How to reduce energy and water consumption in the preparation of raw materials in the ceramic tile

manufacturing

Dry versus wet route

Daniel Gabaldoacuten-Estevan | Sitges 03112015

Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Valencia- Valencia (ES) - danielgabaldonuves

ldquoSustainable Futures in Practicerdquo

ESTIBMEIC Project - GV2014049

A Mezquita S Ferrer E Monfort D Gabaldoacuten-Estevan

Environmental issues challenging the development of the ceramic tile industry [Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 ]

01

Europe 2020rsquos focus on Climate Change and Energy Sustainability establishes three specific targets for 2020

AA reduction of greenhouse emissions (reference year 1990) by at least 20

BObtaining 20 of the energy from renewable sources

CIncrease by 20 the energy efficiency

Motivation 2020 02

Motivation 2050 03

Motivation 2050 04

Electrification of kilns = not currently economically viable Carbon Capture and Storage = unlikely to be economically viable until well-established Among the so-called widespread technologies to implement at ceramic industrial facilities o changes on the raw materials

formulation for more efficient firing o energy management o process optimization

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

greenhouse emissions

renewable sources

energy efficiency

Focus 05

greenhouse emissions

energy efficiency

o renewable sources

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

06

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) (2008)

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Spray drying 98

(36)

8

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process (2007)

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

07

Energy efficiency [Schematic illustration of the single-fired ceramic tile manufacturing process Source ITC]

08

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Wet or Dry route

Main production stages in ceramic tile manufacture

Raw materials preparation by wet route [Schematic illustration of the wet route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

09

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Parameters Wet process

Water consumption 044-051 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 38-40 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 500-550 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the wet method 10

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Environmental issues challenging the development of the ceramic tile industry [Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 ]

01

Europe 2020rsquos focus on Climate Change and Energy Sustainability establishes three specific targets for 2020

AA reduction of greenhouse emissions (reference year 1990) by at least 20

BObtaining 20 of the energy from renewable sources

CIncrease by 20 the energy efficiency

Motivation 2020 02

Motivation 2050 03

Motivation 2050 04

Electrification of kilns = not currently economically viable Carbon Capture and Storage = unlikely to be economically viable until well-established Among the so-called widespread technologies to implement at ceramic industrial facilities o changes on the raw materials

formulation for more efficient firing o energy management o process optimization

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

greenhouse emissions

renewable sources

energy efficiency

Focus 05

greenhouse emissions

energy efficiency

o renewable sources

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

06

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) (2008)

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Spray drying 98

(36)

8

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process (2007)

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

07

Energy efficiency [Schematic illustration of the single-fired ceramic tile manufacturing process Source ITC]

08

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Wet or Dry route

Main production stages in ceramic tile manufacture

Raw materials preparation by wet route [Schematic illustration of the wet route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

09

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Parameters Wet process

Water consumption 044-051 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 38-40 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 500-550 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the wet method 10

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Europe 2020rsquos focus on Climate Change and Energy Sustainability establishes three specific targets for 2020

AA reduction of greenhouse emissions (reference year 1990) by at least 20

BObtaining 20 of the energy from renewable sources

CIncrease by 20 the energy efficiency

Motivation 2020 02

Motivation 2050 03

Motivation 2050 04

Electrification of kilns = not currently economically viable Carbon Capture and Storage = unlikely to be economically viable until well-established Among the so-called widespread technologies to implement at ceramic industrial facilities o changes on the raw materials

formulation for more efficient firing o energy management o process optimization

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

greenhouse emissions

renewable sources

energy efficiency

Focus 05

greenhouse emissions

energy efficiency

o renewable sources

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

06

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) (2008)

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Spray drying 98

(36)

8

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process (2007)

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

07

Energy efficiency [Schematic illustration of the single-fired ceramic tile manufacturing process Source ITC]

08

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Wet or Dry route

Main production stages in ceramic tile manufacture

Raw materials preparation by wet route [Schematic illustration of the wet route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

09

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Parameters Wet process

Water consumption 044-051 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 38-40 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 500-550 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the wet method 10

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Motivation 2050 03

Motivation 2050 04

Electrification of kilns = not currently economically viable Carbon Capture and Storage = unlikely to be economically viable until well-established Among the so-called widespread technologies to implement at ceramic industrial facilities o changes on the raw materials

formulation for more efficient firing o energy management o process optimization

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

greenhouse emissions

renewable sources

energy efficiency

Focus 05

greenhouse emissions

energy efficiency

o renewable sources

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

06

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) (2008)

