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H.R. 11To authorize the programs of the National Aeronautics and

Space Administration for fiscal years 2013 through 2022, and

for other purposes.

_____________________

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

DECEMBER, 27, 2012

Mr. NGUYEN introduced the following bill; which was referred to

the Committee on Science, Space and Technology for a period

to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, for

consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction ofthe committee concerned.

_____________________

A BILLTo authorize the programs of the National Aeronautics and

Space Administration for fiscal years 2013 through 2022, and

for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of1

Representatives of the United States of America in2

Congress Assembled,3

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.4

(a)SHORT TITLE.This Act may be cited as the5National Aeronautics and Space Administrati on6

Authorization Act of 2013.7

(b)TABLE OF CONTENTS.The table of contents for8this Act is as follows:9

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.10

Sec. 2. Findings.11

1STCONGRESS1STSESSION

2

Sec. 3. Definitions.12

TITLE IAUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS13

Sec. 101. Fiscal Year 2013.14










TITLE IIPOLICY, GOALS, AND OBJECTIVES FOR24

HUMAN SPACE25

FLIGHT AND EXPLORATION26

Sec. 201. United States Human Space Flight Policy.27

Sec. 202. Goals and Objectives.28

Sec. 203. Assurance of Core Capabilities.29

TITLE IIIEXPANSION OF HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT30

BEYOND THE31

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION AND LOW-EARTH32

ORBIT33

Sec. 301. Human Space Flight Beyond Low-Earth Orbit.34

Sec. 302. Space Launch System as Primary Launch35

Vehicle.36

Sec. 303. Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle.37

Sec. 304. Earth Return Vehicle.38

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Sec. 305. Mars Habitat Module.39

Sec. 306. Sense of Congress on Other Technology and40

Robotic Elements in41

Human Space Flight and Exploration.42

Sec. 307. Development of Technologies and In-Space43

Capabilities for Beyond44

Near-Earth Space Missions.45

TITLE IVHUMAN MARS EXPLORATION46

Sec. 401. Sense of Congress on Human Exploration of47

Mars.48

Sec. 402. Human Mars Exploration Program.49

Sec. 403. Mars Direct: Human Exploration of Mars50

Mission Design51

Architecture.52

TITLE VDEVELOPMENT AND USE OF COMMERCIAL53

CREW AND54

CARGO TRANSPORTATION CAPABILITIES55

Sec. 501. Commercial Cargo Development Program.56

Sec. 502. Commercial Crew Development Program.57

TITLE VICONTINUATION, SUPPORT, AND EVOLUTION58

OF THE59

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION60

Sec. 601. Continuation of the International Space61

Station through 2020.62

Sec. 602. Maximum Utilization of the International63

Space Station.64

Sec. 603. Management of the ISS National Laboratory.65

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TITLE VIISPACE SCIENCE66

Sec. 701. Sense of Congress.67

Sec. 702. Technology Development.68

Sec. 703. Decadal Survey Missions Implementation for69

Astrophysics.70

Sec. 704. Utilization of the National Reconnaissance71

Office Telescopes.72

Sec. 705. James Webb Space Telescope.73

Sec. 706. Advanced Technology Large Aperture Space74

Telescope.75

Sec. 707. In-Space Servicing.76

Sec. 708 On-going Restoration of Radioisotope77

Thermoelectric Generator78

Material Production.79

Sec. 709. Near-Earth Object Survey and Policy with80

Respect to Threats Posed.81

Sec. 710. Space Weather.82

TITLE IIXAERONAUTICS AND SPACE WEATHER83

Sec. 801. Sense of Congress.84

Sec. 802. Aeronautics Research Goals.85

Sec. 803. Research Collaboration.86

Sec. 804. Goal for Agency Space Technology.87

Sec. 805. Commercial Reusuable Suborbital Research88

Program.89

TITLE IXOTHER MATTERS90

Sec. 901. National and International Orbital Debris91

Mitigation.92

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Sec. 902. Counterfeit Parts.93

Sec. 903. Information Security.94

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.95

Congress makes the following findings:96

(1)The United States human space flight97program has, since the first Mercury flight on May98

5, 1961, been a source of pride and inspiration for99

the Nation.100

(2)The establishment of and commitment to101long-term, far-reaching human exploration goals is102

essential for providing the necessary focus,103

programmatic consistency, and robustness of the104

United States civilian space program.105

(3)The National Aeronautics and Space106Administration is and should remain a multi-mission107

agency with a balanced and robust set of core108

missions in science, aeronautics, and human space109

flight and exploration.110

(4)Investment in NASAs programs has been111proven to promote innovation through research and112

development, and will improve the competitiveness113

of the United States.114

(5)Investment in NASAs programs, like115investments in other Federal science and116

technology activities, is an investment in our117

future.118

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(6)Properly structured, NASAs activities can119contribute to an improved quality of life; economic120

growth and vitality; United States leadership in121

peaceful cooperation with other nations on122

challenging undertakings in science and123

technology; science, technology, engineering, and124

math (STEM) education; national security, and the125

advancement of knowledge.126

(7)In the 50 years since the establishment of127NASA, the arena of space has evolved substantially.128

As uses and users of space continue to expand, the129

issues and operations in the regions closest to130

Earth have become increasingly complex, with a131

growing number of overlaps between civil,132

commercial and national security activities. These133

developments present opportunities and challenges134

to the space activities of NASA and the United135

States.136

(8)In the past decade, several new nations137have gained access to space through their own138

national space agencies, including India, and China,139

some of whom may pose threats to our national140

security, free access to space, and in-space141

operations and infrastructure. These nations have142

also made it public a goal to send humans to the143

Moon, which may ultimately pose threats to144

valuable lunar resources.145

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(9)The extraordinary challenges of achieving146access to space and pushing the boundaries of147

space exploration both motivated and accelerated148

the development of technologies and industrial149

capabilities that have had widespread applications150

which have contributed to the technological151

excellence of the United States. It is essential to tie152

space activity to human challenges ranging from153

enhancing the influence, relationships, security,154

economic development, and commerce of the155

United States to improving the overall human156

condition.157

(10) It is essential to the economic well-being158of the United States that the aerospace industrial159

