how will we learn all these words ? etymology and vocabulary across the content areas
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How Will We learn all these words ? Etymology and Vocabulary Across the Content Areas. B.Selah Lee- Bey. What is Etymology. The key to developing ones’ vocabulary is etymology. Etymology : The study of the origins of words. Etym (true sense; origin) + ology (the study of ). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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HOW WILL WE LEARN ALL THESE WORDS? ETYMOLOGY AND VOCABULARY ACROSS THE CONTENT AREAS
B.Selah Lee-Bey
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What is Etymology The key to developing
ones’ vocabulary is etymology. Etymology: The study
of the origins of words. Etym (true sense; origin) +
ology (the study of)
Etymology consists of Word Parts (Affixes and
Roots) Word Origins (Latin; Greek;
German; etc…) How words change over time Word cognates in various
languages within a language family.
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Why Etymology Students are able
to learn up to 50 words per week by studying 4 word parts.
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Word Parts: Prefix
A prefix is a word part that is placed at the beginning of a word.
Pre (before) + fix
(to fasten)
Other Examples: Review React Interview Interact
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Word Parts: Prefix
A prefix changes the meaning of a word Examples: construct; reconstruct;
deconstruct Struct (the root) means to build
Con + struct: to build together/with Re + con + struct: to build together again De + con + struct: to build down
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Prefix Rules A prefix can function as an
intensifier. Example:
Confirm: con + firm (to make more firm). Firm is a root indicating strength.
Obtain: ob + tain (a stronger version of attain). The root tain means to stretch and hold.
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Word Parts: Suffix A suffix is a word
part that is placed at the end of a word.
Suff (after) + fix (to fasten)
hopeful
goodness
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Word Parts: Suffix A suffix can change the part of speech of a
word Noun Suffix Endings
-age: mileage; postage; damage -ship: fellowship; friendship; sportsmanship
Verb Suffix Endings -ate (calculate; meditate; evaporate) - ize/ise (memorize; sympathize; comprise)
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Word Parts: Suffix
A suffix can change the part of speech of a word Adjective Suffix Ending
- able (capable; lovable) -al (national; natural; seasonal)
Adverb Endings -ly (nationally; naturally; swiftly) - where (somewhere; anywhere)
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Suffix Rules A word can have as many as three suffixes
Example: constitution; constitutional; constitutionality
Root: sti: to stand Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al + ity
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Suffix Rules
Like Musical; comical; classical Fantastic; realistic; Slavic
State of/Condition/Quality Appointment; retirement Insistence; patience;
inheritance
One who: Physician;
musician; politician Teacher; barber;
carpenter Artist; pianist;
astrologist
Suffixes have meanings
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Word Parts: Roots
The root is the main part of a word. It is the part of the word which the prefix and suffix are fastened. Remember:
pre (before) + fix (fasten) suf (after) + fix (fasten)
Think of the roots as the anchor that carries the basic meaning of a word.
What is the Root?
The root word part is like the root of a plant. It carries meaning or nutrients to allow a word to blossom and grow.
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Word Parts: Roots Cred: to believe Incredible:
In (not) + cred (believe) + ible (able)
Definition: not able to believe
Creditor: Cred(it) + or (a person
who) Definition: a person that
determines whether you can be trusted or believed
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Word Parts: Roots
Ject: to throw Reject:
Re (back) + ject (throw): Definition: to throw back
Project: Pro (forward) + ject (throw)
Definition: to throw forward
Interject: Prefix: Inter
Definition: to throw between
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Word Parts: All Together
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Prefix Root Suffix3P 2P 1P 0 1S
2S 3S___________________________________________
____
Prefix-Suffix-Root Line
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Conspicuouscon + spic + uous:
visible, open to view, striking
ResistRe + sist
To stand against
What’s the Root of this Word?
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RespectRe + spect
To look back (and see someone); to regard
InstituteIn + stit + ut(e) + ion
To cause to stand (i.e. establish)
What’s the Root of this Word?
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EstablishE + stabl(e) + ish
To make stable
What’s the Root of this Word?
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RegardRe + gard (as in guard)
To look or to heed
Speculative Spec + (ul) + at(e) +ive
Describing something that has been looked at or examined intellectually
What’s the Root of this Word?
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1. Which words have similar meanings Speculative; conspicuous Establish; institute Respect; regard
Semantic Discussions
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3. The word resist has the same root form as consist, insist, and assist. Based on the change in prefix, what is the meaning of the each of the three words mentioned above?
