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Lbredtfkh fs tcd sunndss jbntmr fk b nmlpbky

Lbredtfkh nbk od sddk fk dvdrytcfkh tcbt fsimkd fk b nmlpbky

Dvdry jukntfmk fk b nmlpbky cbs fts djjdnt tm

bki fk lbredtfkh

Dvdk nustmldrs bki stbedcm`idrs cbs bjjdntlbredtfkh rdsu`ts

Lbredtfkh fs lunc lmrd tcbk bivdrtfsfkh



Lbredtfkh fs tcd smnfb` prmndss oy wcfnc fkifvfiub`s bki hrmupsmotbfk wcbt tcdy kddi bki wbkt tcrmuhc nrdbtfkh bki dxncbkhfkh

prmiunts bki vbùd wftc mtcdrs (Emt`dr)

Lbredtfkh nmksfsts mj tcd strbtdhfds bki tbntfns usdi tm fidktfjy,nrdbtd bki lbfktbfk sbtfsjyfkh rd`btfmkscfps wftc nustmldrs tcbtrdsu`t fk vbùd jmr omtc tcd nustmldr bki tcd lbredtdr.

Lbredtfkh fs tcd lbkbhdldkt prmndss tcbt fidktfjfds, bktfnfpbtdsbki sbtfsjfds nustmldr rdqufrdldkts prmjftbo`y

Ycd bntfvfty, sdt mj fkstftutfmks, bki prmndssds jmr nrdbtfkh,nmllukfnbtfkh, id`fvdrfkh, bki dxncbkhfkh mjjdrfkhs tcbt cbvdvbùd jmr nustmldrs, n`fdkts, pbrtkdrs, bki smnfdty bt `brhd(Bldrfnbk Lbredtfkh Bssmnfbtfmk BLB)



Lbredtfkh fs bk mk-hmfkh prmndss wftcmut b n`dbrdki mr b odhfkkfkh Dvdrymkd fs b lbredtddr fk b nmlpbky Lbredtfkh cbs lbky hmb`s

Nrdbtfkh ekmw`dihd mr flbhd Hdttfkh kdw nustmldrs Fknrdbsfkh sb`ds Lmtfvbtfkh tcd pdrsmkkd`

Fkjmrlfkh stbedcm`idrs bki fkvdstmrs Dtn

^mld smrt mj lbredtfkh fs kddidi fk dvdry orbkncbki dvdry ousfkdss



B hmmi lbredtdr nbk dbsf`y jmrl tcd ofh

pfnturd mj tcd sftubtfmk B hmmi lbredtddr ekmws smldtcfkh bomut

b`lmst dvdrytcfkh

B hmmi lbredtddr fs nurfms bki cbriwmrefk

B hmmi lbredtddr hbtcdrs dkmuhc fkjmrlbtfmkbki tcdk tcfkes wcbt brd tcd odst sm`utfmks tmtcd prmo`dl

B hmmi lbredtddr fs nrdbtfvd



2. Fktrmiuntfmk bki fidb?. Bkb`ysds

?.2 Mrhbkfzbtfmkb` bkb`ysfs

?.?. Nmlpdtftmr bkb`ysfs

?.>. Idlbki bkb`ysfs

?.9. WD^Y bkb`ysfs

?.4. ^XMY

>. ^trbtdhfnb` idnfsfmks

>.2. Ybrhdt hrmup

>.?. ^trbtdhfnb` vbùds>.>. Hmb`s bki moadntfvds jmr lbredtfkh p`bk

9. Flp`dldktbtfmk

9.2. Wrmiunt

9.?. Wrfnd

9.>. W`bnd

9.9. Wdrsmkkd`

9.4. Wrmlmtfmk

4. Ouihdt, tfldtbo`d bki rdspmksfof`ftfds

:. Jm``mw-up

XCD_D B_D XD KMX=• Jbnts•Fkjmrlbtfmk jrml ifjjdrdkt smurnds tm od

bkb`yzdi• _dsdbrnc fj kddidi

XCD_D B_D XD HMFKH YM=• Vmur mwk idjfkftfmks bomut tcd lmstrdbsmkbo`d tbrhdt hrmup, tcd vbùds /

biadntfvds tcfs tbrhdt hrmup rdspdnts bkitcd hmb`s jmr tcfs lbredtfkh p`bk

CMX YM HDY YCD_D=• Vmur mwk fidbs/suhhdstfmks mj tcdflp`dldktbtfmk obsdi mk tcd jbnts ymu

cbvd hbtcdrdi dbr`fdr bki put ukidr tcdtmpfns mj 4W• ^trbtdhfnb` vbùds scmuì od sddk fk dbncmj 4p‖s bki tcfs scmuì od wrfttdk fk tcdrdpmrt, tmm

• Fk tcd rdpmrt tcdr lust b`sm od tcd wbyscmw tcd idjfkdi flp`dldktbtfmk (4p‖s)cd`ps fk rdbncfkh tcd hmb`s



Ekmw`dihd mj lbredtfkh bki fts ifjjdrdkt d`dldkts

bs sunc Ekmw`dihd mj tcd pcdkmldkmks tcbt bjjdnt tbrhdts

mj lbredtfkh

Ekmw`dihd mj tcd pcdkmldkmks tcbt bjjdntlbredtfkh ftsd`j

Ekmw`dihd mj pcdkmldkmks tcbt bjjdnt tcddkvfrmkldkt wcdrd lbredtfkh cbppdks

‐Fk b tfld mj turou`dknd bki ncbkhd, ft fs lmrd trudtcbk dvdr tcbt ekmw`dihd fs pmwdr“ AmckJftzhdrb`i Edkkdiy qumtds (Bldrfnbk >4tc T^Wrdsfidkt (26:2-:>), 2628-26:>)



Dxtdrkb` mppmrtukftfds bki tcrdbts brdnfrnulstbknds tcbt nbk‖t od bjjdntdi oy tcd

nmlpbky oyt wcfnc cbs b hrdbt flpbnt mknmlpbky‖s jukntfmks

Nmlpdtftmrs

Idlbki @bws bki rdhu`btfmks

Yrdkis bki nu`turd

Ydnckm`mhfnb` idvd`mpldkt



Jfrst mj b``, Xd‖vd hmt tm ekmw B @MY mj mur nustmldrs bki tcdpmtdktfb` nustmldrs (idlbki) bki cmw tcdy brd hmfkh tm dvm`vd fk

tcd juturd Xcm tcdy brd= Xcdrd tcdy nmld jrml= Xcbt brd tcdfr

ncbrbntdrfstfns (smnfmdnmkmlfnb` bki idlmhrbpjfnb` obnehrmuki)= Xcbt tcdy ouy= Xcdrd tcdy ouy= Cmw tcdy ouy= Cmw lunc tcdy

ouy= Xcy tcdy ouy=

Wurncbsd cbofts= Wurncbsd rdbsmks= ◪ Kddis, vb`uds, mpfkfmks „JDD@FKH^= Cmw brd tcdy hmfkh tm ncbkhd fk tcd juturd=<; NT^YMLD_ BKI IDLBKI BKB@V^F^

B@@ YCF^ BJJDNY^ YCDK NMLWBKV‖^ JTYT_D IDNF^FMK^!,odnbusd wd scmu`i idvd`mp mur nmlpbky bki mur lbredtfkh lfx smtcbt nustmldrs jfki mur nmlpbky bs tcd odst b`tdrkbtfvd fk tcd lbredt!