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Spray drying 98

(36)

8

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process (2007)

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

07

Energy efficiency [Schematic illustration of the single-fired ceramic tile manufacturing process Source ITC]

08

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Wet or Dry route

Main production stages in ceramic tile manufacture

Raw materials preparation by wet route [Schematic illustration of the wet route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

09

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Parameters Wet process

Water consumption 044-051 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 38-40 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 500-550 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the wet method 10

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Motivation 2050 04

Electrification of kilns = not currently economically viable Carbon Capture and Storage = unlikely to be economically viable until well-established Among the so-called widespread technologies to implement at ceramic industrial facilities o changes on the raw materials

formulation for more efficient firing o energy management o process optimization

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

greenhouse emissions

renewable sources

energy efficiency

Focus 05

greenhouse emissions

energy efficiency

o renewable sources

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

06

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) (2008)

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Spray drying 98

(36)

8

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process (2007)

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

07

Energy efficiency [Schematic illustration of the single-fired ceramic tile manufacturing process Source ITC]

08

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Wet or Dry route

Main production stages in ceramic tile manufacture

Raw materials preparation by wet route [Schematic illustration of the wet route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

09

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Parameters Wet process

Water consumption 044-051 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 38-40 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 500-550 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the wet method 10

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

greenhouse emissions

renewable sources

energy efficiency

Focus 05

greenhouse emissions

energy efficiency

o renewable sources

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

06

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) (2008)

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Spray drying 98

(36)

8

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process (2007)

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

07

Energy efficiency [Schematic illustration of the single-fired ceramic tile manufacturing process Source ITC]

08

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Wet or Dry route

Main production stages in ceramic tile manufacture

Raw materials preparation by wet route [Schematic illustration of the wet route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

09

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Parameters Wet process

Water consumption 044-051 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 38-40 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 500-550 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the wet method 10

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

06

CO2 emissions (kg CO2t fired product) (2008)

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Spray drying 98

(36)

8

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process (2007)

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

07

Energy efficiency [Schematic illustration of the single-fired ceramic tile manufacturing process Source ITC]

08

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Wet or Dry route

Main production stages in ceramic tile manufacture

Raw materials preparation by wet route [Schematic illustration of the wet route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

09

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Parameters Wet process

Water consumption 044-051 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 38-40 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 500-550 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the wet method 10

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Firing 1523 (55)

Drying 24 (9)

Spray drying 98

(36)

8

Thermal specific consumption (KWhm2) by sub process (2007)

Greenhouse emissions [Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120]

07

Energy efficiency [Schematic illustration of the single-fired ceramic tile manufacturing process Source ITC]

08

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Wet or Dry route

Main production stages in ceramic tile manufacture

Raw materials preparation by wet route [Schematic illustration of the wet route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

09

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Parameters Wet process

Water consumption 044-051 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 38-40 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 500-550 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the wet method 10

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Energy efficiency [Schematic illustration of the single-fired ceramic tile manufacturing process Source ITC]

08

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Raw materials

MillingSpray drying

Glazepreparation

Pressing Drying Glazing Firing

Floor tile

Wall tile

Wet or Dry route

Main production stages in ceramic tile manufacture

Raw materials preparation by wet route [Schematic illustration of the wet route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

09

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Parameters Wet process

Water consumption 044-051 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 38-40 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 500-550 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the wet method 10

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Raw materials preparation by wet route [Schematic illustration of the wet route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

09

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Proportioning of raw materials

Milling

Storage tanks

Spray drying

Spray-dried powder

Parameters Wet process

Water consumption 044-051 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 38-40 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 500-550 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the wet method 10

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Parameters Wet process

Water consumption 044-051 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 38-40 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 500-550 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the wet method 10

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

12

Raw materials preparation by dry route [Schematic illustration of the dry route raw materials preparation Source ITC]

11

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Pendulummill

Mixing granulator

Screen

Extra-granulate

Dryer

Silos

StandarizationGranutate

for the press

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Water and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions in the dry method 12

Parameters Dry process

Water consumption 012-016 m3t ds

Electrical energy consumption 32-38 kWht ds

Thermal energy consumption 111-117 kWht ds

CO2 emissions

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Comparison between dry and wet method 13

Parameters Wet Dry Savings

Water consumption

044-051 m3t ds

012-016 m3t ds () 71

Electrical energy

consumption

38-40 kWht ds

32-38 kWht ds ()

