hsdpa training
TRANSCRIPT
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HSDPAImplementation
andPerformance
Antti KuurneHSDPA BP
02 Dec 04
Internal use only. Forcustomercommunication ,agree with HSDPABusiness Program
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Outline
• HSDPA vs. R99 architecture
• HSDPA features
• HSDPA Performance
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HSDPA Overview – changes to
R99 architecture
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Architecture Change 2(5)
RNC
MAC-d MAC-sh
BTS
MAC-hs
Iub
Packet scheduling forHSDPA is moved from
RNC to BTS
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• Peak data rate 1.8Mbit/s (in 1st release and later up to 10.7Mbit/s)
• Reduced (re)transmission delays
• Node-B based fast packet scheduling
• Clearly improved spectral efficiency
• Improved Iub efficiency
• Improved baseband efficiency
HSDPA - Taking WCDMA to the Next Stage
HSDPA
Adaptivemodulation and
coding
Data rates are optimizeddynamically during the sessionaccording to radio link quality. Thisensures highest possible data ratesto end-users.
Fastscheduling
To improve QoS data packages arefurther compressed and BTSschedules data transmission insteadof RNC. Fast interleaving(2ms).
Fastretransmission
Data retransmission is handled byBTS. UE combines correct bits fromoriginal transmission and retransmission (and Hard ARQ). Thisprovides fastest possible response.
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Adaptive Modulation and CodingAchievable HSDPA Peak Data Rates
Modulation Code rateSF Throughput(10 codes)
Throughput(15 codes)
Throughput(5 codes)
QPSK
1/4
2/4
3/4
16
16
16
1.2 Mbps
2.4 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
5.3 Mbps
600 kbps
1.2 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
16QAM
1/4
2/4
3/4
16
16
16
2.4 Mbps
4.8 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
10.7 Mbps
1.2 Mbps
2.4 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
14,4 Mbps with4/4 coding
(theoretical)
Uncoded bitrate of4,8Mbps
(Hype, not a userbit rate)
Uncodedbitrate of2,4Mbps
(Hype, not auser bit rate)
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HSDPA - general principle
• Fast scheduling is done directly in Node-B based onfeedback information from UE and knowledge of currenttraffic state.
UE2
Channel quality(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)
Channel quality(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)
Data
Data
Users may be time and/or code multiplexed
New base station functions• HARQ retransmissions
• Modulation/coding selection
• Packet data scheduling (short TTI)
UE1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140-2
02468
10121416
Time [number of TTIs]
QPSK1/4
QPSK2/4
QPSK3/4
16QAM2/4
16QAM3/4
In
stantaneousEsNo[dB]
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HSDPA with QPSK and 5 codes
QPSK
1/4
Modulation Code rate
2/43/4
16
SF
1616
16QAM2/4
3/4
16
16
1.2 Mbps
Throughput(10 codes)
2.4 Mbps3.6 Mbps
4.8 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
Throughput(15 codes)
3.6 Mbps5.3 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
10.7 Mbps
600 kbps
Throughput(5 codes)
1.2 Mbps1.8 Mbps
2.4 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
• Maximum number of HSDPA users per BTS: 16
• HS-DSCH is transmitted to one cell at a time from the BTS
• Time multiplexed between different cells of the BTS
• Up to 3 cells per BTS can be enabled for HSDPA
• Maximum HS-PDSCH codes per cell: 5
• Maximum HS-SCCH codes per cell: 1
• Maximum HS-PDSCH codes per UE: 5
• HSDPA channel encoding/decoding functionality
• HSDPA ARQ handling for MAC-hs
• HS-DSCH link adaptation based on CQI from the UEs
HSDPA functionalityPeak data rates up to 1.8 Mbit/s
HSDPA
AMC
Frame SizeH-ARQ
Spreading
& Multip.