Ycdk wd‖vd hmt tm ekmw mur nmlpdtftmrs bki cmw tcdy brd hmfkhtm dvm`vd fk tcd juturd

Xcm tcdy brd= Xcbt tcdy sd``= Cmw tcdy sd``= Xcy pdmp`d ouy jrml tcdl= Xcbt brd tcdfr vb`uds bki tcdfr flbhd= Cmw brd tcdy hmfkh tm ncbkhd fk tcd juturd=

<; NMLWDYFYM_ BKB@V^F^

Xd nbk ifvfid mur nmlpdtftmrs tm nmrd nmlpdtftmrs, kddinmlpdtftmrs, lbrhfkb` nmlpdtftmrs bki pmtdktfb` nmlpdtftmrs

B@@ YCF^ BJJDNY^ YCDK NMLWBKV‖^ JTYT_D IDNF^FMK^,odnbusd wd scmu`i ifjjdr jrml mur nmlpdtftmrs sm, tcbt mur nustmldrstcfke tcbt wd brd tcd odst b`tdrkbtfvd!



Xd scmu`i b`sm ekmw bomut tcd ru`ds tcbt nmlpbkfds bkipdmp`d scmu`i jm``mw wcdk tcd `fvd cdrd mk W`bkdt Dbrtc

Ycfs ldbks @bws, _dhu`btfmks Nu`turd Wm`ftfns

^mnfm`mhfnb` fssuds (nmllukfnbtfmk dtn.) Ydnckm`mhfnb` fssuds Dkvfrmkldktb` fssuds

<; WD^Y Bkb`ysfs

B@@ YCF^ BJJDNY^ NMLWBKV‖^ JTYT_D IDNF^FMK^, tmm,odnbusd wd lust fk ndrtbfk blmukt jm``mw tcd kdwdst trdkisbki wd lust juKntfmk bnnmriFkh tm tcd `bws . Xd lust b`smtbed tcd nu`turd bkt tcd pm`ftfns fk b nmuktry fktm nmksfidrbtfmk

fj wd wbkt tm od sunndssju`.



Fktdrkb` strdkhtcs bki wdbekdssds nbk od

Ousfkdss fidb1 obsfn jmr wcm`d dktrdprdkdurscfp Wrmiunts, prfnds, ifstrfoutfmk, nm-mpdrbtfmk1 wcbt brd

tcdy, wcy, wcbt kddis im tcdy ju``jf` dtn

Wdrsmkkd`1 fs tcdrd dkmuhc, wcbt efki mj sef``s ft cbs, fs ft

lmtfvbtdi dtn. Lbkbhdldkt1 wcbt fs ft, wcy

_dsmurnds1 lmkdy, lbncfkds, ekmw-cmw

Lbredtfkh1 cmw fs ft imkd kmw, wcy Nustmldrs1 wcm brd tcdy ekmw, wcy

dtn



Ycdk wd‖vd hmt tm ekmw B @MY bomut mur mwk nmlpbky bki wcbt brdmur juturd hmb`s

Xcm brd wd= Xcy im wd dxfst= Xcbt brd mur vbùds bki mur flbhd= Xcbt brd mur rdsmurnds bki jfkbknd= Xcbt im wd sd`` (prmiunts bki sdrvfnds)= Xcbt brd mur sd``fkh

brhuldkts= Xftc wcbt prfnd im wd sd``= Xcy= Xcdrd im wd sd`` mur prmiunt/sdrvfnd= Xcm brd mur ifstrfoutmrs= Xcy= Xcbt fs tcd strbtdhy cdrd (lbssifstrfoutfmk mr ifrdnt sd``fkh tm tcd

nustmldr)=

Cmw im wd nmllukfnbtd mj mursd`vds= Xcbt efki mj biis im wd cbvd=Xcy= Xcdrd= Xcbt fs tcd ndktrb` ldssbhd= Xcy=

Xcbt efki mj pdmp`d fs tcdrd wmrefkh wftc us= Xcbt fs tcdfr ldbkfkh tmtcd nmlpbky= Xcbt fs tcdfr nmlpdtdknd= Fs tcdrd dkmuhc mj tcdl=

Cmw cbvd wd ifjjdrdktfbtdi mur prmiunt jrml mur nmlpdtftmrs=

<; M_HBKFQBYFMKB@ BKB@V^F^

BJYD_ YCF^ XD ^CMT@I NMLWB_D MT_ W_D^DKY ^YBYD YM MYCD_BKB@V^F^ BKI JFHT_D MTY, cmw wd scmuì idvd`mp bki lbredt murnmlpbky fk mridr tm ifjjdr jrml mur nmlpdtftmrs sm tcbt nustmldrs tcfke wdbrd tcd odst b`tdrkbtfvd bki stf`` eddp mur mwk vbùds bki jukntfmk bnnmrifkhtm tcd ru`ds mj smnfdty.



^XMY fs b tmm` tcbt cd`ps ymu tm hbtcdr fkjmrlbtfmkmj lbky ifjjdrdkt tcfkhs bjjdntfkh tcd nmlpbky bkifts sunndss

^XMY fs obsdi mk jbnts tcbt brd hbtcdrdi jrmlifjjdrdkt moadntfvd smurnds, kmt aust smldtcfkh tcbtymu tcfke mr `fed

^XMY ifvfidsfkjmrlbtfmk fktm nmlpbky‖sfktdrkb` strdkhtcs bki wdbekdssds

bki dxtdrkb` mppmrtukftfds bkitcrdbts tcbt bjjdnt nmlpbky jrmlmutsfid

^Y_DKHYC^ XDBEKD^^D^

MWWM_YTKFYFD^ YC_DBY^



^XMY fs kmt b `fst mj tcfkhs, ft fs bk bkb`ysfs

Ycfs ldbks tcbt ^XMY scmuì od wrfttdk wftcwcm`d sdktdknds bki dvdrytcfkh wrfttdk fk ftscmuì od bkb`yzdi

Dbsfst wby tm bkb`yzd fs tm tcfke, wcdtcdrsmldtcfkh fs hmmi mr obi bki scmuì ft od ncbkhdimr flprmvdi smldcmw

Ycd kmrlb` / usub` wby tm usd ^XMY fs tm tcfke cmw tm tbed bivbktbhd mj strdkhtcs bki mppmrtukftfds

cmw tm flprmvd wdbekdssdi

Bki cmw tm jmrdsdd bki prdvdkt tcrdbts



Hbtcdr fkjmrlbtfmk mj tcd nmlpbky Jbnts bomut `mnbtfmk, mwkdrscfp, lbredtfkh, prmiunts, sdrvfnds, rdsmurnds, idnmrbtfmk, vbùds, pdrsmkkd`,

hmb`s

Bkb`yzd nustmldrs Wrdsdkt vs. juturd Kddis, vbùds, wfscds Cmw im tcd nustmldrs bjjdnt ousfkdss bki lbredtfkh= Xcbt efki mj ncbkhds / flprmvdldkts tcdy nbusd=

XCV=

Bkb`yzd tcd nmlpdtftmrs (KMYD! Nmlpdtftmrs brd tcmsd, wcm jfhct jmr nustmldrs‖ bttdktfmk bki lmkdy)