capacity, highly skilled workforce, and embedded160

expertise remain engaged in demanding,161

challenging, and exciting efforts that ensure United162

States leadership in space exploration and related163

activities.164

(11) Crewmembers provide the essential165component to ensure the return on investment166

from and the growth and safe operation of the ISS.167

The Russian Soyuz vehicle has allowed continued168

human presence on the ISS for United States169

crewmembers with its ability to serve as both a170

routine and backup capability for crew delivery,171

rescue, and return. With the retirement of the172

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Space Shuttle, the United States will find itself with173

no national crew delivery and return system.174

Without any other system, the United States and all175

the ISS partners will have no redundant system for176

human access to and from the ISS. It is therefore177

essential that a United States capability be178

developed as soon as possible.179

(12) Existing and emerging United States180commercial launch capabilities and emerging181

launch capabilities offer the potential for providing182

crew support assets. Commercial services offer the183

potential to broaden the availability and access to184

space at lower costs, and allow NASA to focus on185

developing systems for deep space human186

exploration.187

(13) While commercial transportation systems188have the promise to contribute valuable services, it189

is in the United States national interest to maintain190

a government operated space transportation191

system for crew and cargo delivery to space.192

(14) Congress restates its commitment,193expressed in the National Aeronautics and Space194

Administration Authorization Act of 2005 (Public195

Law 109-155), the National Aeronautics and Space196

Administration Authorization Act of 2008 (Public197

Law 110-422), and the National Aeronautics and198

Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010199

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(Public law 111-267), to the development of200

commercially developed launch and delivery201

systems to the ISS for crew and cargo missions.202

Congress reaffirms that NASA shall make use of the203

United States commercially provided ISS crew204

transfer and crew rescue services to the maximum205

extent practicable.206

(15) The United States must develop, as207rapidly as possible, replacement vehicles capable of208

providing both human and cargo launch capability209

to low-Earth orbit and to destinations beyond low-210

Earth orbit, including Mars.211

(16) NASAs scientific research activities have212contributed much to the advancement of213

knowledge, provided societal benefits, and helped214

train the next generation of scientists and215

engineers, and those activities should continue to216

be an important priority.217

(17) NASA, along with the President and218Congress, need to make a sustained commitment219

to a robust long-term deep space human220

exploration activity.221

(18) NASA, through its pursuit of challenging222and relevant activities, can provide an important223

stimulus to the next generation to pursue careers224

in science, technology, engineering, and225

mathematics.226

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(19) There is a need for national space and227export control policies that protect the national228

security of the United States while also enabling the229

United States and its aerospace industry to230

undertake cooperative programs in science and231

human space flight in an effective and efficient232

manner to compete effectively in the global market233

place.234

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.235

In this Act:236

(1)ADMINISTRATOR.The term237Administrat or means the Administrat or of the238

National Aeronautics and Space Administration.239

(2)APPROPRIATE COMMITTEES OF240CONGRESS.The term appropriate committees of241

Congress means242

(A)the Committee on Commerce, Science,243and Transportation of the Senate; and244

(B)the Committee on Science, Space, and245Technology of the House of Representatives.246

(3)CIS-LUNAR SPACE.The term cis-lunar247space means the region of space from the Earth248

out to and including the region around the surface249

of the Moon.250

(4)DEEP SPACE.The term deep space251means the region of space beyond cis-lunar space.252

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(5)ISS.The term ISS means the253International Space Station.254

(6)MARS DIRECT.The term Mars Direct255means a proposal previously developed by NASA256

engineers for continued and sustained human257

missions to Mars designed to be both cost-effective258

and possible with current technology.259

(7)NASA.The term NASA means the260National Aeronautics and Space Administration.261

(8)NEAR-EARTH SPACE.The term near-262Earth space means the region of space that263

includes low-Earth orbit and extends out to and264

includes geo-synchronous orbit.265

(9)NOAA.The term NOAA means the266National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.267

(10) OSTP.The term OSTP means the268Office of Science and Technology Policy.269

(11) SLS.The term SLS means the Space270Launch System.271

(12) SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM.The term272Space Launch System means the follow-on273

government-owned civil launch system developed,274

managed, and operated by NASA to serve as a key275

component off expand human presence beyond276

low-Earth orbit.277

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TITLE IAUTHORIZATION OF278

APPROPRIATIONS279

SEC. 101. FISCAL YEAR 2013.280

There are authorized to be appropriated to NASA281

for fiscal year 2013, $33,101,000,000, as follows:282

(1)For Exploration, $9,920,000,000, of283which284

(A)$4,620,000,000 shall be for Space285Launch System and associated program and286

other necessary support;287

(B)$2,450,000,000 shall be for the288Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, and289

associated program and other necessary290

support;291

(C)$385,000,000 shall be for the Earth292Return Vehicle, and associated program and293


(D)$365,000,000 shall be for the Mars295Habitat Module, and associated program and296


(E)$1,100,000,000 shall be for298Exploration Technology Development;299

(F)$250,000,000 shall be for Human300Research;301

(G)$500,000,000 shall be for302commercial crew capabilities; and303

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(H)$250,000,000 shall be for Robotic304Precursor Instruments and Low-Cost Missions.305

(2)For Space Operations, $4,380,000,000, of306which307

(A)$3,130,000,000 shall be for the ISS308operations and crew/cargo support; and309

(B)$1,250,000,000 shall be for Space310and Flight Services, of which $400,000,000311

shall be directed toward the NASA launch312

support and infrastructure modernization313

program.314

(3)For Science, $10,610,000,000, of which315(A)$2,200,000,000 shall be for Earth316

Sciences;317

(B)$3,500,000,000 shall be for318Planetary Science;319

(C)$3,500,000,000 shall be for320Astrophysics; and321

(D)$1,410,000,000 shall be for322Heliophysics.323

(4)For Aeronautics, $3,851,000,000, of324which325

(A)$2,503,000,000 shall be for326Aeronautics Research; and327

(B)$1,348,000,000 shall be for Space328Technology.329

(5)For Education, $625,000,000, of which330

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(A)$225,000,000 shall be for the331Experimental Program to Stimulate332

competitive Research; and333

(B)$400,000,000 shall be for the Space334Grant program.335

(6)For Cross-Agency Support Programs,336$3,300,000,000.337

(7)For Construction and Environmental338compliance and Restoration, $375,000,000.339