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HSDPA mobility handling withDCH switching
• When entering region withoutHSDPA support, HS-DSCH to DCHswitching is performed
• Packet transmission continues onDCH
• HS-DSCH can be reallocated whenuser returns to HSDPA region (inconnection with RRC statetransitions)
• HS-DSCH to DCH switching isperformed also in case of inter-
frequency and inter-RAT handovers
• Radio bearer is mapped to DCH of 0
kbit/s and the user has a signalingradio bearer active only
• Separate parameter sets for HSDPAUEs in order to control the switching -> extended HSDPA coverage
• If still enough data in buffer, DCH is
allocated• To avoid ping-ponging between the
DCH and the HS-DSCH there isincluded a guard timer for operator’scontrol
• The following inter-frequency and
inter-RAT handover triggers areconsidered
CPICH Ec/N0 of serving cell
CPICH RSCP of serving cell
UE Tx power
RAN05 RRM
Enables full mobility with HSDPA
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HSDPA flow control
• Ensures that BTS buffers have enough data for the transmission
needs• Prevent overflow in the BTS buffer to avoid discarded and
retransmitted data
• Ensures HSDPA capacity by filling the reserved power allocation
UE1
UE2
UE3
RNC buffer Node-B buffer
UE1
UE2
UE3
S c h e d u
l i n g
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HSDPA shared control channelpower control
5-20% gain in cell throughput
• Power control method for the HS-SCCH (High-Speed Shared ControlChannel)
• Adjusts the HS-SCCH transmit power according to the required powerlevel at the UE
• Decreases the average power overhead required for this controlchannel (compared to using a fixed transmit power level for the HS-SCCH)
• Power is adjusted every TTI based on the CQI received from theUEs, as well as Ack/Nack/DTX received on the uplink HS-DPCCH forouter loop adjustments
• Estimated HSDPA cell throughput gain is 5%-20% (compared to usingfixed HS-SCCH power) depending on the environment and the totalpower allocated to HSDPA
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HSDPA channel switching• The HSDPA channel switching
determines whether a user in a cell isallocated on the HS-DSCH or not
• Channel type selection decision is basedon several issues including
• UE capability
• cell resource availability
• UE handover status (active set size,IFHO/ISHO measurements)
• UE multi RAB configuration
PS channel typeselection in downlink
Selectionbetween
FACH and
DCH/HS-DSCH
Selectionbetween DCH
and HS-DSCH
Data transfer onFACH
Data transferon HS-DSCH
Data transfer onDCH
• Further in-activitydetection is used todetermine how long tokeep HS-DSCHreserved for a givenuser
RAN05 T l
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HSDPA associated uplink DPCH schedulingHSDPA with high bit rate uplink
Uplink return channel scheduling
Enable bit rate up to 384 kbit/s in uplink
Sector info
PS: HS-DSCH(DL)
PS: DCH (UL)
- PS data up to 384 kbit/s in UL, HSDPA in DL
• Uplink return channel of approximately 64kbit/s for TCP acks (without headercompression) is required to support 1.8
Mbit/s sustained bit rate in DL over HSDPA• Operator selects maximum cell specific
datarate of 64, 128 or 384 kbit/s in uplink
• Similar functionalities are applied for theuplink return channel as is done with DCHwithout HSDPA in RAN05, includingreconfiguration to a smaller data rate incase of congestion or to make room for a
CS call (AMR/Video). Functionalities appliedare:
• RAB pre-emption (Other call may override)
• RT over NRT
• Decrease of the retried NRT DCH bit rate
• Enhanced priority based scheduling andoverload control
• Terminal may use the TFC selection tomomentarily use lower data rate due to e.g.power limitations or lack of data to betransmitted
RAN05 Telecom
HSDPA power allocation 50% headroom
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HSDPA power allocation, 50% headroom
Common channels
A B
BTS Tx power Max power
PtxTarget
Semi-static HSDPA powerallocation
Event A:
•HSDPA UE entering the cell
or CELL_DCH•Power level belowPtxTarget_for_HSDPA_admit-> HSDPA is allocated
•cell specific parameter forHSDPA power
Event B:
•No HSDPA users inCELL_DCH state -> powerreleased-> release timer as parameter
•RT over NRT in case of non-controllable load exceedsPtxTarget_for HSDPA_admit
•Rel 99’ traffic exceedsPtxTarget_for_HSDPA_release, all MAC-d flows are relesedand the transmit powercontrol returned back toPtxTarget
R99 power reduced 30%from 13.3 W to 9.3 W
6W HSDPA power giveshigh bit rates
(4W from R99 and 2W from
headroom)
Power control headroom20W
9W
13W
15W
PtxTarget_for_HSDPA_admit
PtxTarget_for_HSDPA_release
Dedicated Channels
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HSDSCHPriority = 1
Max power
Node-B Tx power• Event A: First MAC-d
flow entering the cell
PtxNC<=PtxtargetHSDPA-> HS-DSCH is selected,
otherwise DCHscheduling.