Semantic Discussions (con…)
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The Matrix Map (Beginner)
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The Matrix Map (Advanced)
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The Matrix Map (Beginner)
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The Matrix Map (Advanced)
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Denotation vs Connotation
Denotation: This is the literal meaning of a word. It translates as
from the letters/markings. That is, the meaning is from the original markings (see etymology).
Connotation: This is the shaded/colored meaning. It translates as
added letters/markings
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What is the Connotation? Stench
Definition: a smell, a scent, an odor.
Etymology: O.E. stenc; Old Saxon stanc; Old German stank- to emit a smell. Evil odor meaning applied in 1200 c.
Scent Definition: what can
be smelled. Etymology: O.F. sentir;
Latin sentire- to feel, perceive, sense, discern, hear, see
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Liberal Arts: Music Music
Old French: musique (12 c.)
Latin: musica Greek: mousikos,
pertaining to the Muses
Same root as mind
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Liberal Arts: Music
Forte and Fortissimostrong
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Liberal Arts: Music
Crescendo and Descrescendoto grow loudly or quietly in sound
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Liberal Arts: Music
DolcesweetlyRemember,
Latin-based or Romance languages (from Rome) have cognates that follow a similar spelling format as in English. Thus, dolce means to play sweetly, similarly to dulce, which is sweet in Spanish.
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Liberal Arts: Music
Graveheavily
Similar to the words gravity; gravitate; and gravitas- all of these refer to weight
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Biological Sciences: Botany
Etymology can help students to recall the scientific names of various plant families, genera, and species.
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Biological Sciences: Botany Using the system of scientific
classification, botanists identify plants by their family, genus, and species.
Today, plants scientific names are based on binomial nomenclature system using the generic and the specific epithets.
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Biological Sciences: Botany This flower is called
the Rosa canina. It is classified as
follows: Family: Rosae Genus: Rosa Species: Canina
This is a dog rose (canina refers to the dog)
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Biological Sciences: Botany Most plant names are
Latin or Greek in origin.
The family names have the suffix –aceae, which means “belonging to, having the nature of”
ExamplesAsteraceae
Fabaceae
Apiaceae
Solanaceae
Zingiberaceae
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Biological Sciences: Botany Most plant names are
Latin or Greek in origin.
The family names have the suffix –aceae, which means “belonging to, having the nature of”
Family Name Derivational Meaning
Asteraceae Star-shaped
Fabaceae bean
Apiaceae/Umbelliferacea
e
Celery“bearing umbells”
Solanaceae Night-shade; “soothing
effect”
Zingiberaceae Ginger
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Biological Sciences: Botany Asteraceae:
Aster=star Star-shaped
flowers, such as sunflowers, dandelions, etc…
Fabaceae: Faba=bean
Family of beans, peas, and legumes
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Biological Sciences: Botany Genus
Latin in form Ends in –a, -um, or
–us Seven classes of
distinction
Species Latin in form
Descriptive: albus (white), bellus (pretty), odoratus (scented)
Geographical: anglicus (English), hispanicus (Spanish)
Personal names: davidii (A.David)
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Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomical terminology is rooted in Indo-European languages; thus, etymology will help students readily define given terms.
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Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology
Anterior Ante=before
Posterior Post=after
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Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomical RootsBlood hem, angi
Braincereb, encephal
Hair tricho, tricha
ExamplesHemorrhoidAngioplastyCerebellum
EncephalologyTrichopterous
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Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology
-plasty (surgical repair) Angioplasty Rhinoplasty Palatoplasty
-ectomy (remove part of the body) Craniectomy Iridectomy Hysterectomy
Surgical Procedures
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Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology
-itis (inflammation) Gingivitis Arthritis Chondritis
- algia (sensitivity to pain) Fibromyalgia Arthralgia Cardialgia
Diseases
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Social Sciences: Psychology Psychology
Psych: the mind ology: the study
of
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Social Sciences: Psychology
Bipolar: two polesbi (two) + pol (poles) + ar
Insomnia: not able to sleepin (not) + som (sleep)
Schizophreniaschizo (split) + phren (mind) + ia
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Social Sciences: Psychology Mania
mind of passion, fury, and rage
Kleptomania klepto: thief
Pyromania pyro: fire
Trichotillomania tricho: hair till: pull
Dermatillonmania derma: skin till: pull
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Social Sciences: Psychology Phobias
Phobia is Greek for fear
claustraphobia claus: closed
arachnophobia arachno: spider
algophobia fear of pain
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Mathematics Etymology can
assist students in understanding mathematical concepts.
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Mathematics Bisector
Bi means 2 sect means cut or refers to a thing or
person (noun) Bi + sect + or
something that cuts a shape into two parts.