Wrdsdkt nmlpdtftmrs vs. juturd nmlpdtftmrs Ycdfr prmiunts, sdrvfnds, lbredtfkh, strdkhtcs, vbùds Cmw scmuì tcd nmlpbky ifjjdrdktfbtd ftsd`j jrml tcd nmlpdtftmrs sm, tcbt tcbt nustmldr wmuì ncmmsd ft

fkstdbi mj nmlpdtftmrs= Xcbt tcfs ldbks fk prbntfnd „ ncbkhds fk pdrsmkkd`, prmiunts dtn= XCV=

Bkb`yzd `bws bki rdhu`btfmks

Xcbt `bws bki rdhu`btfmks bjjdnt tcd nmlpbky bki fts ousfkdss= Cmw im tcdsd `bws bjjdnt= Xcbt efki mj idlbkis mr rdstrfntfmks tcdy sdt tm tcd nmlpbky=

Bkb`yzd trdkis bki nu`turd Brd tcdrd smld trdkis tcbt bjjdnt idlbki mr mur ousfkdss= Imds nu`turd cbs smld flpbnt mk idlbki,

lbredtfkh mr mur ousfkdss= Cmw im tcdsd djjdnt= Im tcdy nbusd smld flprmvdldkts / ncbkhds= Xcy=

Bkb`yzd dnmkmlfnb` bki tdnckm`mhfnb` dkvfrmkldkt bki trdkis Brd tcdrd smld trdkis tcbt bjjdnt idlbki mr mur ousfkdss bli fts lbredtfkh= Cmw im tcdsd djjdnt= Im tcdy nbusd smld flprmvdldkts / ncbkhds= Xcy=



Od nrftfnb`!

Imk‖t aust tbed tcd dktrdprdkdurs wmri bs tcdmk`y trutc „ ft fs usub``y ofbsdi bki suoadntfvd

Hbtcdr mtcdr fkjmrlbtfmk jrml moadntfvd smurnds

Vmur idnfsfmks bki suhhdstfmks scmu`i odobsdi mk jbnts „ sm hbtcdr dkmuhc fkjmrlbtfmkmj dvdrytcfkh bki lbky ifjjdrdkt smurnds bki

pmfkt mj vfdws Bkb`ysfs fs usub``y 37 % mj lbredtfkh p`bk



Kmw ymu cbvd jfkfscdi ymur bkb`ysfs tmm` bki

ekmw b ̀ mt lmrd bomut ymur lbredts,nmlpdtftmrs bki nustmldrs tcbk fk tcdodhfkkfkh

Vmu b`sm cbvd b n`ud wcbt fs kddidi jrml ymurmrhbkfzbtfmk

Kmw ft fs tfld tm nmksfidr nmlpbky‖s strbtdhfdsbki tbrhdt hrmups

Ft fs b`sm tfld tm sdt hmb`s tcbt brd obsdi mk tcdbkb`ysfs, sm tcbt tcdy brd rdb`fstfn bki stf``idlbkifkh



Nmlpdtftmrs

Mur nmlpbky

NT^YMLD_

₠ ₠

KM!VD^

!



Fk mridr tm lbed lbredtfkh lmrd djjdntfvd bki tm

nmkndktrbtd mk tcd lmst prmjftbo`d tbrhdt hrmup bnmlpbky lust ifvfid fts pmtdktfb` nustmldrs fktmtbrhdt hrmups

Nustmldrs nbk od ifvfidi fktm hrmups obsdi mk

Idlmhrbjfn bki smnfb`-dnmkmlfn obsfs

Wsyncmhrbjfn obsfs

Bnnmrifkh tm sftubtfmk

Kmwbibys tcd lmst usub` wby fs tm jfki hrmups wftcsflf`br fktdrdsts bki vb`uds!



Ft fs b`sm flpmrtbkt tm tcfke, cmw tcd nmlpbkyscb`` eddp tcd nustmldrs bs fts nustmldrs fk tcd

juturd Ycfs fs nb``di bs nustmldr prmhrbl bki ft bfls tm

eddp nustmldrs sbtfsjfdi

Nustmldr sbtfsjbntfmk fs b`wbys nustmldr‖s mwkidnfsfmks bki dvb`ubtfmk

Nustmldr sbtfsjbntfmk fs djjdntdi oy1 Ycd qub`fty mj prmiunt / sdrvfnd

Ycd wcm`d pdrsmkkd`s sef``s bki bttftuid tmwbris nustmldrs

Lbkbhdrs‖ bttftuid tmwbris nustmldrs bki pdrsmkkd`

B `mkh-tdrl p`bkkfkh bki flp`dldktfkh prmndss

Eddpfkh mj tcd sdrvfnd prmlfsd



B lbredtfkh strbtdhy fs b prmndss tcbt nbk

b``mw bk mrhbkfzbtfmk tm nmkndktrbtd fts `flftdirdsmurnds mk tcd hrdbtdst mppmrtukftfds tmfknrdbsd sb`ds bki bncfdvd b sustbfkbo`d

nmlpdtftfvd bivbktbhd. B lbredtfkh strbtdhy scmu`i od ndktdrdi

brmuki tcd edy nmkndpt wcdrd nustmldr

sbtfsjbntfmk fs tcd lbfk hmb`.



B lbredtfkh strbtdhy fs mjtdk tcd stbrtfkh

pmfkt tm b lbredtfkh p`bk, wcfnc nmktbfks b sdtmj spdnfjfn bntfmks rdqufrdi tm sunndssju``yflp`dldkt b lbredtfkh strbtdhy.

B lbredtfkh strbtdhy mjtdk ofkis bkmrhbkfzbtfmk's lbredtfkh hmb`s, pm`fnfds, bkibntfmk sdqudknds (tbntfns) tmhdtcdr.

Lbredtfkh strbtdhfds brd iykblfn bki

fktdrbntfvd. Ycdy brd pbrtfb``y p`bkkdi bkipbrtfb``y ukp`bkkdi.

Nmlpbky‖s vb`uds brd flpmrtbkt!



tcd stbtd mj bjjbfrs tcbt b p`bk fs fktdkidi tm

bncfdvd B hmb` mr moadntfvd nmksfsts mj b prmadntdi stbtd

mj bjjbfrs wcfnc b pdrsmk mr b systdl p`bks mr

fktdkis tm bncfdvd mr orfkh bomut B pdrsmkb` mr mrhbkfzbtfmkb` idsfrdi dki-pmfkt

fk smld smrt mj bssuldi idvd`mpldkt.

Lbky pdmp`d dkidbvmr tm rdbnc hmb`s wftcfk bjfkftd tfld oy sdttfkh idbi`fkds.



Lbredtfkh p`bks ouf`t wftc n`dbr, stbtdi hmb`s ’ obnediup wftc bpprmprfbtd ldtrfns bki ldbsurdldkts ’ wf``od bpprmvdi b `mt lmrd rdbif`y tcbk tcmsd tcbt brdk't.

Lbredtfkh lust idvd`mp fts p`bks obsdi mk tcd rdb`ftfdsmj tcd ousfkdss dkvfrmkldkt wcf`d rdlbfkfkh fkb`fhkldkt wftc nmrpmrbtd hmb`s.

Fj b lbredtfkh p`bk's prflbry hmb` fs kmt dxprdssdi fk

tcdsd tdrls, ft wf`` od ifjjfnu`t jmr tcd p`bk tm hbfkbpprmvb` jrml nmlpbky dxdnutf

Nmknrdtd hmb`s brd b edy nmlpmkdkt mj b`` lbredtfkhp`bks.

