Howard Fosdick(630)-279-4286

(C) 2004 FCI

World’s Largest Databases

Who Am I?

Hands-on DBA (and SA) for …

• Oracle, DB2, SQL Server• Unix, Linux, Windows

• Founder IDUG, MWDUG, CAMP• Author, Speaker

Independent Contractor (630)-279-4286

hfosdick@compuserve.com

Outline

1. What’s a “Big Database”2. DSS3. OLTP4. Observations

Statistics Sources

1. Winter Corp.

-- Database Top Ten -- Yearly survey

-- Vendor neutral-- Free at: www.wintercorp.com

2. Survey.com

-- High-End BI/DW Competitive Analysis -- Survey of 150 companies w/ big warehouses -- Free at: www.survey.com

“Thank You” to both sources

Classifying Large Databases

DSS OLTP

Decision Support Systems (DSS)Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)Data Warehouses (DW) Multi-dimensional Databases (MDD)

+ Query oriented, mainly Read-only

Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)

+ Update with short transactions (transaction = small CPU & data resources)

Commercial IT vs. Scientific/Research databases

What’s a Large Database ?

Database Size

- User data - User data plus metadata & indexes - DASD farm

Users

- Concurrent users - Total user population

Load

- Concurrent queries - Queries / day or hour (simple vs complex queries)

VLDB = Very Large Database

Good definitions and measurements are key to success

II. World’s Biggest DSS Systems

Data Warehouses VS. Data Marts

DW DM

• Application neutral• Service multiple organizational needs

Largest systems are usually data warehouses

• Application specific• Organizationally focused

What’s Driving the Growth of Large Data Warehouses ?

Web Sites --

- Clickstream data

Retail --

- Transaction Level Detail (TLD)

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Understanding customer behavior means $$$ !

What’s Driving the Growth of Large Data Warehouses ?

Necessary Preconditions --

• Cheap Hardware

• Higher reliability / availability (based on dynamic hardware swapping)

• Better Software

• Lax privacy laws in USA

• EU curtails cross-usage of data• EU has stronger privacy laws

World’s Largest DSS Systems

• Way bigger than just 3 years ago• All Unix “mainframes”• All use SANs (Storage Area Networks) (aka ESS)

• No IBM Mainframes• No Windows or Wintel• No SQL Server• No Linux or Open Source databases• NCR/Teradata niche market at 2.7% (Gartner 05/28/03)

• Goodbye Informix!

© 2003 Winter Corp.

Database Size = disk storage for user tables, indices, aggregates

Large DSS Systems

Sun E12/15K

HP Superdome

IBM Regatta

Unix “mainframe” Storage Area Network

QueryUsers EMC

Hitachi

HP

LSI

Unix “mainframes” –

+ Dynamically add/drop CPUs, RAM (Sun calls it partitioning)

+ High reliability (as good as clusters or Mainframes)+ Capacity on Demand

SANs –

+ Flash (“snap”) backup(OS-level backup)

+ Large Cache+ Intelligent data placement/movement

Example Evolution – Scaling a Unix “Mainframe”

8 CPUs@ 16 Gig RAM

12 concurrentusers 32 CPUs

@ 64 Gig RAM

64 CPUs@ 64 Gig RAM

25 concurrentusers

35 concurrentusers

Other upgrades:

Oracle 8i -> 9iSun E10K -> E12K

World’s Largest DSS Systems -- Windows

• Way smaller than Unix systems• Way bigger than just 3 years ago• Oracle vs SQL Server (like market share battle for Windows DBMSs)• Also use SANs (Storage Area Networks) • No IBM DB2 UDB• No Teradata

© 2003 Winter Corp.

World’s Largest DSS Systems -- By Peak Workload

© 2003 Winter Corp.

© 2003 Winter Corp.

Where did IBM Mainframes Go ?

Big Silicon

Big Iron

+ Hello Linux !+ Good for -- + Consolidation platform

+ Legacy systems+ Virtualization (multi-OS platform)

Poof!

-- Goodbye… -- Largest databases-- Smaller mainframes (VM, VSE)

-- Reliability advantage eroded-- High cost per CPU

1994 2004

Oracle Rising

• Joined the Top Ten list 3 to 5 years ago• 8i added essential DSS technologies ...

+ Partitions+ New ROW ID (for bigger databases)+ Thorough Parallelism (DML, DDL, utilities)+ Index improvements (bit mapped IXs, function-based, desc, others)+ Resource Manager (proactive)+ Materialized Views+ Large memory mgmt + Optimizer is Partition-aware+ Online DDL operations and Utilities

Example Oracle Warehouses  Amazon Best Buy Colgate Telecom Italia

Mobile         

System HP Superdome Sun 15K IBM p690 Regatta

HP AlphaServer

Architecture SMP SMP SMP Cluster

Storage EMC EMC IBM EMC

Processors 64 24 24 2 node cluster

Oracle Version 9i 8i 9i 8i

DB Size 13 T 6.3 T 3.8 T 16 T

Number of Tables

600 4025 27,000 1,200

Detail DataClickstream data

Sales Transaction data

Varied detail data

Call detail records

User Population 800 16,000 6,200 400

Concurrent Users

55-60 600-700 600-700 55

DBAs2 2 n/a 3

Peak Workload 4300 queries / day

150,000 queries / 4 hour period

14,200 steps /day

700 M records loaded / day

© 2003 Winter Corp.