(8)For Inspector General, $40,000,000.340SEC. 102. FISCAL YEAR 2014.341



(1)For Exploration, $12,700,000,000, of which344(A)$4,750,000,000 shall be for Space345

Launch System and associated program and346




support;351

(C)$1,750,000,000 shall be for the Earth352Return Vehicle, and associated program and353


(D)$1,600,000,000 shall be for the Mars355Habitat Module, and associated program and356


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(A)$3,250,000,000 shall be for the ISS368operations and crew/cargo support; and369

(B)$1,250,000,000 shall be for Space370and Flight Services.371


Sciences;374






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(5)For Education, $645,000,000, of which387(A)$235,000,000 shall be for the388

Experimental Program to Stimulate389













support;409

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(A)$3,500,000,000 shall be for the ISS426operations and crew/cargo support;427

(B)$1,250,000,000 shall be for Space428and Flight Services; and429

(C)$1,050,000,000 shall be for Space430Launch System, to support Space Launch431

System flight operations and related activities.432


Sciences;435

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support;470






(F)$265,000,000 shall be for Human479Research; and480

(G)$275,000,000 shall be for Robotic481Precursor Instruments and Low-Cost Missions.482




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Sciences;494












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(H)$1,500,000,000 shall be for Space523Launch System and associated program and524


(I) $1,100,000,000 shall be for the526Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, and527


support;529

(J) $3,650,000,000 shall be for the Earth530Return Vehicle, and associated program and531


(K)$3,800,000,000 shall be for the Mars533Habitat Module, and associated program and534


(L)$1,250,000,000 shall be for536Exploration Technology Development;537

(M)$265,000,000 shall be for Human538Research; and539

(N)$275,000,000 shall be for Robotic540Precursor Instruments and Low-Cost Missions.541

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(10) For Space Operations, $6,400,000,000,542of which543





(11) For Science, $13,240,000,000, of which551(A)$2,240,000,000 shall be for Earth552

Sciences;553




(12) For Aeronautics, $4,100,000,000, of560which561



(13) For Education, $660,000,000, of which566

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(14) For Cross-Agency Support Programs,572$3,250,000,000.573

(15) For Construction and Environmental574compliance and Restoration, $375,000,000.575

(16) For Inspector General, $40,000,000.576SEC. 106. FISCAL YEAR 2018.577








support;588



24












Sciences;612




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(B)$500,000,000 shall be for the Orion644Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, and associated645

program and other necessary support;646














Sciences;670

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28
















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Sciences;728












30

















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Sciences;786







(5)For Education, $680,000,000, of which799

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(D)$850,000,000 shall be for the Mars824Habitat Module, and associated program and825


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Sciences;844





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(8)For Inspector General, $40,000,000.867TITLE IIPOLICY, GOALS, AND868

OBJECTIVES FOR HUMAN SPACE869

FLIGHT AND EXPLORATION870

SEC. 201. UNITED STATES HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT871

POLICY.872

(a)USE OF NON-UNITED STATES HUMAN SPACE873FLIGHT TRANSPORTATION CAPABILITIES.It is the874

policy of the United States that reliance upon and use875

of non-United States human space flight capabilities876

shall be undertaken only as a contingency in877

circumstances where no United States-owned and878

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operated human space flight capability is available,879

operation, and certified for flight by appropriate880

Federal agencies.881

(b)UNITED STATES HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT882CAPABILITIES.Congress reaffirms the policy stated in883

section 501 (a) of the National Aeronautics and Space884

Administration Authorization Act of 2005(42 U.S.C.885

16761(a)), that the United States shall maintain an886

uninterrupted capability for human space flight and887

operations in low-Earth orbit, and beyond, as an888

essential instrument of national security and of the889

capacity to ensure continued United States890

participation and leadership in the exploration and891

utilization of space.892

SEC. 202. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.893

(a)LONG TERM GOAL.The long term goal of894human space flight and exploration efforts of NASA895

shall be to expand permanent human presence beyond896

low-Earth orbit into cis-lunar and deep space and to do897

so, where practical, in a manner involving international898

partners.899

(b)KEY OBJECTIVES.The key objectives of the900United States for human expansion into space shall901

be902

(1)to sustain the capability for long-duration903presence in low-Earth orbit, initially through904

continuation of the ISS and full utilization of the905

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United States segment of the ISS as a National906

Laboratory and through assisting and enabling an907

expanded commercial presence in, and access to,908

low-Earth, as elements of a low-Earth orbit909

infrastructure;910

(2)to maintain an extended presence of911humans in space with decreasing reliance on Earth,912

starting with utilization of low-Earth orbit913

infrastructure, to identify potential roles that space914

resources such as energy and materials may play,915

to meet national and global needs and challenges,916

such as potential cataclysmic threats, and to917

explore the viability of an lay the foundation for918

sustainable economic activities in space;919

(3)to maximize the role that human920exploration of space can play in advancing overall921

knowledge of the universe, supporting United922

States national and economic security and the923

United States global competitive posture, and924

inspiring young people in their educational pursuits;925

(4)to extend the boundaries of human926exploration and maintain global leadership in927

human space exploration by undertaking a program928

of spacecraft and technology development to929

realize the goals of the Mars Direct plan and to930

send humans to Mars by the end of the decade and931

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return to a human presence on to the Moon in the932

process.933

SEC. 203. ASSURANCE OF CORE CAPABILITIES.934

It is the sense of Congress that935

(1)the ISS, technology developments, and936the current Space Launch System program form937

the foundation of initial capabilities for mission938

beyond low-Earth orbit to a variety of Lagrangian,939

lunar, and Martian orbital locations; and940

(2)these initial mission and related941capabilities should be utilized to provide operational942

experience, technology development, and the943

placement and assured use of in-space944

infrastructure and in-space servicing of existing and945

future assets.946

TITLE IIIEXPANSION OF HUMAN947

SPACE FLIGHT BEYOND THE948

INTERNATIONAL SPACE949

STATION AND LOW-EARTH950

ORBIT951

SEC. 301. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT BEYOND LOW-952

EARTH ORBIT.953

Congress makes the following findings:954

(1)The extension of human presence from955low-Earth orbit to the surface of Mars will also956

