how to write a scientific document? 1. document’s structure and … by: m. j. abedini

How to write a scientific document?1. Document’s structure and …

By:

M. J. Abedini

Clarification on seminar title

Document’s structure

Document’s building block--Paragraph

Document’s title, abstract, and introduction

Critical review of the literature

Concluding remarks

Recommendations

Questions and Answers

Outline of presentation

Scientific method

Steps involved in writing a clearly written document

Writing skillsCommon errors in grammar and usage

Rules for spelling

Punctuation

Guide to oral presentation

Database resources and search strategies

Road map for upcoming seminars

Reference management resources

Ethics in scientific writing

Journal and journal selection process

Writing a resume and letter of application

Road map for upcoming seminars

Lab report

Project report or term paper

Proposal

Thesis

Books

Government report

Conference paper

Journal paper

Type of documents

توليد قيد براي تحقيق بيشتر

آب دريا را اگر نتوان كشيد هم به قدر تشنگي بايد چشيد

مقايسه علم با هنرنقش كليدي آموزش در امر پژوهش ضرورت فرهنگ سازي سير تكاملي دريافت نقطه نظرات داوران در

خصوص نگارش مقاله

چرا اين موضوع؟ سابقه و اهدافقبلي

Feedback on our first submission:

The grammar, syntax and semantics of the paper are poor and often obscure its message. I have made many suggestions in the margins on how the readability of the paper might be improved. In the event that this paper is revised, I strongly recommend that the authors and/or the journal subject the manuscript to rigorous sub-editing before publication.

Nature of feedbacks from reviewers

Feedback on our more recent submissions:

1. I have checked your manuscript and find the English to be well written and perfectly acceptable.

2. This paper is also well written. It has a clear focus and organization.

3. A final comment is that the paper is clearly written by non-native English speakers.

Nature of feedbacks from reviewers

Title

Abstract and keywords

Introduction

Materials and methods

Results and discussions

Conclusions and recommendations for further …

References and reference citing

Appendices

�ِ Document’s structure

UnityA paragraph presents one main idea as well as specific support for

that idea. Think of the main idea as a message

CoherencyEvery sentence in the paragraph must relate to its message

Every sentence must relate to the sentences before and after it

Development

Variety

Variations in sentence length will tell the difference between main

ideas (short) and supporting ideas (long)

�ِ Document’s building block: Paragraph

Paragraph structure--SEES

Introduction

Statement

Main body

Elaboration

Evidence

Conclusions

Summary

�ِ Document’s building block: Paragraph

استعنوان يكي از مهم ترين عناصر يك مستند علمي :ويژگي هاي يك عنوان ايده آل

ساده، قابل فهم و واضح باشداختصاصي باشدجذاب باشددر بر گيرنده واژگان كليدي مربوط به مطالعه باشدمختصر و مانع )و نه جامع( باشدحاوي مخفف و اصطالت پيچيده نباشد

عنوان مستند علمي

هدف از ارائه چكيده:مؤلفه هاي يك چكيده ي ساختار يافته

اهميت موضوع مورد مطالعه و ضرورت انجام مقدمه :آن

روش انجام تحقيقروشها :يافته هاي اصلي مطالعهيافته ها :تفسير و نتيجه گيري نهائينتيجه گيري :

بكارگيري افعال مجهول و زمان گذشتهفاقد هر گونه شكل، جدول و مرجعاز لحاظ ترتيب نگارش، آخرين مرحله

چكيده مستند علمي

:ساختار كلي و محتواي مقدمه ارائه زمينه و ديدگاه در باره موضوع و اهميت پرداختن

به آنمرور انتقادي منابع علمي مرتبط با موضوعبيان منطق منجر به انجام پژوهشبيان اهداف مطالعهمعرفي ساختار باقيمانده ي مستند

سير ارائه مطالب در مقدمهزمان نوشتن مقدمه چه موقعي است؟هنر و تكنيك نوشتن يك مقدمه ي خوب

مقدمه مستند علمي

Literature Review--Definition

Why do we do a LR?

What a LR is NOT?

Features of a good LR.

Purposes of a LR.

Nine steps in writing a LR.

Content of a LR.

Tips on LR structure and write-up

Critical review of literature

A summary, explanation and synthesis of the

complete and current state of knowledge on a topic as

found in:Academic books

Journal articles

Conference Proceedings

Government reports

Dissertations

….


An account of what has been published on a topic

by accredited:Scholars

Researchers


To see what has and has not been investigated.

To develop general explanations for observed

variations in a behavior or phenomenon.

To identify potential relationships between concepts

To identify researchable hypothesis.

To learn how others have defined and measured key

concepts

Why do we do a literature review?