Why Not Oracle Clustering ?

+ Great for non-disruptive scaling of existing systems

. . . But the biggest systems tend not to use it

-- Unix “mainframe” no longer requires clustering for reliability, availability or easy scalability

-- Clustering means complexity in minimizing the…

-- Locking issues

9i improved this via Cache Fusion – but SMP Unix “mainframe” will still be favored

Where’s SQL Server 2000 ?

• Big in OLTP but lacks essential DSS technologies ...

-- Parallelism restricted to SELECTs

-- Needs it for other DML, DDL, utilities

-- Partitions

-- Wintel restriction

(Features = partitioning, database mirroring, mirrored backups, online Indexing & Restore, fast recovery, ANSI 1999 T-SQL, CLR support, native XML, XML Query, better .NET support, Reporting Services, Service Broker (async messaging), extensible data types…)

Yukon ?

-- Many new features. . . ready for “Top Ten” DSS ?

Where’s Open Source ?

Linux

+ 2.6 kernel now out+ More CPUs (to 16)+ More RAM (> 4+ Gig)+ Better threading, file system support

MySQL and PostgresQL

-- Top out at 500,000 page views per day (EWeek 2003)

(or 15 per second) + Improving rapidly

Prediction – open source will support big databases but not “Top Ten” list sites

Risks of Large DWs

• 40% of IT projects fail due to … Management (time & budget issues)

• “Large warehouses are unforgiving” -- Survey.com

• Design issues critical• Database Design• Query design (and EXPLAINs)• ETL design and scheduling

• Pre-program wherever possible (control users and the resources they use)

• Monitoring and alerts

• Scale gradually (staggered loads on a schedule…)

• Benchmarks (after each Scaling Point)

Risks of Large DWs

• Partitioning data properly is critical

• For better physical management (utilities)• Optimizers use this info• Parallelism via multiple partitions

• How to partition

• Depends on data usage• Examples: geographical, hash, unique id, ranges…

III. World’s Biggest OLTP Systems

World’s Largest OLTP Systems

© 2003 Winter Corp.

• Wintel “mainframes” arrive !• SQL Server arrives• Use SANs• CA can do the job (but has tiny overall database market share)• Oracle has big systems -- but not in the top ten

World’s Largest OLTP Systems -- Unix -- Windows

© 2003 Winter Corp.

© 2003 Winter Corp.

World’s Largest OLTP Systems -- By Number of Rows

© 2003 Winter Corp.

© 2003 Winter Corp.

OLTP Observations

• Wintel “mainframes” w/ SQL Server displace MVS/CICS

• SQL Server dominates Wintel OLTP

• Great for pre-programmed, resource-limited txns

• Oracle dominates Unix OLTP

IV. Observations

Architectures

Large SMP “mainframe”

Shared-diskClusters Shared-nothing

(Massively Parallel Processing or MPP)

The “architectural debate” means far less than it used to !

Vendor Architectures  

Product: Architecture: Implementation:

     

DB2 UDB for z/OS Shared-disk clustering DB2 Data Sharing on Sysplex

DB2 UDB for LUW Shared nothing DB2 UDB ESE partitioning feature

Oracle Shared-disk clustering or SMP

Real Application Clusters (RAC) -- previously known as Oracle Parallel Server (OPS)SQL Server 2000 Shared nothing

or SMP Customer-developed partitioning based on SQL Server features

Teradata Shared nothingTeradata on NCR MPP

 

DBMS Licensing Costs

Open Source(MySQL, PostgreSQL)

SQL Server 2000

DB2 UDB

Oracle

Teradata

Database pricing varies by the options selected and by the deal an IT organizationcuts with the vendor.Your mileage may vary!

Biggest DSS Systems

$$$$$

Biggest OLTPSystems

TCO ?

+ Low-cost SQL Server supports the biggest OLTP systems

-- Pressure on Teradata to keep its niche

+ Open Source DBMSs have a role but it’s not “Top Ten” databases

$

DW Labor Costs

© 2002 Survey.com

Like TCO, Labor Costs may be an un-measurable …

• Figures applicable across sites ?• Every vendor claims lowest labor costs• “Terabytes per DBA” may be non-linear!• 1 or 2 DBAs for a 24/7 site ? • Development staff will be larger than Maintenance staff• Your mileage will vary

Multi- Machine Mixed Systems

45 Linux w/MySQL servers

(Transactional updates)EWeek, 2/23/04

Sabre /Travelocity

17 HimalayaNon-stop w/Master database

(Fare look-up and routing)

Multi- Machine Mixed Systems

OmahaSteaks

17 Linux w/MySQL servers

(Shopping cart)

(Transactionalupdates)

* 50,000 to 68,000 daily sessions* 1 year in Production / 8 Million sessions

ISeriesDB2

EWeek 2003

Conclusions

• Databases are growing exponentially

• IT is closing in on Scientific/Research databases

• “Multiple machine” mixed systems are becoming popular

(Monolithic central databases are no longer the only game in town)

• “Mixed use” databases are becoming more common

• Multiple applications• Read and update

• Open Source supports large systems -- but not “Top Ten”

• VLDBs are instructive – but unique in some ways

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