Hmb`s cd`p tm stddr tcd idvd`mpldkt mj b`` lbredtfkhbntfvftfds, fkn`uifkh prmlmtfmks, bivdrtfsfkhnblpbfhks, bki prdss rd`btdi bntfvftfds



Hmb`s scmu`i od spdnfjfn bki ldbsurbo`d (qubktftyhmb`s), d.h. fknrdbsfkh lbredt scbrd oy twm pdrndktbhd pmfkts mvdr b 2?-

lmktc pdrfmi imuo`fkh sb`ds mj b pbrtfnu`br prmiunt fk sfx lmktcs

fknrdbsfkh nustmldr rdtdktfmk oy ?4 pdrndkt jrml mkd cm`fibysdbsmk tm tcd kdxt

@dss spdnfjfn hmb`s brd mjtdk qub`ftbtfvd, d.h. fknrdbsfkh b nmlpbky's vfsfof`fty wftcfk b lbredtp`bnd

ifjjdrdktfbtfkh b nmlpbky jrml fts rfvb`s

Fj ymu stbtd ymur hmb`s n`dbr`y bki wftc hmmi hrmukis,ft‖s dbsy tm jm``mw-up wcdtcdr tcd flp`dldktbtfmkhmds rfhct bki tcd rfhct bki sujjfnfdkt rdsu`ts brdbncfdvdi



~ Ycd bntfvftfds bki jukntfmks ~



W_FND

W@BND W_MLMYFMK

WDMW@D

W_MITNY



W_FND

W@BNDW_MLMYF

MK

WDMW@DW_MITNY

Imds tcd mrhbkfzbtfmk nrdbtd wcbt fts fktdkidi nustmldrs wbkt= Idjfkd

tcd ncbrbntdrfstfns mj ymur prmiunt mr sdrvfnd tcbt lddts tcd kddis mj ymurnustmldrs.

• Xcy wmu`i mur tbrhdt hrmup “ouy“ mur prmiunt=• Cmw nbk wd lbed mur tbrhdt hrmup fktdrdstdi fk mur prmiunt=• Cmw nbk wd ifjjdr jrml mur nmlpdtftmrs=

• Ifjjdrdktbtfmk• Orbkifkh

FLBHD

^TWWM_YFKH WB_Y^

NM_DW_MIT

NY



B prmiunt nbk od idjfkdi bs b nm``dntfmk mjpcysfnb`, sdrvfnd bki sylom`fn bttrfoutds wcfnc

yfd`i sbtfsjbntfmk mr odkdjfts tm b usdr mr ouydr. B prmiunt fs b nmlofkbtfmk mj pcysfnb` bttrfoutds

sby, sfzd bki scbpd5 bki suoadntfvd bttrfoutds sbyflbhd mr "qub`fty‐

NMLLMIFYV fs b nmllmk kbld jmr dvdrytcfkh,tcbt b nmlpbky prmiunds tm tcd sb`ds. Ft nbk od b

prmiunt mr b sdrvfnd ^D_ZFND fs bk fllbtdrfb` nmllmifty. W_MITNY fs smldtcfkh rdb` bki tmuncbo`d



Ycd prmiuntfmk mj tcd prmiunt mr sdrvfnd scmu`i od wd``p`bkkdi bki nmmrifkbtdi

Ycd lbfk d`dldkts tm nmksfidr brd tcd prmiuntfmk prmndss ftsd`j spdnfjfnbtfmks nu`turd tcd pcysfnb` prmiunt pbnebhfkh

`bod``fkh orbkifkh wbrrbkty sdrvfnd

Wrmiunt lbredtfkh fk b ousfkdss biirdssds jmur flpmrtbkt^trbtdhfn qudstfmks1 Xcbt prmiunts wf`` od mjjdrdi= Xcm wf`` od tcd tbrhdt nustmldrs= Cmw wf`` tcd prmiunts rdbnc tcmsd nustmldrs=

Xcy wf`` nustmldrs prdjdr mur prmiunts tm tcmsd mj nmlpdtftmrs=



ifstfkhufscfkh tcd ifjjdrdknds mj b prmiunt mr

mjjdrfkh jrml mtcdrs tm lbed b prmiunt lmrd bttrbntfvd tm b

pbrtfnu`br tbrhdt lbredt

^murnd mj b nmlpdtftfvd bivbktbhd

Ycd moadntfvd fs tm idvd`mp b pmsftfmk tcbt

pmtdktfb` nustmldrs sdd bs ukfqud



Ycd orbki ifjjdrdknds

ifjjdrdknd fk pbnebhfkh ifjjdrdknd fk bk bivdrtfsfkh tcdld

Ifjjdrdknds fk qub`fty

Ifjjdrdknds fk prfnd Ifjjdrdknds fk jukntfmkb` jdbturds

Ifjjdrdknds fk idsfhk

^b`ds prmlmtfmk bntfvftfds mj sd``drs

Ifjjdrdknds fk bvbf`bof`fty



Ifjjdrdktfbtfmk fs iud tm ouydrs pdrndfvfkh b

ifjjdrdknd, Ifjjdrdktfbtfmk fs tcd pmssfof`fty mj ncbrhfkh

lmrd lmkdy jrml nustmldrs

Cmwdvdr, fj nustmldrs vb`ud tcd jfrl's mjjdr,tcdy wf`` od `dss sdksftfvd tm bspdnts mjnmlpdtfkh mjjdrs bki prfnd lby kmt od mkd mj

tcdsd bspdnts



B orbki fs b nm``dntfmk mj flbhds bki fidbs

rdprdsdktfkh b prmiunt mr b nmlpbky

JM_O_BKIFKH

NMLWBKV



Nmlpbky kbld ;0 Fkifvfiub` orbkifkh Nm`murs ^mukis Jmrls bki idsfhks Wbnebhds

Wrfnds @mhms ^`mhbks

Bivdrtfsdldkts Kblds Bttftuids



W@BNDW_MLMYFM

K

WDMW@DW_MITNY

W_FND

Cmw lunc brd tcd fktdkidi nustmldrs wf``fkh tm pby= Cdrd wd idnfid mk b prfnfkh strbtdhy - im kmt `dt ft aust cbppdk!Ycd nmksuldr fs mjtdk sdksftfvd jmr prfnd ifsnmukts bki spdnfb` mjjdrs. Wrfnd oufìs b`sm tcd nmlpbky flbhd1 smldtcfkh tcbt fs dxpdksfvd lust od hmmi

• Cmw scmuì wd prfnd mur prmiunt sm tcbt mur nustmldrs ouy ft= Fs prfndflpmrtbkt tm mur nustmldrs=

• Cmw scmuì wd prfnd mur prmiunt sm tcbt ft ifjjdrs jrml mur nmlpdtftmrs=• Cmw scmuì wd prfnd mur prmiunt sm tcbt wd lbed smld prmjft=

• Ifsnmukts• Ydrls mj pbyldkt• Wrfnd nrdbtfkh flbhd



Wrfnd fs tcd rdsu`t mj bk dxncbkhd5 b kuldrfnb`lmkdtbry vbùd tm b hmmi, sdrvfnd mr bssdt

Fk lbredtfkh tcd prfnd fs tcd blmukt bnustmldr pbys jmr tcd prmiunt. Ft fs idtdrlfkdioy b kulodr mj jbntmrs fknùifkh lbredt scbrd,

nmlpdtftfmk, lbtdrfb` nmsts, prmiunt fidktftybki tcd nustmldr's pdrndfvdi vbùd mj tcdprmiunt.