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enable missions to the surface of the Moon and957

mission to other deep space destinations such as958

near-Earth asteroids.959

(2)The regions of cis-lunar space are960accessible to other national and commercial launch961

capabilities, and such access raises a host of962

national security concerns and economic963

implications that international human space964

endeavors can help to address.965

(3)The ability to support human mission in966regions beyond low-Earth orbit and on the surface967

of the Mars can also drive developments in968

emerging areas of space infrastructure and969

technology.970

(4)Developments in space infrastructure and971technology can stimulate and enable increased972

space applications, such as in-space servicing,973

propellant resupply and transfer, and in situ974

resource utilization, and open opportunities for975

additional users of space, whether national,976

commercial, or international.977

(5)The mid-term objective for human978exploration of space should be continued and979

sustained human surface exploration of Mars.980

SEC. 302. SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM AS PRIMARY981

LAUNCH VEHICLE.982

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(a)UNITED STATES POLICY.It is the policy of the983United States that NASA continue development of the984

Space Launch System as a follow-on to the Space985

Shuttle with heavy lift capability that can access cis-986

lunar and deep space in order to enable the United987

States to maintain continued access and to develop988

this increasingly strategic region.989

(b)CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT.990(1)IN GENERAL.The Administrator shall991

continue development of the Space Launch System992

based on the minimum requirements stated in993

section 302 (c) of the National Aeronautics and994

Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010 (42995

U.S.C. 18322(c)), however, with the ability to live996

the Earth Return Vehicle, and Mars Habitat Module997

and a goal for operational capability of the core998

elements not later than December 31, 2015.999

SEC. 303. ORION MULTI-PURPOSE CREW1000

VEHICLE.1001

CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT.1002

(1)IN GENERAL.The Administrator shall1003continue the development of the Orion Multi-1004

Purpose Crew Vehicle pursuant to the requirements1005

stated in section 303 of the National Aeronautics1006

and Space Administration Authorization Act of 20101007

(42 U.S.C. 18323), however with the goal to1008

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achieve full operational capability for the Orion by1009

not later than December 31, 2015.1010

SEC. 304. EARTH RETURN VEHICLE.1011

(a)INITIAL DEVELOPMENT.1012(1)IN GENERAL.The Administrator shall, as1013

soon as practicable after the date of the enactment1014

of this Act, initiate development of an Earth Return1015

Vehicle meeting the minimum capabilities specified1016

in subsection (b).1017

(b)MINIMUM CAPABILITY REQUIREMENTS.1018(1)IN GENERAL.The Earth Return Vehicle1019

developed pursuant to subsection (a) shall be1020

designed to have, at a minimum, the following:1021

(A)A two-stage vehicular configuration1022in which the lower stage comprises rocket1023

engines capable of delivering the Earth Return1024

Vehicle on a return trajectory from Mars, and1025

a small chemical production plant capable of1026

producing rocket fuel in situ on the surface of1027

Mars; and the upper stage comprises living1028

accommodations for a crew on a six-month1029

return trajectory from Mars.1030

(B)The upper stage of the Earth Return1031Vehicle may be an Orion Multi-Purpose Crew1032

Vehicle developed pursuant to section 303.1033

(C)The capability to serve as crew1034vehicle for missions beyond low-Earth orbit.1035

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(D)The capability to conduct regular in-1036space operations, such as rendezvous,1037

docking, and extravehicular activities.1038

(E)The capability to send an upper stage1039or Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle on a return1040

trajectory from the surface of Mars or the1041

Moon to Earth.1042

(F)The capacity for efficient and timely1043evolution, including the incorporation of new1044

technologies, competition of sub-elements,1045

and commercial operations.1046

SEC. 305. MARS HABITAT MODULE.

1047

(a)INITIAL DEVELOPMENT.1048(1)IN GENERAL.The Administrator shall, as1049

soon as practicable after the date of the enactment1050

of this Act, initiate development of a Mars Habitat1051

Module meeting the minimum capabilities specified1052

in subsection (b).1053

(b)MINIMUM CAPABILITY REQUIREMENTS.1054(1)IN GENERAL.The Mars Habitat Module1055

developed pursuant to subsection (a) shall be1056

designed to have, at a minimum, the following:1057

(A)The capability to sustain a crew of1058four astronauts during a six month trajectory1059

to Mars.1060

(B)The capability to sustain a crew of1061four astronauts during an 18 month surface1062

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stay on Mars after their six month flight to1063

the planet.1064

(C)The capacity to serve as a multi-1065deck, comprehensive living and working1066

environment for a Mars crew.1067

(D)The capacity to store a small1068pressurized rover, with a range of 200 miles,1069

in the lower deck area to be used by the crew1070

for surface operations on Mars.1071

(E)The capability to conduct regular in-1072space operation, such as rendezvous,1073

docking, and extra-vehicular activities.1074

SEC. 306. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON OTHER1075

TECHNOLOGY AND ROBOTIC ELEMENTS1076

IN HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT AND1077

EXPLORATION.1078

It is the sense of Congress that a balance is needed1079

in human space flight between using and building upon1080

existing capabilities and investing in and enabling new1081

capabilities. Technology development provides the1082

potential to develop an increased ability to operate and1083

extend human presence in space, while at the same1084

time enhance the nations economic development and1085

aid in addressing challenges here on Earth. Increased1086

used of robotic and autonomous systems in low-Earth1087

orbit with in-space capabilities to repair and reuse1088

systems will enable the shift of focus as long term1089

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goals for human space exploration extend beyond this1090

region in deep space.1091

SEC. 307. DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES AND1092

IN-SPACE CAPABILITIES FOR BEYOND1093

NEAR-EARTH SPACE MISSIONS1094

(a)DEVELOPMENT AUTHORIZED.The1095Administrator may initiate activities to develop the1096

following:1097

(1)Chemical production plant to enable in situ1098development of methane and oxygen or other1099

suitable rocket fuels on the surface of Mars or the1100

Moon.1101

(2)Small nuclear reactors capable of being1102safely launched and operating on the Martian or1103

lunar surface for extended periods of time.1104

(3)Pressurized rovers suitable for Mars1105surface operations capable of operating on methane1106

and oxygen with a minimum range of 200 miles1107

and being carried by the Mars Habitat Module.1108

(4)Technologies identified as necessary1109elements of missions in cis-lunar and deep space.1110