• When HSDPA power isin use: PtxNC target isPtxtarget. NRT DCHscheduling upto
PtxtargetHSDPA.• Event B:
PtxnonHSDPA>=PtxtargetHSDPA+PtxoffsetHSDP
A
- Overload controlactions for NRT DCH(s)
started• Event C:
PtxnonHSDPA>=PtxtargetHSDPA+PtxoffsetHSDP
A
- No more NRT DCHs,all MAC-d flows in the
A
Ptx_offset_HSDPAPtxnonHSDPA
PtxNC
Ptx_target_HSDPA
B
Ptxtotal
Ptx_target
C
PtxMaxHSDPA
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HSDSCHPriority = 2
Max power
Node-B Tx power• Event A: First MAC-d
flow entering the cell
Ptxtotal<=PtxtargetHSDPA-> HS-DSCH is selected,
otherwise DCHscheduling.
• When HSDPA power isin use: PtxNC target isPtxtarget. NRT DCHscheduling upto
PtxtargetHSDPA.• Event B:
PtxnonHSDPA>=PtxtargetHSDPA+PtxoffsetHSDP
A
- All MAC-d flows in thecell released
• Event C: (normal NRTDCH overload control)
Ptxtotal>=Ptxtarget+Ptxoffset
- Overload controlactions for NRT DCH(s)started
A
Ptx_offset_HSDPA
PtxnonHSDPA
PtxNC
Ptx_target_HSDPA
B
Ptxtotal
Ptx_target
C
Ptx_offset
PtxMaxHSDPA
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HSDPA RAN05 bit rate – cell shared with R99 DCH
1.8 Mbps closeto cell site
Approx 250 kbps atthe cell edge (G=-4dB) on HS-DSCH
Median data rate at0.7x distance
Assumptions:
-Total BTSpower 14W
-Orthogon.:1/(1+2.9d)
-Other cellsfully loaded
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Assumptions:
• 5 spreading codes• Round Robin• 1 WSPC per cell
• DCH throughputw/o HSDPA 780kbit/s
• HSDPA+DCHthroughput1080kbit/s (HSDPA610kbit/s and DCH470kbit/s)
capacity gain~38%.