Ycd ousfkdss lby fknrdbsd mr idnrdbsd tcd prfndmj prmiunt fj mtcdr stmrds cbvd tcd sbldprmiunt.



Cmw lunc tm ncbrhd jmr b prmiunt mr sdrvfnd= Cmw lunc imnustmldrs vbùd tcd prmiunts bki sdrvfnds=

Xcbt brd tcd prfnfkh moadntfvds= Cmw tm sdt tcd prfnd= (nmst-pùs prfnfkh, idlbki obsdi mr

vbùdobsdi prfnfkh, rbtd mj rdturk prfnfkh, mr nmlpdtftmr fkidxfkh) ^cmuì tcdrd od b sfkh`d prfnd mr lu`tfp`d prfnfkh= ^cmuì prfnds ncbkhd fk vbrfmus hdmhrbpcfnb` brdbs, rdjdrrdi tm bs

zmkd prfnfkh= ^cmuì tcdrd od qubktfty ifsnmukts= Im ymu usd b prfnd sefllfkh strbtdhy mr b pdkdtrbtfmk prfnfkh

strbtdhy= Xcbt flbhd im ymu wbkt tcd prfnd tm nmkvdy= Im ymu usd psyncm`mhfnb` prfnfkh= Cmw vfsfo`d scmuì tcd prfnd od= ^cmuì tcd prfnd od kdutrb`= Xcbt smrt mj pbyldkts scmuì od bnndptdi=



W_FND

W_MLMYFMK

WDMW@DW_MITNY

W@BND

~ Bvbf`bo`d bt tcd rfhct p`bnd, bt tcd rfhct tfld, fk tcd rfhct qubktftfds ~

•Xcbt fs tcd odst p`bnd tm sd`` mur prmiunt sm tcbt ft fs bvbf`bo`d tm murnustmldrs=

• Cmw wfid`y scmuì tcd prmiunt od smì=

• ^cmuì wd usd ifstrfoutmrs= Xcm brd mur ifstrfoutmrs= Xcy=• Cmw scmuì mur “scmp“ (prdlfsds) `mme `fed=

• ^fhks• Idnmrbtfmk

• Ifstrfoutmrs• ^tmrbhd• Bvbf`bof`fty



W`bnd strbtdhy td``s cmw tcd prmiunt mr sdrvfnd wf`òd ifstrfoutdi tm tcd dki usdr. Ycd prmiunt lust

od bt tcd rfhct p`bnd bt tcd rfhct tfld. Ywm typds mj ifstrfoutfmk ldtcmis1

Fkifrdnt ifstrfoutfmk „ usd mj bk rdtbf`dr mr bk

fktdrldifbry Ifrdnt ifstrfoutfmk - sd``fkh ifrdnt`y jrml b lbkujbnturdr

tm tcd nmksuldr

Ycrdd typd mj ifstrfoutfmk strbtdhfds

2. Fktdksfvd ifstrfoutfmk - tcd prmiunt fs smì fk bs lbky p`bndsbs pmssfo`d.

?. Dxnùsfvd ifstrfoutfmk - b sfkh`d mut`dt

>. ^d`dntfvd Ifstrfoutfmk1 - B slb`` kulodr mj rdtbf` mut`dts



W_FND

W@BNDW_MLMYFM

K

W_MITNYWDMW@D

~ Wdmp`d brd tcd lmst flpmrtbkt d`dldkt mj bky sdrvfnd mr dxpdrfdknd. ~

•Xcbt fs tcd ldbkfkh mj pdmp`d fk mur nmlpbky bki fk mur sunndss=• Xcbt efki mj pdmp`d im wd kddi=

• Cmw lbky pdmp`d im wd kddi=• Bppdbrbknd mj mur pdmp`d=• ^ef``s bki ekmw`dihd mj mur pdmp`d=• Cmw tm lmtfvbtd mur stbjj=



Wdmp`d ouy jrml pdmp`d tcbt tcdy `fed

Wdrsmkkd`‖s bttftuid, sef``s bki bppdbrbknd brd

flpmrtbkt Wdrsmkkd` fs b nmlpbky‖s jfrst lbredt „ tcdy lust

od`fdvd fk tcd nmlpbky bki ekmw fts prmiunts,strbtdhfds bki vb`uds

FKYD_KB@ LB_EDYFKH

Bk mkhmfkh prmndss wcfnc bfls jmr tcbt pdrsmkkd` fs

sbtfsjfdi bki hfvds fts odst jmr tcd nmlpbky bki ftsnustmldrs.



2. Cfrd rfhct efki mj pdmp`d tm tcd nmlpbky

?. Eddp tcd hmmi, m`i wmredrs>. Lmtfvbtd pdrsmkkd` jmr imfkh tcdfr amos odttdr

9. Nrdbtd dlp`mydd amo sbtfsjbntfmk

4. Fktdrkb` nmllukfnbtfmk



Odttdr amo pdrjmrlbknd

_dspmksfof`fty jmr dlp`mydds

Nmllmk ukidrstbkifkh mj tcd nmlpbky bki ftsstrbtdhfds

Odttdr sdrvfnd tm n`fdkts

Flprmvdi dlp`mydd idvd`mpldkt Fktdhrbtds ousfkdss nu`turd, strunturd, culbk

rdsmurnds lbkbhdldkt, vfsfmk bki strbtdhy wftc

tcd dlp`mydds' prmjdssfmkb` bki smnfb` kddis Odttdr nmmrifkbtfmk bki nmmpdrbtfmk blmkh

idpbrtldkts mj tcd ousfkdss.



W_FND

W@BND

WDMW@D

W_MITNYW_MLMYF

MK

W_MLMYFMK < B`` nmllukfnbtfmk tcbt cbppdks fksfid mr mutsfid tcd

nmlpbky2. Vmu‖vd hmt tm cbvd smldtcfkh tm td`` „ tcd ndktrb` ldssbhd / tcdsdrvfnd prmlfsd• Nmlpbky‖s pmfkt mj vfdw• Nustmldrs‖ pmfkt mj vfdw!!!

?. “Ycd pbnebhd“• Vmu‖vd hmt tm dxprdss tcd ndktrb` ldssbhd fk sunc b wby tcbt

nustmldrs pby bttdktfmk tm ft, kmtfnd ymur ldssbhd bki bibpt ft bstcdfr mwk

>. Ldifb ncmfnds• Vmu‖vd hmt tm jfki tcd ldifbs tcbt ymur nustmldrs jm``mw bki

usd tcdl bs ymur lbredtfkh ncbkkd`s• Ycd pbnebhd= / Ycd ouihdt= / Ycd djjdnt=

9. Yfldtbo`d4. _dspmksfof`ftfds (Ycd rm`d mj bivdrtfsfkh bhdkny=)



Fkjmrlbtfmk bomut b prmiunt, prmiunt `fkd, orbki, mrnmlpbky mkd mj tcd jfvd edy bspdnts mj tcd lbredtfkh lfx

Idjfkftfmk mj Wrmlmtfmk Wrmlmtfmk eddps tcd prmiunt fk tcd lfkis mj tcd nustmldr bkicd`ps stflu`btd idlbki jmr tcd prmiunt.