(5)In-space capabilities such as refueling and1111storage technology, orbital transfer stages,1112

innovative in-space propulsion technology,1113

communications, and data management that1114

facilitate a broad range of users (including military1115

44

and commercial) and applications defining the1116

architecture and design of such missions.1117

(6)Spacesuit development and associated life1118support technology.1119

(7)Flagship missions.1120(b)INVESTMENTS.In developing technologies and1121

capabilities under subsection (a), the Administrator1122

may make investments1123

(1)in space technologies such as advanced1124propulsion, in situ resource utilization, and robotic1125

payloads or capabilities that enable human mission1126

in cis-lunar and deep space, including Mars.1127

(2)in space-based transfer vehicles such as1128the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, Earth Return1129

Vehicle, or Mars Habitat Module to include these1130

technologies with an ability to conduct space-based1131

operations that provide capabilities1132

(A)to integrate with the Space Launch1133System and other space-based systems;1134

(B)to provide opportunities for in-space1135servicing and delivery of multiple space-based1136

platforms; and1137

(C)to facilitate international efforts of1138expand human presence to deep space1139

destinations;1140

(3)in advanced life support technologies and1141capabilities;1142

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(4)in technologies and capabilities relating to1143in-space power, propulsion, and energy systems;1144

(5)in technologies and capabilities relating to1145in situ resource utilization; and1146

(6)in expanded research to understand1147biological impediments to human deep space1148

missions, including low gravity and radiation.1149

(c)UTILIZATION OF ISS AS A TESTBED.The1150Administrator may utilize the ISS as a testbed for any1151

technology or capability developed under subsection1152

(a) in a manner consistent with the provisions of this1153

Act.1154

(d)COORDINATION.The Administrator shall1155coordinate development of technologies and1156

capabilities under this section through an overall1157

agency technology approach.1158

TITLE IVHUMAN MARS1159

EXPLORATION1160

SEC. 401. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON HUMAN1161

EXPLORATION OF MARS.1162

It is the sense of Congress that the goal of human1163

space exploration is send humans to the surface of1164

Mars for extended missions to explore the surface.1165

Despite the success of recent Mars robotic exploration1166

programs including the Mars Exploration Rovers and1167

the Mars Science Laboratory, much is left to be1168

discovered through human exploration of Mars. Human1169

46

surface operations on Mars will enable the United1170

States to push the boundaries of space flight, human1171

endurance in space, as well as advancing nearly all1172

fields of science, including biology, chemistry, geology,1173

and physics. Human explorers on Mars will have the1174

opportunity to search for sub-surface deposits of water1175

and any remnants of life that may have once existed1176

on the planet in ways no rover or robotic lander can1177

do. In sending continued and sustained expeditions to1178

Mars, the United States stands to rewrite the history1179

books, and continue to be the preeminent global leader1180

in human space exploration1181

SEC. 402. HUMAN MARS EXPLORATION1182

PROGRAM.1183

It shall be the policy of the United States that the1184

primary goal of human space flight through the decade1185

shall be continued and sustained human exploration on1186

the surface of Mars.1187

SEC. 403. MARS DIRECT: HUMAN EXPLORATION1188

OF MARS MISSION DESIGN1189

ARCHITECTURE.1190

(a)IN GENERAL.Human exploration of another1191planet requires a cost effective and efficient mission1192

plan for exploration to be continued and sustained for1193

long periods of time. The constraints of orbital1194

mechanics and both current and near-future propulsion1195

technologies necessitate that the mission length for a1196

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single Mars expedition crew be two and a half years1197

from liftoff to splashdown, and that the departure and1198

return trajectories last six months each. Time at the1199

planet should be maximized on the surface to increase1200

the science and exploration payoff, and not be spent in1201

orbit.1202

(b)MISSION ARCHITECTURE.1203(1)The Administrator shall, as soon as1204

practicable after the date of enactment of this Act,1205

coordinate development of technologies and1206

capabilities necessary to meet the Mars Direct1207

mission architecture plan described under this1208

section through an overall agency technology1209

approach.1210

(2)A launch of the Space Launch System1211carrying an unmanned Earth Return Vehicle1212

developed pursuant to section 304, including a1213

chemical plant to produce methane and oxygen and1214

a small nuclear reactor, should be launched not1215

later than May 30, 2018.1216

(3)After landing on Mars after a six month1217trajectory, the Earth Return Vehicle will commence1218

producing methane and oxygen using a store of1219

hydrogen, and carbon dioxide from the Martian1220

atmosphere.1221

(4)Not later than 26 months after the initial1222launch, but after the Earth Return Vehicle has1223

48

signaled successful production of fuel necessary for1224

surface operation and an Earth return, the Mars1225

Habitat Module should be launched to Mars with a1226

crew of four astronauts.1227

(5)During the six month journey, artificial1228gravity will be generated by tethering the Mars1229

Habitat Module with the spent Earth Departure1230

Stage of the Space Launch System and rotating the1231

system about a common axis to produce an1232

artificial gravity level between Earth and Mars1233

surface gravity levels.1234

(6)Prior to reaching Mars, the Earth1235

Departure Stage will be jettisoned and the Mars1236

Habitat Module will land on the surface of Mars in1237

proximity to the Earth Return Vehicle.1238

(7)After landing, crews will spend 18 months1239on the surface, conducting a range of scientific1240

research and aided by the pressurized rover vehicle1241

on their Mars Habitat module. Power will be1242

supplied by the nuclear reactor brought by the1243

Earth Return Vehicle.1244

(8)Following the 18 month surface1245operations, astronauts will use the fully-fueled1246