To identify data sources which other researchers

have used.

To develop alternative research projects.

To discover how a research project is related to the

work of others?

Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field

is essential for most research papers.

Why do we do a literature review?

An annotated bibliography

Literary review

A book review

What a literature review is NOT?

Compare and contrast different authors’ views on an

issue,

Group authors who draw similar conclusions,

Criticize aspects of methodology,

Note areas in which authors are in disagreement,

Highlight exemplary studies,

Features of a good literature reviews

Highlight gaps in research,

Raise questions and identify areas to be explored,

Show how one’s study relates to previous studies,

Show how one’s study relates to literature in general,

Conclude by summarizing what the literature says.

Features of a good literature review

Define and limit the problem, one is working on,Place one’s study in a historical perspectiveProvide an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to do research in a new area,Ensure that researchers do not duplicate work that has already been done,Can provide clues as to where future research is heading or recommend areas on which to focus,

Purposes of a literature review

Highlights key findings,

Identifies inconsistencies, gaps and contradictions

in the literature,

Provides a constructive analysis of the

methodologies and approaches of other researchers,

Formulates questions that need further research.

Purposes of a literature review

Step 1: Find a working topic,Think about what interests you,

Talk to your supervisor,

Read lecture notes,

Read recent issues of journal articles,

Step 2: Review the literatureUse at least two relevant databases,

•Science citation index,•Current contents•Canada institute for scientific and technical information (cisti)

Read the most recent articles and work backward,

Nine steps to writing a literature review

Step 3: Focus your topic narrowly and select papers

accordingly.What interests you?

What interest others?

What time span of research will you consider?


Step 4: Read the selected articles thoroughly and

evaluate them.What assumptions do most/some researchers seem to be making,What methodologies do they use?

Evaluate and synthesize the research findings drawn

Note experts in the field, names/labs that are frequently

referenced

Note conflicting theories, results and methodologies,

Watch for popularity of theories and how these have/have not

changed over time.

Step 5: Organize the selected papers by looking for

patterns and by developing sub-topics


Step 5: Organize the selected papers by looking for

patterns and by developing sub-topicsFindings that are common /contested,Two or three important trends in the research,

The most influential theories.

Step 6: Develop a working thesisFind a focus,

Construct a working thesis statement,

Consider organization.


Step 7: Organize your own papers based on the

findings from steps 4 & 5.Develop headings/subheadings,Organize materials chronologically, thematically and/or methodologically,Summarize major trends in tabular format

Step 8: Write the body of the literature review

Step 9: Look at what you have written: Focus on

analysis and synthesis and not description.


Introduction•Establish the field by:

Claiming centrality,Moving from general to specific,Reviewing relevant items of previous research

•Define a research problem by:Indicating a gap,Raising a question,Continuing a previously developed line of inquiry;Counter-claiming,

Content of a literature review

Introduction-continue•Propose a solution by:

Outlining purpose/setting objectives,Announcing present research (methodology),Indicating the structure of the research.

Body•Major themes or topics,•Important trends,•Any findings researchers agree or disagree


Concluding remarks•Highlighting gap in existing literature,•Indicating links between previous research and one’s own research project,•Indicating direction for future research.


A common error in literature review:

Presenting material from one author, followed by information from another, then another

Remedy

Group authors and links ideas•To group authors who draw similar conclusions, use linking words such as:

Also, additionally, again, similarly

Tips on literature review structure

•To group authors who draw dissimilar conclusions, use

linking words such as:

However, conversely, on the other hand, nonetheless

Another major problem with LR:

Often written as if they stand alone without links to

the rest of the thesis


Another major problem with LR:

Proper referencing

•American Psychological Association style (APA)•Council of Biology Editors style (CBE)•Chicago style


Everything’s been said before, but nobody listens; so we must start at the beginning and say it all over again.

Concluding remarks

Try to be yourselfTry to believe in yourselfTry to be honest with yourself and possibly othersEncourage team workEncourage independent thinkingMaterialize critical dialogue

Concluding remarks—cont.

Respect others’ opinionBe consistent on your saying and conductEncourage hardworkingBe hopeful of great futureBe stable on your belief whatever they areBe logical and open-minded on your search for truthSeek confirmation from GOD as opposed to from people

Concluding remarks—cont.

برگزاري منظم كارگاه هاي مباني نگارش علمي

بها دادن بيشتر به امر آموزش

واحدي انگليسي ويژه6ساماندهي درس

تعريف درس زبان تخصصي ويژه دانشجويان

تحصيالت تكميلي

تعريف درس روش تحقيق ويژه دانشجويان

تحصيالت تكميلي

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how to write a scientific document? 1. document’s structure and … by: m. j. abedini

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