Wrmlmtfmk fkvm`vds mkhmfkh bivdrtfsfkh bki puo`fnfty

Bomvd tcd `fkd prmlmtfmk1 prmlmtfmk fk tcd ldifb bivdrtfsdr pbys jmr ft tbrhdtdi ifrdnt`y tm tcd nustmldrs

Od`mw tcd `fkd prmlmtfmk1

B`` mtcdr prmlmtfmk Wrmlmtfmk tbrhdtdi tm mtcdr hrmups tcbk nustmldrs „ bjjdnts

fkifrdnt`y nustmldrs Jmr dxblp`d spmksmrscfp, prmiunt p`bndldkt, sb`ds prmlmtfmk,

puo`fn rd`btfmks, trbid scmws



Wrmlmtfmkb` lfx mr nmllukfnbtfmk lfx1 Bivdrtfsfkh1 Bky pbfi prdsdktbtfmk bki prmlmtfmk mj fidbs, hmmis, mr sdrvfnds oy bk

fidktfjfdi spmksmr Wdrsmkb` sd``fkh1 B prmndss mj cd`pfkh bki pdrsubifkh mkd mr lmrd prmspdnts tm purncbsd

b hmmi mr sdrvfnd mr tm bnt mk bky fidb tcrmuhc tcd usd mj bk mrb` prdsdktbtfmk. ^b`ds prmlmtfmk1 Fkndktfvds idsfhkdi tm stflu`btd tcd purncbsd mr sb`d mj b prmiunt,

usub``y fk tcd scmrt tdrl Wuo`fn rd`btfmks1 Kmk-pbfi kmk-pdrsmkb` stflu`btfmk mj idlbki jmr b prmiunt, sdrvfnd, mrousfkdss ukft oy p`bktfkh sfhkfjfnbkt kdws bomut ft mr b jbvmrbo`d prdsdktbtfmk mj ft fk tcdldifb.

Ywm strbtdhfds1 "pusc" bki "pu``". Wusc

Tsds sb`dsldk bki trbid prmlmtfmk tm nrdbtd nmksuldr idlbki jmr b prmiunt. Ycd prmiundr prmlmtds tcd prmiunt tm wcm`dsb`drs, tcd wcm`dsb`drs prmlmtd ft tmrdtbf`drs, bki tcd rdtbf`drs prmlmtd ft tm nmksuldrs.

Wu`` Tsds bivdrtfsfkh bki nmksuldr prmlmtfmk tm oufì up nmksuldr idlbki jmr b

prmiunt. Fj tcd strbtdhy fs sunndssju`, nmksuldrs wf`` bse tcdfr rdtbf`drs jmr tcd prmiunt, tcd

rdtbf`drs wf`` bse tcd wcm`dsb`drs, bki tcd wcm`dsb`drs wf`` bse tcd prmiundrs.

KMYD! Xftc prmlmtfmk ymu oufì flbhds bki hfvd fkjmrlbtfmk. Xcdtcdr ymurprmlmtfmk nblpbfhk cbs dlpcbsfs mk fkjmrlbtfmk mr flbhds idpdkis jfrst`y mknustmldrs wfscds bki vbùds bki sdnmki`y mk ymur prmiunt bki nmlpbky.



Idnfsfmksfklbredtfkh nmllukfnbtfmk

Fktdrbntfvd lbredtfkh^uppmrt jmr sb`ds

Nustmldr

sdrvfnd

Wdrsmkb`

sd``fkhBivdrtfsfkh ^b`ds

Wrmlmtfmk

Wuo`fn

_d`btufks

Nmllukfnbtfmk fk tcd prfkt ldifb

D`dntrfn ldifb

(rbifm, YZ, fktdrkdt dtn.)

Ifrdnt lbredtfkhMutimmr bivdrtfsfkh

Bi tf f



Amcbkkb Cdfkmkdk-^b`beeb

2?.?.?77?

Bivdrtfsfkh B ldssbhd tcbt fs sdkt bki pbfi oy b rdnmhkfsbo`d sdkidr usub``y fk lbssldifb.Ycd ldssbhd td``s bomyt tcd sdrvfnds, prmiunts bki tcd nmlpbky bki fts hmb` fst tunrdbtd/fknrdbsd sd``fkh bki/mr tcd ekmw`dihd mj tcd prmiunt/sdrvfnd/nmlpbky mrnrdbtd/flprmvd tcd flbhd mj tcd prmi

Xcy bivdrtfsfkh kddis=2. Ft fkjmrls nustmldrs mj tcd prmiunt/sdrvfnd/nmlpbky bki fts nmktdkts bki

d`dldkts, tcd prfnd, tcd sd``fkh p`bnds…?. Ft bjjdnts pdmp`d‖s bttftuids bki jdd`fkhs bki ft bfls jmr nrdbtfkh b hmmi prmiunt-

bki nmlpbky flbhd5 b orbki.>. Ft wbkts tm nrdbtd b wf`` jmr purncbsd oy td``fkh tcd hmmi sfids bki tcdbivbktbhds fk ouyfkh tcd prmiunt




2?.?.?77?

Ycd pmsftfvd d`dldkts fk bivdrtfsfkh • _dbncds lbssds• Rufne• Ncdbp, fj ymu nmksfidr tcd kulodr mj pdrsmks ymu

rdbnc

• Ncdbp jmr tcd nustmldr

Ycd kdhbtfvd d`dldkts fk bivdrtfsfkh • Dxpdksfvd• Idlbkis sef``s tm od imkd rfhct

• Flpdrsmkb`

Cmw tm lbed b hmmi bivdrtfsdldkt=




2?.?.?77?

Cmw tm lbed b hmmi bivdrtfsdldkt=

OB^FN1Eddp ft sflp`dImk‖t ncbkhd ft

• fk mridr tm lbed pdmp`d rdldlodr ymur bivdrtfsdldkt, ymulust usd tcd sbld d`dldkts mvdr bki mvdr bhbfk iurfkh tcdydbrs. D.h. Ycd nm`mr o`ud fk Jbzdr o`ud ncmne`btd, nm`mr _di fkZfefkh @fkd, tcrdd strfpds fk Bifibs, “Cbvd b Nmnd bki b slf`d“

Bivdrtfsdldkts nbk od• Zfsub``y sbld (sbld nm`mr, `mhm dtn)• Zdrob``y sbld (sbld s`mhbk)• Mrb``y sbld (sbld smuki)




2?.?.?77?

NMKYDKY^ FK BIZD_YF^FKH

• lbfk prmlfsd / ndktrb` ldssbhd

• tcd pbrts tcbt suppmrt tcd lbfk prmlfsd

Tsdju` tmm` fs BFIB (d.h. bk dxbhhdrbtdi vdrsfmk fs YZ ^cmp)

B hdt ymur nustmldrs‖ bttdktfmkF nrdbtd fktdrdst

I lbed tcdl idsfrd ymur prmiunt / nmlpbku

B lbed tcdl bnt (ouy)

^ hubrbktdd sbtfsjbntfmk

Bi tf f f




2?.?.?77?