Earth Return Vehicle to launch from the surface of1247

Mars and commence a six month return flight to1248

Earth.1249

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(9)Missions to the lunar surface to test1250various components of the Mars Direct mission may1251

fly prior to the established deadlines for Mars1252

operations in this subsection.1253

TITLE VDEVELOPMENT AND USE OF1254

COMMERCIAL CREW AND CARGO1255

TRANSPORTATION CAPABILITIES1256

SEC. 501. COMMERCIAL CARGO DEVELOPMENT1257

PROGRAM1258

The Administrator shall continue to support the1259

existing Commercial Orbital Transportation Services1260

program, aimed at enabling the commercial space1261

industry in support of NASA to develop reliable means1262

of launching cargo and supplies to the ISS throughout1263

the duration of the facilitys operation. The1264

Administrator may apply funds towards the reduction1265

of risk to the timely start of these services,1266

specifically1267

(1)efforts to conduct a flight test;1268(2)accelerate development; and1269(3)develop the ground infrastructure needed for1270

commercial cargo capability.1271

SEC. 502. COMMERCIAL CREW DEVELOPMENT1272

PROGRAM.1273

The Administrator shall continue to support the1274

existing Commercial Crew Development Program in1275

50

accordance with the provisions under section 403 of1276

the National Aeronautics and Space Administration1277

Authorization Act of 2010(42 U.S.C. 18342).1278

TITLE VICONTINUATION, SUPPORT,1279

AND EVOLUTION OF THE1280


SEC. 601. CONTINUATION OF THE1282


THROUGH 2020.1284

(a)POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES.It shall be the1285policy of the United States, in consultation with its1286

international partners in the ISS program, to support1287

full and complete utilization of the ISS through at least1288

2020.1289

(b)NASA ACTIONS.In furtherance of the policy set1290forth in subsection (a), NASA shall pursue international1291

commercial, and intragovernmental means to1292

maximize ISS logistics supply, maintenance, and1293

operational capabilities, reduce risks to ISS systems1294

sustainability, and offset and minimize United States1295

operations costs relating to the ISS.1296

SEC. 602. MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF THE1297

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.1298

With assembly of the ISS complete, Congress1299

reaffirms the policy stated in section 502 of the1300

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Act of1301

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2010(42 U.S.C. 18352) that NASA shall continue to1302

take steps to maximize the productivity and use of the1303

ISS with respect to scientific and technological1304

research and development, advancement of space1305

exploration, and international collaboration.1306

SEC 603. MANAGEMENT OF THE ISS NATIONAL1307

LABORATORY.1308

With assembly of the ISS complete, Congress1309

reaffirms the policy stated in section 502 of the1310

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Act of1311

2010(42 U.S.C. 18352) that NASA shall continue to1312

take steps to maximize the productivity and use of the1313

ISS with respect to scientific and technological1314

research and development, advancement of space1315

exploration, and international collaboration.1316

TITLE VIISPACE SCIENCE1317

SEC. 701. SENSE OF CONGRESS.1318


(1)astrophysics and space science research1320and observations are critical to advancing the1321

scientific understanding of our world and the1322

universe we live in, and to strengthen the1323

international posture of the United States;1324

(2)NASA plays a critical role through its1325management of space-based observatories which1326

have proven to be invaluable platforms for the1327

52

advancement of our knowledge and understanding1328

of the local and distant universe;1329

(3)such missions as the Wilkinson Microwave1330Anisotropy Probe, Hubble Space Telescope, and1331

Kepler Space Telescope, among many others, have1332

lead to the awarding of Nobel Peace Prize in Physics1333

to American scientists, unlocked the mysteries of1334

the expansion of the universe, and discovered1335

thousands of extrasolar planets orbiting other stars1336

in our galaxy;1337

(4)with the end of life approaching for such1338missions as the Hubble Space Telescope, the1339

national space policy supports future flagship1340

observatory mission to serve as replacements to1341

ensure the preeminent leadership of the United1342

States in astrophysics and planetary science and to1343

assist in the search for potentially habitable worlds,1344

and the origin and fate of the universe;1345

(5)a balanced and adequately funded set of1346activities, consisting of research and analysis grants1347

programs, technology development, small,1348

medium, large, and flagship space missions, and1349

suborbital research activities, contributes to a1350

robust and productive science program and serves1351

as a catalyst for innovation.1352

SEC. 702. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT1353

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The Administrator shall ensure that the Science1354

Mission Directorate maintains a long term technology1355

development program for space and Earth science.1356

This effort should be coordinated with an overall1357

Agency technology investment approach.1358

SEC. 703. DECADAL SURVEY MISSIONS1359

IMPLEMENTATION FOR ASTROPHYSICS.1360

The Administrator shall undertake to implement, as1361

appropriate, missions identified in the National1362

Academy of Sciences Astronomy and Astrophysics1363

Decadal Survey, New Worlds, New Horizons in1364

Astronomy and Astrophysics, within the scope of the1365

funds authorized for the Astrophysics and Planetary1366

Science Mission Directorate.1367

SEC. 704. UTILIZATION OF THE NATIONAL1368

RECONNAISSANCE OFFICE1369

TELESCOPES.1370

(a)IN GENERAL.The donation of two 2.4 meter1371class telescopes designed surplus by the National1372

Reconnaissance Office (NRO) present a unique1373

opportunity for NASA to use two telescopes with1374

similar light gathering power as the Hubble Space1375

Telescope. Their optical design makes them particularly1376

suitable as observatories for astrophysics, planetary1377

science, and heliophysics missions. The telescopes do1378

not currently have any instruments for collecting data,1379

and are currently only optical assemblies.1380

54

(b)INITIAL DEVELOPMENT.1381(1)The Administrator shall undertake to1382

implement the use of the two NRO telescopes as1383

appropriate in accordance to the mission priorities1384

identified in the Astronomy and Astrophysics1385

Decadal Survey.1386

(2)One of the telescopes shall be used for1387NASAs Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope1388