Cell Throughput – ITU Vehicular A Multipath
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HSDPA BTS packet scheduler
• Packet scheduler similar to Round Robin principle is used for the MAC-hs
packets
• QoS requirements not considered
• Users are served in sequential order according to data availability
• Robust scheduler for achieving good cell throughput
• Improved in RAN06 with proportional fair packet scheduler
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HSDPA transport with best effort AAL2 QoS
• All user plane traffic is carried on the same shared VCC
• Background HSDPA traffic is carried over ”Best Effort” AAL2 connections -> No capacity reservation on Iub forany single HSDPA mac-d flow
• Instead, Iub capacity can be reserved for the ”aggregate” of HSDPA users in the BTS.This allows an efficient sharing of Iub capacity amongst the HSDPA users
RNC
BTS
IubNew HSDPABearer
HSDPA
3GPP rel99Bearer
RNC mapsDCH traffic into AAL2s of
“default QoS”
RNC mapsHS-DSCH traffic into AAL2s
of“Best Effort QoS”
DCH traffic
HSDPA traffic
HSDPA reservation =max DCH usage whenHSDPA user present
HSDPA max overbookin
DCH only pipe
Shared pipe – DCH hstrict priority
HSDPA only pipe
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Iub Efficiency with HSDPA
• HSDPA improves Iub efficiency compared to Release’99 packetdata since HSDPA is a time shared channel with a flow control inIub
• Release’99 requires dedicated resources from RNC to UE. Thoseresources are not fully utilized during TCP slow start or duringinactivity timer
• Additionally, HSDPA does not use soft handover no need forsoft handover overhead in Iub
= User 1
= User 2
= User 3
E1 for BTS1
E1 for BTS2
E1 for BTS11 2
1 = TCP slow start
2 = Inactivity timer
3
3 = Soft handover for some connections
Iub efficientlyutilized by HSDPA
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Local management for HSDPA PM in BTS
HSDPA performance management
Node B3G SGSNRNC
Iub Iu-PS
BTS statistics•BTS buffer
measurements• CQI measurements
RNW statistics•non-HSDPA power
•Number of users distribution•HS-DSCH
allocations/durations/releases•RLC measurements
Transport statistics• AAL2 resources
RAN KPIs:•HSDPA availability•HSDPA throughput• Average number of HSDPA users•HSDPA Total Power
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HSDPA handovers
1. HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH intra Node-B handover
2. HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH inter Node-B handover
3. HS-DSCH to DCH handover (needed if the UE is moving toa cell without HSDPA support)
Provide full intra-frequency mobility for HSDPA usersand enables HSDPA also in soft handover region
Cell with HSDPA capability
Cell without HSDPA capability
1
2 3
HSDPA Handover UL = soft and softer HO ; DL = Serving cellchange
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HSDPA with additional RAB initiation
• HSDPA is suspended whenother RAB setup is initiated(e.g. Video call)
• Multicall combinations on
dedicated channels can beused
bit rate
HS-DSCH
time
DCH
Video call isinitiated ->HSDPA is
suspended
After HSDPA issuspended, DCH packetscheduling procedurescan be applied -> if stillenough data in buffer,
DCH is allocated
Enable multicalls for HSDPA users
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HSDPA 16QAM support
QPSK
1/4
Modulation Code rate
2/4
3/4
16
SF
16
16
16QAM2/4
3/4
16
16
1.2 Mbps
Throughput(10 codes)
2.4 Mbps
3.6 Mbps4.8 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
Throughput(15 codes)
3.6 Mbps
5.3 Mbps7.2 Mbps
10.7 Mbps
600 kbps
Throughput(5 codes)
1.2 Mbps
1.8 Mbps2.4 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
• Node B can select 16QAM when channel quality is sufficient
• 16QAM will be typically be selected in 5-25% of the cell area,depending on the environment
• Average cell throughput increased by 5-20%
Peak data rates up to 3.6 Mbit/s5-20% gain in cell throughput
HSDPA
AMC
Frame SizeH-ARQ
Spreading& Multip.
RAN05.1 Telecom
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HSDPA with 10 codes
QPSK
1/4
Modulation Code rate
2/4
3/4
16
SF
16
16
16QAM2/4
3/4
16
16
1.2 Mbps
Throughput(10 codes)
2.4 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
4.8 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
Throughput(15 codes)
3.6 Mbps
5.3 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
10.7 Mbps
600 kbps
Throughput(5 codes)
1.2 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
2.4 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
• High peak data rates, up to 7.2 Mbps
• High cell capacity
• Evolution of HSDPA with 5 codes and HSDPA with 16QAM -features
• Dynamic code allocation between 5 or 10 codes
• One HS-SCCH needed
Peak data rates up to 7.2 Mbit/s
HSDPA
AMC
Frame SizeH-ARQ
Spreading& Multip.
