requires an international approach on our part
• “In the West, world history depended on a growing realization that the world could not be understood simply as a mirror reflecting the West’s greater glory or a stage for Western-dominated power politics”—LeRoy don’t want the ball, Coach!”
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The Criteria for Determining what Constitutes a “Period” in History
• A geographic rebalancing among major civilization areas—changing boundaries
• An increase in the intensity and extent of interaction across civilizations
• The emergence of new and roughly parallel developments in most, if not all, of these major civilizations
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Periodization of World History
Period #1
World history developments before 1000 C.E.—“Pre-history” & Emergence of Early
Regional CivilizationsC. E. = A. D.
B. C. E. = B. C.
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Period #2
The Classical Period—“a new capacity to integrate larger regions and diverse groups of people through overarching cultural political systems
1000 B.C. E – 500 C. E.
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Period #3
The “Postclassical Era”—”emergence of new commercial and cultural linkages that
brought most civilizations into contact with one another and with nomadic
groups; the decline of the great classical empires, the rise of new civilizational
centers, and the emergence of a network of world contacts (especially commercial),
including the spread of major religious systems
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Period #4
The Shrinking World---1450-1750
The rise of the West, the intensification to new levels of global contacts, the growth of
trade, and the formation of new empires.
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Period #5
Industrialization & Western Global Hegemony, 1750-1914
Industrialization of Europe and European Imperial expansion; increase & intensification of commercial interchange, technoiogical innovations, & cultural contacts
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Period #620th Century in World History—Are we at a crossroads? Are new global patterns on the horizon?
The retreat of Western Imperialism; the rise of new political systems like communism; the surge of the U. S. & U.S.S.R.; a host of economic innovations and inventions
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Themes• Commonalities among societies, e.g., impact of
technological change on environment, social structure, gender equity
• Contacts / interplay between civilizations• Tensions between established traditions and forces of
change brought by trade, migration• What role did individuals play—human agency as
part of world-historical causation• Changing patterns of inequality• Nomads and international connections
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Structure & Organization of the Book
• “Part Introductions”—identifies fundamental new characteristics of parallel or comparable developments and regional or international exchange that define each period—Key Themes
• “Chapter Introductions”—identifies key themes and analytical issues: chief strengths, causes for deterioration, decline, collapse
• “Timelines—major “events, countries, in all societies discussed in chapter”
• “On the Web”—annotated websites—should help in writing your six weeks essays
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Happy
Reading!