(WFIRST) dark-energy mission, given how well the1389

telescopes meet the original requirements of the1390

the WFIRST design architecture. The WFIRST dark-1391

energy mission was also the highest ranked mission1392

in the Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey.1393

(3)The Administrator shall initiate a study to1394determine which heliophysics or planetary science1395

mission shall best be suited for the second NRO1396

telescope and proceed accordingly to develop1397

instrumentation for the telescope mission.1398

SEC. 705. JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE.1399

The Administrator shall continue to ensure that1400

development and launch of the James Webb Space1401

Telescope occurs in a timely manner with the1402

budgetary provisions provided by the Consolidated and1403

Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2012(Pub. L.1404

No. 112-55, 125 Stat. 621).1405

SEC. 706. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY LARGE1406

APERTURE SPACE TELESCOPE.1407

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(a)IN GENERAL.The Hubble Space Telescope has1408been a workhorse scientific instrument that has led to1409

many discoveries which have advanced the fields of1410

astrophysics and cosmology, and inspired millions of1411

the public and students to enter science, technology,1412

engineering and mathematics disciplines. It will,1413

however, need to be decommissioned and deorbited1414

between 2019 and 2032 due to instrument failures and1415

orbital decay, leaving a gap in1416

Ultraviolet/Visible/Infrared space observatory1417

capabilities.1418

(b)SENSE OF CONGRESS.It is the sense of1419Congress that a successor ultraviolet/visible-light space1420

telescope to the Hubble Space Telescope will be1421

invaluable to the science and technology research1422

programs of the United States. Such an advanced1423

successor telescope will enable the United States to1424

remain at the forefront of space science research. The1425

capabilities of such a telescope will enable astronomers1426

to peer back to the earliest eras of the universe as well1427

as directly image and characterize the atmosphere and1428

surface of Earth-sized exoplanets in the habitable zone1429

of stars in our galaxy, and entirely revolutionize the1430

fields of cosmology, exoplanetary science, and1431

astrobiology.1432

(c)INITIAL DEVELOPMENT.1433

56

(1)IN GENERAL.The Administrator shall, as1434soon as practicable after the date of the enactment1435

of this Act, initiate development of the Advanced1436

Technology Large Aperture Space Telescope.1437

(d)MINIMUM CAPABILITY REQUIREMENTS.1438(1)IN GENERAL.The Advanced Technology1439

Large Aperture Space Telescope developed1440

pursuant to subsection (c) shall be designed to1441

have, at a minimum, the following:1442

(A)The capability to operate and observe1443in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared1444

spectrum.1445

(B)A primary mirror with a minimum1446aperture of 16.8 meters.1447

(C)The capacity to be launched by the1448Space Launch System or comparable heavy-1449

launch vehicle developed under the1450

Commercial Cargo Development Program.1451

(D)The capacity to be serviced in orbit1452after deployment by either a robotic1453

spacecraft or an astronaut crew.1454

SEC. 707. IN-SPACE SERVICING.1455

The Administrator shall continue to take all1456

necessary steps to ensure that provisions are made for1457

in-space or human servicing and repair of all future1458

observatory-class scientific spacecraft intended to be1459

deployed in Earth-orbit or at Langrangian point to the1460

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extent practicable and appropriate. The Administrator1461

should ensure that agency investments and future1462

capabilities for space technology, robotics, and human1463

space flight take the ability to service and repair these1464

spacecraft into account, where appropriate, and1465

incorporate such capabilities into design and1466

operational plans.1467

SEC. 708. ON-GOING RESTORATION OF1468

RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC1469

GENERATOR MATERIAL PRODUCTION.1470

(a)FINDINGS.The congress finds the following:1471(1)The United States has led the world in1472

scientific exploration of space for nearly 50 years.1473

(2)Missions such as Viking, Voyager, Cassini,1474New Horizons, and Mare Science Laboratory have1475

greatly expanded knowledge of our solar system1476

and planetary characteristics and evolution.1477

(3)Radioisotope power systems are the only1478available power sources for deep space mission1479

making it possible to travel to such distant1480

destinations as Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Pluto, and1481

beyond and maintain operational control and1482

systems viability for extended mission durations.1483

(4)Current radioisotope power systems1484supplies and production will not fully support NASA1485

mission planned even into the next decade and,1486

without a new domestic production capability, the1487

58

United States will no longer have the means to1488

explore the majority of the solar system by the end1489

of this decade.1490

(5)Continuing to rely on Russia or other1491foreign sources for radioisotope power system fuel1492

production is not a secure option.1493

(6)Reestablishing domestic production will1494require a long lead-time. Thus, meeting future1495

space exploration mission needs requires that a1496

restart project being at the earliest opportunity.1497

(b)IN GENERAL.The Administrator shall, in1498coordination with the Secretary of Energy, continue to1499

pursue a joint approach toward restarting and1500

sustaining the domestic production of radioisotope1501

thermoelectric generator material for deep space and1502

other science and exploration missions. Funds1503

authorized by this Act for NASA shall be made available1504

under a reimbursable agreement with the Department1505

of Energy for the purpose of reestablishing facilities to1506

produce fuel required for radioisotope thermoelectric1507

generators to enable future missions.1508

SEC. 709. NEAR-EARTH OBJECT SURVEY AND1509

POLICY WITH RESPECT TO THREATS1510

POSED.1511

(a)POLICY REAFFIRMATION.Congress reaffirms1512the policy set forth in section 102(g) of the National1513

Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (42 U.S.C.1514

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2451(g)) relating to surveying near-Earth asteroids1515

and comets.1516

(b)IMPLEMENTATION.The Administrator shall1517continue to adhere to the policy set forth in section1518

808(a) of the National Aeronautics and Space1519

Administration Authorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C.1520

159 18387(b)).1521

SEC. 710. SPACE WEATHER.1522

(a)FINDINGS.The Congress finds the following:1523(1)Space weather events pose a significant1524

threat to modern technological systems.1525

(2)The effects of severe space weather1526events on the electric power grid,1527

telecommunications and entertainment satellites,1528

airline communications during polar routes, and1529

space-based position, navigation and timing1530

systems could have significant societal, economic,1531

national security, and health impacts.1532

(3)Earth and Space Observing satellites, such1533as the Advanced Composition Explorer,1534

Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites,1535

Polar Operational Environmental Satellites, and1536

Defense Meteorological Satellites, provide crucial1537

data necessary to predict space weather events.1538

(b)ACTION REQUIRED.The Administrator shall1539(1)improve the Nations ability to prepare,1540

avoid, mitigate, respond to, and recover from1541

60

potentially devastating impacts of space weather1542

events; and1543

(2)coordinate the operational activities of the1544National Space Weather Program Council members,1545

including the NOAA Space Weather Prediction1546

center and the U.S. Air Force Weather Agency.1547

TITLE IIXAERONAUTICS AND SPACE1548

TECHNOLOGY1549

SEC. 801. SENSE OF CONGRESS.1550


(1)aeronautics research remains vital to1552NASAs mission and deserves continued support;1553