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Results with HSDPA-only Traffic
HSDPA:920 kbps
HSDPA:940 kbps
HSDPA:1200 kbps
RAN05QPSK only
RAN05 RAN06
4% Gain
27%Gain
Due to using PFinstead of RR
HSDPA:960 kbps
HSDPA:1100 kbps
HSDPA:1500 kbps
RAN05QPSK only
RAN05 RAN06
14%Gain
36%GainDue to using PFinstead of RR
Due to 16QAM
Due to 16QAM
Vehicular-A Pedestrian-A
S f R lt ith Mi d HSDPA & DCH T ffi
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Summary of Results with Mixed HSDPA & DCH Traffic
780 kbps
DCH:
410 kbps
1090 kbps
HSDPA:670 kbps
DCH:
410 kbps
1320 kbps
HSDPA:910 kbpsc
DCH:
780 kbps
HSDPA:N.A.
16QAM + RR 16QAM + PFNo HSDPA
4% Gain
21% Gain
Veh-A / Macrocell
Introducing HSDPAwith RR scheduler, 7
W HSDPA power
Due to using PFinstead of RR
~1600* kbps
10 codes
*approx. from case ofHSDPA only trafficthroughput of 1800 kbps
21% Gain
DCH:
410 kbps
HSDPA:1190 kbps
DCH:
410 kbps
1055* kbps
HSDPA:635 kbps
QPSK + RR
39% Gain
Due to 16 QAMmodulation
Single user peak BR: 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps
*approx. value, not directlyfrom simulations
RAN05.1 Telecom
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HSDPA with 16 users per cellRoll out
• Maximum number of HSDPA users per BTS: 16
• HS-DSCH is transmitted to one cell at a time from the BTS
• Time multiplexed between different cells of the BTS
• Up to 3 cells per BTS can be enabled for HSDPA
Cell specific 1.8/3.6/7.2 Mbit/s HSDPA
(QPSK/16QAM)
HSDPA
AMC
Frame SizeH-ARQ
Spreading& Multip.
High capacity• Maximum number of HSDPA users per cell: 16
• HS-DSCH can be transmitted to all cells in the BTS at thesame time
• HSDPA with 16 users per cell brings the HSDPAperformance gains for each cell independently of the data
rate in the other cells in the same BTS• Availability of sufficient baseband processing and
transport resources required
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HSDPA UE capability based handover
Cell (layer) with HSDPA capability
Cell (layer) without HSDPA capability
1 2
Enables multilayer support for HSDPA and maximumutilisation for HSDPA users when HSDPA is not
implemented on all frequency layers
• Load and service basedhandover (RAN05.1)feature is extended withthe following traffic
handling mechanisms:1. Direct HSDPA users to
the cell layer withHSDPA capability
2. Direct non-HSDPA usersto the layer without
HSDPA capability
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HSDPA Proportional Fair packet scheduler
UE2
Channel quality(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)
Channel quality(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)
Data
Data
UE1
Multi-user selection diversity(give shared channel to “best” user)
TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI 4
USER 1 Es/N0USER 2 Es/N0
Scheduled user
BTS packet schedulingoperates at 2ms rate and
can utilize information onthe instantaneous channelconditions for each user(part of Nokia RAN06)
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Fairness of Different Schedulers• Macro cell, Pedestrian-A, 3km/h, 50% Node-B power and 7 codes allocated
-5 0 5 10 15 200
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
FT
FR
M-TP
P-FR
User G- factor [dB]
A v e r a g e u s e r d a t a r a t e f o r 1 s i m u l a t i o n [ k b p s ]
20 users
Fair throughput
Fair resource
Proportionalfair (fast)
Max C/I (fast) • Slow schedulers
Fair resource
Fair throughput
• Fast schedulers
Proportional fair
Max C/I
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
=
k b
p s
HSDPADCH
User Bit Rate in Macro Cell with 5-code HSDPA
3.6 Mbps closeto cell site
Approx 300 kbps atthe cell edge on HS-
DSCH
Median data rate770 kbps (with 0.7x
distance)
Average data rate1000 kbps
• HS-DSCH = 12W• DCH average = 3 W
• DCH SHO gain = 2 dB
HSDPA C ith Ad d T i l
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Distance from BTS [relative to cell radius, 1=cell edge]
k b
p s
10-code, 2-eq
10-code, 1-eq5-code, Rake
HSDPA Coverage with Advanced Terminals
7.2 Mbps onlyclose to cell site
350-700 kbpsat the cell edge
Average data rateover cell area 1000-
2500 kbps
Single user assumed on HS-DSCH
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C ll Th h t R lt R d R bi
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Cell Throughput Results Round Robin
If the goal is to maximizethe total cell throughput,then the HSDPA powershould be fixed at 7-8 Watt,resulting in a total cellthroughput of 1150 kbps.