Bivdrtfsfkh nblpbfkh

@bsts b ndrtbfk pdrfmi iurfkh wcfnc tcd bivdrtfsdr sdkis bldssbhd tm tcd tbrhdt hrmup fk tcd ncmsdk ldifbsYcd sbld ldssbhd nbk od tm`i wftc ifjjdrdkt nmllukfnbtfmk

tmm`s

@dvd`s fk bivdrtfsfkh nblpbfkh

2. Kbtfmkb`

?. _dhfmkb`>. Fk mkd scmp mr rdsfidknd

W@BKKFKH BKI BIZD_YF^FKH NBLWBFHK



Hbtcdrfkh obnehrmuki

fkjmrlbtfmk

Hmb`s bki tbrhdt hrmupsjmr bivdrtfsfkh nblpbfhk

Ouihdt

Ncmmsfkh ldifb/s

Idnfifkh tcd ndktrb`

Ldssbhd bki nmktdkts

Flp`dldktbktfmk1Wrdtdstfkh

Wrmiuntfmk

Wuo`fscfkh

Ldbsurfkh tcd djjdntfvdkdss

bki hbtcdrfkh jddi obne

Wuo`fscfkh tfld

Kulodr mj rdpdbts

Yflfkh b`tdrkbtfvds jmr bk bivdrtfsfkh nblpbfkh



Dvdk _fsfkh ^fkefkh Ncbkhfkh

Ndktdrdi

Nmktfkumus

Ordbefkh

Bivdrtfsfkh ldifbs




2?.?.?77?

• Wrfkt ldifb (kdwspbpdrs, lbhbzfkds dtn) (jurtcdr fkjmrlbtfmk d.h.

cttp1//nmktdktlbkbhdldktsmjtwbrds.kdt/Odkdjfts]mj]bivdrtfsfkh]tcrmuhc]prfkt]ldifb.ctl)

• _bifm (jurtcdr fkjmrlbtfmk d.h. cttp1//www.rbo.nml/ bki cttp1//www.rbo.jf/dk]HO/)

• YZ (jurtcdr fkjmrlbtfmk d.h. cttp1//www.kd`mkdk.jf/fkdkh`fsc/ bki

cttp1//spmttf.ltv>.jf/sftd/ltv>/dk/)

• Fktdrkdt

• Mutimmr bivdrtfsfkh bik bivdrtfsfkh mk vdcfn`ds

• Bivdrtfsfkh fk tcd scmp

Xcy tm ncmmsd b ndrtbfk bivdrtfsfkh ldifb=

2. Ybrhdt hrmup?. Ycd d`dldkts fk prmiunt mr sdrvfnd

>. Nmlpdtftmr‖s bntfmks

9. Dnmkmlfn pmfkt mj vfdws

HMB@^ FK BIZD_YF^FKH



HMB@^ FK BIZD_YF^FKH

• fkjmrlbtfmkb` hmb`s

• hmb`s tcbt bfl jmr ncbkhd tcd bttftuids blmkh tbrhdt

hrmup

•hmb`s tcbt bfl jmr bntfmk fk tbrhdt hrmup

LDB^T_DLDKY^




2?.?.?77?

Fk hdkdrb`1 _dbi tcfs

cttp1//www.wbk-prdss.mrh/FLH/pij/Bijvdrtfsfkh]Ldbsurd]29789J.pij

MY^ „ Mppmrtukfty tm sdd

Cmw lbky tflds pdmp`d wcm brd rdbncdi oy tcd ldifb cbs bk mppmtukfty

tm sdd tcd bsvdrtfsdldkt

Nmvdr kulodrsCmw lbky pdrndkt mj tcd tbrhdt hrmup wf`` od rdbncdi

Nmktbnt kulodrs

Cmw lunc imds ft nmst tm rdbnc mkd pdmp`d



Kmw lbed b `fst mj dvdrytcfkh, tcbt ymu cbvdtcmuhct tm im fk ymur lbredtfkh p`bk (fk

prmiunt, prfnd, p`bnd, pdmp`d, prmlmtfmk dtn) `fedtcfs d.h…2. Ybse krm 21 Idsfhk b kdw pbnebhd?. Ybse krm ?1 Hfvd b kmvd`ty ifsnmukt>. Ybse krm >1 Idnmrbtd tcd scmp9. Ybse krm 91 Ouy kdw jurkfturd4. Ybse krm 41 Cbvd b YZ „nmlldrnfb`

:. Ybse krm :1 Cbvd b kdwspbpdr bi8. Ybse krm 81 Cbvd b ifrdnt lbredtfkh `dttdr 3. Ybse krm 31 Cfrd ? kdw pdmp`d6. Dtn…..



Kdxt1 Jfhurd mut wcbt dbnc mkd mj ymur tbseswmu`i nmst bki tcdk nmukt tcdl tmhdtcdr

2. Ybse 21xxx ₠

?. Ybse ?1zzz ₠

>. Ybse >1yyy ₠

9. dtn



Kdxt stdp fs tm idjfkd tcd tfldtbo`d jmr ifjjdrdktbntfmks (< tbses). @fed tcfs jmr dxblp`d…

2. Ybse 21Ycd 2st mj Lby

?. Ybse ?1Xdde >3

>. Ybse >1Mk Au`y bt tcd `btdst

9. Ybse 91Iurfkh Lbrnc

4. Dtn.



Fk mridr tm ekmw wcdtcdr ymur lbredtfkh p`bk cbs oddk sunndsju` bki fj ft cbs



Fk mridr tm ekmw wcdtcdr ymur lbredtfkh p`bk cbs oddk sunndsju` bki fj ft cbsrdbncdi

tcd hm`s ymu cbvd std odjmrd, ft fs dssdktfb` tm ldbsurd up tcd rdsu`ts bki tcdprmndss ftsd`j

Ycd rdsu`ts jrml ldbsurdldkt wf`` od usdi fk p`bkkfkh tcd kdxt lbredtfkhrmuki

Ldbsurdldkt bki jm``mw-up brd fk tcbt sdksd b pbrt mj bkb`ysfs tmm` Ldbsurdldkt bki tcd prd-sdt hmb`s hm b`wbys cbki fk cbk

^YDW^ cmw tm im ft Idnfid wcbt tm jm``mw

bt ̀ dbst tcd hmb`s bki moadntfvds ymu cbvd sdt, out brd tcdrd mtcdr flpmrtbkt tcfkhs Idnfid cmw tm jm``mw ifjjdrdkt tmpfns

Ycdrd nbk od ifjjdrdkt wbys mj jm``mwfkh ifjjdrdkt ftdls fk mkd lbredtfkh p`bk. Dbnc mkd mjtcdl lust od idjfkdi

Idnfid wcdk tcd jm``mw up scmu`i od lbid

Idnfid wcm fs rdspmksfo`d jmr dbnc jm``mw-up bntfmk Idnfid wcbt tm im fj tcd lbredtfkh cbsk‖t oddk sunndsju` mr tcd hmb`s cbvdk‖t

oddk rdbncdi Ycfke nmrrdntfvd ldbsurds

<; Bki bntub``y cdrd ymu stbrt b kdw nfrn`d mj p`bkkfkhlbredtfkh bntfmks



Ft fs dssdktfb` tm p`bk fk bivbknd cmw tm jm``mwup tcd rdsu`ts bki cmw tm hbtcdr jddiobne

Jm``mw-up fs usub``y obsdi mk tcd hmb`s ymucbvd sdt dbr`fdr

Ybrhdts nbk od b`lmst bkytcfkh Nustmldrs, ^b`ds, Flbhd, Wrmjft, Yurkmvdr, Nmsts,

Rub`fty mj prmiunts, Idvd`mpldkt mj prfnds,Djjfnfdkny mj tcd ifstrfoutmr dtn.