(2)NASA aeronautics research should be1554guided by, and consistent with, the National1555

Aeronautics Research and Development Policy that1556

guides the Nations aeronautics research and1557

development activities; and1558

(3)Technology research conducted by NASA1559as part of the larger national aeronautics effort1560

would help to secure, sustain, and advance the1561

leadership role of the United States in global1562

aviation.1563

SEC. 802. AERONAUTICS RESEARCH GOALS.1564

The Administrator should ensure that NASA1565

maintains a strong aeronautics research portfolio1566

ranging from fundamental research through systems1567

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research with specific research goals, including the1568

following:1569

(1)AIRSPACE CAPACITY.NASAs Aeronautics1570Research Mission Directorate shall address research1571

needs of the Next Generation Air Transportation1572

system, including the ability of the National1573

Airspace System to handle up to 3 times the1574

current travel demand by 2025.1575

(2)SUPERSONIC FLIGHT.The Directorate1576shall consider and pursue concepts to enable1577

supersonic passenger aircraft to play a role in the1578

Next Generation Air Transportation System,1579

including concepts to reduce noise, emissions, and1580

fuel consumption to make supersonic flight a more1581

viable option.1582

(3)ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY.The1583Directorate shall consider and pursue concepts to1584

reduce noise, emissions, and fuel consumption1585

while maintaining high safety standards and shall1586

pursue research related to alternative fuels.1587

(4)AVIATION SAFETY.The Directorate shall1588proactively address safety challenges with new and1589

current air vehicles and with operations in the1590

Nations current and future air transportation1591

system.1592

SEC. 803. RESEARCH COLLABORATION.1593

62

(a)DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE.The Administrator1594shall continue to coordinate with the Secretary of1595

Defense, through the National Partnership for1596

Aeronautics Testing, to develop and implement joint1597

plans for those elements of the Nations research,1598

development, testing, and engineering infrastructure1599

that are of common interest and use.1600

(b)FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.The1601Administrator shall continue to coordinate with, and1602

work closely with, the Administrator of the Federal1603

Aviation Administration, under the framework of the1604

Senior Policy Council, in development of the Next1605

Generation Air Transportation Program. The1606

Administrator shall encourage the Council to explore1607

areas for greater collaboration, including areas where1608

NASA can help to accelerate the development and1609

demonstration of NextGen technologies.1610

SEC. 804. GOAL FOR AGENCY SPACE1611

TECHNOLOGY.1612

It is critical that NASA maintain an Agency space1613

technology base that helps align mission directorate1614

investment sand supports long term needs to1615

complement mission-directorate funded research and1616

support, where appropriate, multiple users, building1617

upon its Innovative Partnerships Program and other1618

partnering approaches.1619

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SEC. 805. COMMERCIAL RESUABLE SUBORBITAL1620

RESEARCH PROGRAM.1621

(a)IN GENERAL.The report of the National1622Academy of Sciences, Revitalizing NASAs Suborbital1623

Program: Advancing Science, Driving Innovation and1624

Developing Workforce, found that suborbital science1625

missions were absolutely critical to building an1626

aerospace workforce capable of meeting the needs of1627

current and future human and robotic space1628

exploration.1629

(b)CONTINUING EFFORTS.The Administrator shall1630continue efforts with a Commercial Reusable Suborbital1631

Research Program within the Space Technology1632

Program that shall fund the development of payloads1633

for scientific research, technology development, and1634

education, and shall provide flight opportunities for1635

those payloads in microgravity environments and1636

suborbital altitudes pursuant to section 907(c) of the1637

National Aeronautics and Space Administration1638

Authorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C. 18405(c)).1639

TITLE XOTHER MATTERS1640

SEC. 901. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL1641

ORBITAL DEBRIS MITIGATION.1642

Congress reaffirms the following findings:1643

(1)A national and international effort is1644needed to develop a coordinated approach towards1645

64

the prevention, negation, and removal of orbital1646

debris.1647

(2)The guidelines issued by the Inter-Agency1648Space Debris Coordination Committee provide a1649

consensus understanding of 10 national space1650

agencies (including NASA) plus the European Space1651

Agency on the necessity of mitigating the creation1652

of space debris and measures for doing so. NASAs1653

participation on the Committee should be robust,1654

and NASA should urge other space-relevant Federal1655

agencies (including the Departments of State,1656

Defense, and Commerce) to work to ensure that1657

their counterpart agencies in foreign governments1658

are aware of these national commitments and the1659

importance in which the United States holds them.1660

(3)Key components of such an approach1661should include1662

(A) a process for debris prevention1663through agreements regarding spacecraft1664

design, operations, and end-of-life disposition1665

plans to minimize orbiting vehicles or1666

elements which are nonfunctional;1667

(B) the development of a robust1668Space Situational Awareness network that can1669

identify potential collisions and provide1670

sufficient trajectory and orbital data to enable1671

avoidance maneuvers;1672

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(C) the interagency development of1673an overall strategy review by the President,1674

with recommendations for proposed1675

international collaborative efforts to address1676

this challenge.1677

SEC. 902. COUNTERFEIT PARTS.1678

(a)IN GENERAL.The Administrator shall plan,1679develop, and implement a program, in coordination1680

with other Federal agencies, to detect, track, catalog,1681

and reduce the number of counterfeit electronic parts1682

in the NASA supply chain.1683

(b)REQUIREMENTS.In carrying out the program,1684the Administrator adhere to the requirements set forth1685

in section 1206(b) of the National Aeronautics and1686

Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010 (421687

U.S.C. 18444(b)).1688

SEC. 903. INFORMATION SECURITY.1689

(a)IN GENERAL.Congress reaffirms the programs,1690policies, and guidelines set forth in section 1207 of the1691

National Aeronautics and Space Administration1692

Authorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C. 18445) regarding1693

the need to protect the NASA information1694

infrastructure with the goal of reducing unauthorized1695

remote, proximity, and insider use or access.1696

(b)INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE DEFINED.In1697this section, the term information infrastructure1698

means the underlying framework that information1699

66

systems and assets rely on the process, transmit,1700

receive, or store information electronically, including1701

programmable electronic devices and communications1702

networks and any associated hardware, software, or1703

data.1704

1705

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