Without any HSDPA traffic,
theRel’99 DCH cell capacityequals780 kbps.
Thus, using 7-8 Watt forHSDPA and 5 HS-PDSCH
codes, the total cellthroughput is increased bya factor 1150/780=1.47
Cell Throughput Results for Proportional Fair
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g p p
If the goal is to maximizethe total cell throughput,
then the HSDPA powershould be fixed at 7-8 Watt,resulting in a total cellthroughput of 1320 kbps.
Without any HSDPA traffictheRel’99 DCH cell capacityequals780 kbps.
Thus, using 7-8 Watt forHSDPA and 5 HS-PDSCHcodes, the total cellthroughput is increased by
a factor 1320/780=1.69.
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Results with HSDPA-only Traffic
HSDPA:920 kbps
HSDPA:940 kbps
HSDPA:1200 kbps
RAN05QPSK only
RAN05 RAN06
4% Gain
27%Gain
Due to using PFinstead of RR
HSDPA:960 kbps
HSDPA:1100 kbps
HSDPA:1500 kbps
RAN05QPSK only
RAN05 RAN06
14%Gain
36%GainDue to using PF
instead of RR
Due to 16QAM
Due to 16QAM
Vehicular-A Pedestrian-A
Summary of Results with Mixed HSDPA & DCH Traffic
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y
780 kbps
DCH:
410 kbps
1090 kbps
HSDPA:670 kbps
DCH:
410 kbps
1320 kbps
HSDPA:910 kbpsc
DCH:
780 kbps
HSDPA:N.A.
16QAM + RR 16QAM + PFNo HSDPA
4% Gain
21% Gain
Veh-A / Macrocell
Introducing HSDPAwith RR scheduler, 7
W HSDPA power
Due to using PF
instead of RR
~1600* kbps
10 codes
*approx. from case ofHSDPA only trafficthroughput of 1800 kbps
21% Gain
DCH:
410 kbps
HSDPA:1190 kbps
DCH:
410 kbps
1055* kbps
HSDPA:635 kbps
QPSK + RR
39% Gain
Due to 16 QAMmodulation
Single user peak BR: 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps
*approx. value, not directlyfrom simulations
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HSDPA Cell Throughput
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Macro cell Small cell
WCDMA R99
HSDPA simple scheduler
HSDPA advanced scheduler
HSDPA advanced mobiles
WCDMA R99 = WCDMA Release 99 dedicated channelHSDPA simple scheduler = HSDPA with round robin schedulerHSDPA advanced scheduler = HSDPA with proportional fair scheduler
HSDPA advanced mobiles = HSDPA terminals with rx diversity and equalizer
Gain from Advanced UEs
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Gain from Advanced UEs
Median data rate gain from advanced terminals in macro
cells
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
5 codes 10 codes 15 codes
Low power
High power
• Advanced UE = 2 branch receiver + equalizer• 2 branch gain assumed 2.5 dB in Es/N0• Equalizer improves orthogonality from 0.2-0.9 to 0.8-0.95
Round Trip Time Evolution
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Round Trip Time EvolutionNo Queuing Time Due to Loading Included
Round trip time of 32-B packet
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
RAN1.5ED2 RAN04 (20-ms
TTI)
RAN04 (10-ms
TTI)
RAN05 HSDPA HSDPA+HSUPA
(2-ms TTI)
m s
Internet
Iu + core
RNC
Iub
Node B
AI
UE
Release 99<150 ms
HSDPA<100 ms
HSUPA50 ms