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Mathematics
Prefix Number
hex 6
sept 7
octo 8
nov 9
dec 10
Prefix Number
mono/uni 1
bi/di/du 2
tri 3
quad/quart 4
pent/quint 5
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Mathematics Hexagon Pentagon
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Mathematics
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Mathematics Algebra
1550s, from Medieval Latin algebra, from Arabic al jabr ("in vulgar pronunciation, al-jebr" [Klein]) "reunion of broken parts”, as in computation
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Mathematics Trigonometry
tri: three gon: angle (shape) metry: measure
the relationship between lengths and angle measurements of triangles
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Mathematics Algorithm and
Arithmetic have the same root. Can you guess what it is? rit, meaning
number
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Social Sciences: Political Science Etymology can
help students identify various forms of government in political science classes.
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Social Sciences: Political Science -cracy
From Latin kratos meaning “rule”
-archy From Greek
arkhos, meaning “rule”
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Social Sciences: Political Science Oligarchy:
Oligos (few) + cracy (rule)
Anarchy: An (no) + archy
(rule)
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Social Sciences: Political Science Aristocracy:
Aristo (rich) + cracy (rule)
Democracy: Demo (people) +
cracy(rule)
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Social Sciences: Political Science Theocracy:
Theo (God ) + cracy (rule)
Monarchy: Mon(o) (one) +
cracy(rule)
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Social Sciences: Political Science Kleptocracy:
Klepto (theives) + cracy (rule)
Meritoctacy: Merit
(earned/assigned) + cracy(rule)
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Social Sciences: Political Science and Sociology
Patriarchy: Patri (father/male)
+ cracy (rule)
Matriarchy: Martri
(mother/female) + cracy(rule)
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Social Sciences: Economics Oligopoly
trade with a few
Monopoly trade with one
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion
Philosophy
“Lover of Wisdom”
(philos: love; soph: wisdom)
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion
God Latin: divinus Greek: theos
theology; divinity; atheist; polytheism; monotheism; deity
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion
-ology: study of… Doxology: beliefs Epistemology:
knowledge from experience
Cosmology: the world
Mythology: myths or stories
ology comes from logos, which means the word
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion
Paradox Para: contrary dox: belief
Orthadox Ortha: straight dox: belief
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion
Dogma that which one things
is true This word has a
similar root as doxology. They share a Proto-Indo European root, thus sharing meaning as well.
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion
Utilitarian look within the
word and see util utilize; utility
something you use
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Social Science: Philosophy and Religion
Nihilism nihilim: no small
thing nil: none
Have students think of annihilate (to reduce to nothing)
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Indo European refers to the language and people that historically range from Europe to present day India. Indo Europeans existed during Bronze Age and yet had to split into sub-families, such as Armenian, Albanian, Anatolian, , Baltics, Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic (Greek), Indo-Iranian /Aryan, Italic, and Tocharian. There are 439 languages and dialects amongst these sub-families, which further break down into several hundred languages families. Note: Baltic and Slavic are often combined into one sub-family group,
called the Balto-Slavic language family.
Indo European Languages
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Indo-European Language Family Tree
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English is a Western Germanic language that follows a Latin spelling pattern; thus, it appears to be a Romance language, which is linguistically classified as Italic.
We often look Proto-Indo-European roots of words because their cognates in various languages hold the same meaning. For example:
Proto Indo European Roots
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Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is not a language, but a reconstruction of a language said to be the ancestor of modern Indo-European Languages. It was spoken in an (as of yet) unidentified area between eastern Europe and the Aral Sea around the fifth millennium B.C°.
American Heritage Dictionary PIE roots are the most basic form of the root of a word to
which it can be traced back to throughout the Indo European family of languages. The map provides a good indication of how this works.
Proto Indo European Roots
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[Looking in the Brackets]
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[Looking in the Brackets]
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[Looking in the Brackets]
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The roots gen, nat, nasc, and kin all share a PIE root. The PIE for the above root is
gen-
which means Birth, Source, or Origin
PIE Example #1
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The roots sti, sta, stat, sis, sist, and syst all share a PIE root.
The PIE root for the above roots is Hint: look up words with the roots named above.
Constitute; Station; Statistic; System; Consistent
Sta-
Which means to stand or remain in place
PIE Example #2
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The roots fac, fec, fic, and –fy all share a PIE root. The PIE root for the above roots is
Hint: look up words with the roots named above. factory; perfection; efficient; clarity
Dhe-
Which means to make, place, or do
PIE Example #3
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Works Cited Pierson, H. “Using
Etymology in the Classroom”. ELT J (1989) 43 (1): 57-63
Rasinski, Tim. Greek & Latin Roots: Keys to Building Vocabulary. Shell Education (2008)