Cmw tm jm``mw-up Idse survdy, qudstfmkkbfrds, fktdrvfdws

(qubktftbtfvd vs. qub`ftbtfvd)



Amcbkkb Cdfkmkdk



LB_EDYFKH _D^DB_NC

Wrmo`dl Fidktfjfnbtfmk_dsdbrnc

Wrmo`dl-^m`vfkh _dsdbrnc

Lbredt Wmtdktfb` _dsdbrncLbredt ^cbrd _dsdbrnc

Flbhd _dsdbrnc

Lbredt Ncbrbntdrfstfns _dsdbrnc^b`ds Bkb`ysfs _dsdbrncJmrdnbstfkh _dsdbrnc

Ousfkdss Yrdkis _dsdbrnc

^dhldktbtfmk _dsdbrncWrmiunt _dsdbrnc

Wrfnfkh _dsdbrncWrmlmtfmk _dsdbrncIfstrfotfmk _dsdbrnc



Dxp`mrbtmry rdsdbrnc jmrlu`btds prmo`dls lmrd prdnfsd`y,

n`brfjfds nmkndpts, hbtcdrs dxp`bkbtfmks,

hbfks fksfhct, d`flfkbtds flprbntfnb` fidbs,bki jmrlfs cypmtcdsds `ftdrbturd sdbrnc mr nbsd stuifds

Idsnrfptfvd rdsdbrnc idsnrfods usdrs mj b prmiunt, idtdrlfkds tcd

prmpmrtfmk mj tcd pmpu`btfmk tcbt usds bprmiunt, mr prdifnts juturd idlbki jmr bprmiunt

wcm, wcbt, wcdrd, wcdk, wcy, bki cmwbspdnts mj tcd rdsdbrnc scmuì od idjfkdi

Nbusb` rdsdbrnc nbusd bki djjdnt rd`btfmkscfps odtwddk

vbrfbo`ds `bomrbtmry bki jfdì dxpdrfldkts

B lbredtfkh rdsdbrnc nbk od imkd oy tcd idse mr mk tcd jfdì



B lbredtfkh rdsdbrnc nbk od imkd oy tcd idse mr mk tcd jfdì B idse stuiy nmkndktrbtds mk tcd `ftdrbturd, stbtfstfns, stuifds dtn. tcbt

b`rdbiy dxfst bki irbws nmknùsfmks obsdi mk tcdl Ycfs fs usub``y sdnmkibry rdsdbrnc < ymu imk‖t hdt tcd bkswdr ifrdnt`y jrml

tcd tbrhdt hrmup W_M^ BKI NMK^1

s usub``y `dss tfld nmksulfkh fs usub``y `dss nmst`y lby kmt od upibtdi fs usub``y kmt nustmlfsdi tm suft ymur kddis lby od sujjfnfdkt fj ymu rdqufrd aust hdkdrb` fkjmrlbtfmk sunc bs fkiustry prmjf`d,

trdkis bki idlmhrbpcfns

B jfdì stuiy hmds mutsfid tcd jfrl bki bses nustmldrs, nmlpdtftmrs,stbedcmìdrs dtn. smld spdnfb` qudstfmks <; prflbry rdsdbrnc W_M^ BKI NMK^1

tfld nmksulfkh Nmst`y

tbf`mrdi tm suft ymur spdnfjfn kddis vbùbo`d dspdnfb``y fj ymu kddi tm ekmw smldtcfkh spdnfjfn

Ycd odst wby tm im lbredtfkh rdsdbrnc fs tm nmlofkd tcdsd twm wbys



Lbredtfkh rdsdbrnc nbk odimkd mknd mr rdpdbtdi`y

B stuiy tcbt fs imkd mknd fs

nb``di bi cmn. Ft usub``ynmkndktrbtds mk b spdnfb`prmo`dl mr b qudstfmk

Mlkfous stuiy rdpdbtsftsd`j fk b ndrtbfk tfldfktdrvb`s (dh. bkkub``y).Ycd hmb` jmr bk mlkfous

stuiy fs tm hbtcdr lbtdrfb`fk mridr tm sdd cmwsmldtcfkh cbs idvd`mpdi



Ycdrd brd twm wbys mj imfkh rdsdbrnc1 qub`ftbtfvdbki qubktftbtfvd Rub`ftbtfvd

hdkdrb``y usdi jmr dxp`mrbtmry purpmsds slb`` kulodr mj rdspmkidkts

kmt hdkdrb`fzbo`d tm tcd wcm`d pmpu`btfmk stbtfstfnb` sfhkfjfnbknd bki nmkjfidknd kmt nb`nu`btdi dxblp`ds fknùid jmnus hrmups, idptc fktdrvfdws, bki

prmadntfvd tdnckfquds Tsub``y stuifds dlmtfmks, mpfkfmks bki pdrspdntfvds

Rubktftbtfvd hdkdrb``y usdi tm irbw nmknùsfmks nbk tdst b spdnfjfn cypmtcdsfs usds rbkiml sblp`fkh tdnckfquds sm bs tm fkjdr jrml tcd

sblp`d tm tcd pmpu`btfmk fkvm`vds b `brhd kulodr mj rdspmkidkts dxblp`ds fknùid survdys bki qudstfmkkbfrds Wrmvfids kulodrs bki pdrndktbhd (cbri ibtb) jmr b

ndrtbfk ftdl



Dxpdrfldkts bki tdstfkh

Mosdrvbtfmks

Fktdrvfdws

Rudstfmkkbfrds

Tsd mj dxfstfkh ibtb(idse stuiy)



Hbtcdr obnehrmuki fkjmrlbtfmk bki tcdmry Idjfkd tcd prmo`dl Idtdrlfkd rdsdbrnc idsfhk (ldtcmi) Fidktfjy ibtb typds bki smurnds Idsfhk ibtb nm``dntfmk jmrls bki qudstfmkkbfrds Idtdrlfkd sblp`d p`bk bki sfzd Im tcd tfldtbo`d bki ouihdt jmr ymur rdsdbrnc

Bhrdd mj tcd rdspmksfof`ftfds ^urvdy tcd rfses fk ymur rdsdbrnc

Nm``dnt tcd ibtb

Bkb`yzd bki fktdrprdt tcd ibtb Wrdpbrd tcd rdsdbrnc rdpmrt

YCBKE



VMT!



@fst tcd hmb`s ymu cbvd sdt fk ymur lbredtfkh p`bkdbr`fdr

Ycfke bt `dbst mkd wby (tcdrd nbk od sdvdrb` wbys)tm ldbsurd dbnc hmb` ymu cbvd sdt

Ycdk rdbi tcrmuhc ymur lbredtfkh p`bk bki tcfke,

wcbt mtcdr tcfkhs brd tm od ldbsurdi bki jfhurdmut tcd wby tm im tcbt

Jfkb``y wrftd imwk b wby tm ldbsurd tcdlbredtfkh p`bk prmndss

KMYD! Ft‖s kmt dkmuhc tm wrftd imwk tcd wbys tmldbsurd „ ymu scmu`i b`sm tcfke, cmw tcdfkjmrlbtfmk scmu`i od usdi

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