11

Thermal energy

consumption

500-550 kWht ds

111-117 kWht ds

78

CO2 emissions

85-90 kg CO2 t ds

29-35 kg CO2 t ds

63

() Provisional data obtained in pilot plant tests

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Conclusions I 14

From the point of view of sustainability it seems clear that the dry route to prepare raw materials is more appropriate but the most used is the wet method because of the properties of the final granulate obtained

However nowadays the technology for the dry preparation of raw materials (pendulum mills and granulators) has improved substantially and the properties of the granulates obtained are similar to the ones obtained from the spray dryer allowing the manufacture of nearly all types of tiles

A further advantage of the wet method being that the waste water of the manufacturing process can be recycled in the preparation of the slurry reducing the fresh water consumption and the environmental impact of the overall process

It should also be pointed out that the wet method allows the implementation of cogeneration systems facilitating the companies the generation of their own electricity and reducing their dependence on the electricity grid although this is very dependent on legislation on cogeneration

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Conclusions II 15

This study reflects the complexity of the process of transferring the latest developments to productive sector and how those factors will affect the rate of adoption of new or improved technologies

As we have already shown not always the most energetically efficient process is the one more spread even within the EU due to the existence and interlink of other factors such technology development product quality or already existing infrastructures (atomizers)

ldquoInnovation is often the case in fact of looking to apply old solutions to new problems and applying

new solutions to old problemsrdquo [A Reed ndash 2001 126]

Last but not least environmental and energy policy are an essential element when establishing paths towards cleaner production

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Our references 16

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Mezquita A Ferrer S Monfort E (2014) Is European Union Environmental Policy Efficient at Promoting a Post-carbon Industry The Case of Energy in the European Ceramic Tile Sector Proceedings of the 11th ICIM 2014 Vaasa (Finland) 104-113 httpicimvamkfi2014uploadsUploadPaperDir11thICIM2014pdf

Mezquita A Monfort EVaquer E Ferrer S Pitarch JM Arnal MA Cobo F (2014) Reduction of CO2-emissions in ceramic tiles manufacture by combining energy-saving measures Cfi Ber DKG 85 91 (5) pp E37-E42

Monfort E Mezquita A Vaquer E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2014) La evolucioacuten energeacutetica del sector espantildeol de baldosas ceraacutemicas Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 53 (3) 111-120 httpboletinessecvesupload2014070792201201453111pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Criado E Monfort E (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry Journal of Cleaner Production 70 242-250 httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0959652614001620

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Hekkert MP (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 52 (3) 151-158 httpboletinessecvesupload20130704104006201352151pdf

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D Fernaacutendez de Lucio I and Molina Morales FX (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura 188 (753) pp 63-73 httparborrevistascsicesindexphparborarticledownload14481457

Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D (2011) El sistema distritual de innovacioacuten ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten Universitat de Valegravencia Servei de Publicacions httprodrigouvesbitstreamhandle1055023431gabaldonpdfsequence=1

Monfort E Mezquita A Granel R Vaquer E Escrig A Miralles A Zaera V (2010) Analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in ceramic tile manufacture Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 49 (4) pp 303-310 httpboletinessecvesupload20100901173134201049303pdf

Mezquita A Monfort E Zaera V (2009) Sector azulejero y comercio de emisiones reduccioacuten de emisiones de CO2 benchmarking europeo Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 48(4) pp 211-222 httpboletinessecvesupload20090904100231200948211pdf

Tortajada Esparza E Gabaldoacuten-Estevan D and Fernaacutendez de Lucio I (2008) La evolucioacuten tecnoloacutegica del distrito ceraacutemico de Castelloacuten la contribucioacuten de la industria de fritas colores y esmaltes Bol Soc Esp Ceram V 47 (2) pp 57-80 httpboletinessecvesupload2008051211490147[2]57-80pdf

Daniel Gabaldoacuten-Estevan | Sitges 03112015

Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Valencia- Valencia (ES) - DanielGabaldonuves

httpsuvacademiaeduDanielGabaldC3B3nEstevan

httpswwwresearchgatenetprofileDaniel_Gabaldon-Estevan

httpswwwlinkedincompubdaniel-gabadC3B3n-estevan23722aaa

httpwwwslidesharenetDanielGabaldnEstevan

httporcidorg0000-0003-2086-5012

httpwwwresearcheridcomridB-5195-2011

Thank you for your attention 17 ESTIBMEIC Project - GV2014049

Socio-Technical Study on the Incorporation of Biofuels in the Energy Mix Ceramic Industry Project financed by