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GCSE Geography Unit 2: Human Geography Globalisa tion CASE STUDY REVISION BOOKLET

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Page 1: hswv.co.ukhswv.co.uk/Revision/Year11/Geography/GLOBALISATION case... · Web viewGCSE Geography Unit 2: Human Geography Globalisation CASE STUDY REVISION BOOKLET Please note: This

GCSE Geography Unit 2: Human Geography

GlobalisationCASE STUDY

REVISION BOOKLET

Please note: This booklet contains case study revision only!

You should still use your topic cover sheet to see what other knowledge you are expected to have

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The Influence Of Developments In ICT allowing the Development Of Localised Industrial Regions With Global

Connections: MOTORSPORT VALLEY8 out of 12 Formula One firms such as McLaren and Jordan have their works in Northamptonshire and Oxfordshire in the area that is know as Motorsport Valley. You should emphasise the development of global communications via the internet and undersea cable communications such as SEA-ME-WE3. These global links mean there are internet connections globally allowing production to be concentrated in a relatively localised area. Research into new technologies can instantly be accessed and made use of in the production line.

REMEMBER…WHY? SO? EXPLAND!!!!

6 international airports including East Midlands and Luton are easily accessible…so, drivers can fly in easily and test cars at the nearby track, Silverstone, allowing necessary alterations before the next race. Also, engineers & parts can be flown out to race locations if problems are occurring during race practice.

The area is at the cutting edge of precision engineering. There is Immediate access to people all over the world is possible because of developments in ICT such as mobile phones, the internet and video conferencing. The ease of communications by internet means that research into different parts of the car can take place in different parts of the world. People in the UK can monitor and feedback on cars racing in different countries INSTANTLY !!! Monitoring the engine /track conditions/fuel efficiency and performance. Also, the area has good communications with the headquarters of companies such as Mitsubishi in Japan and Mercedes in Germany and so decisions which require input from the engineers or managing directors can be made almost instantly.

It is near to several top class universities such as Oxford and Cambridge where research and development is carried out so that the area has become a world centre for motorsports design.

There are over 2,200 businesses relating to design, research and development and event organisation, employing 40,000 people in Motor Sport Valley. The Cluster of world famous specialised companies associated with motor racing enables sharing of technology and expertise.

Good transport infrastructure as its between 2 motorways M40 and M1 for transportation of material and cars. This facilitates easy access to ports and harbours to enable the transportation of equipment/ cars etc to worldwide race destinations.

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Reasons for the Development Of Call Centres Abroad: INDIA

What are Call centres? Offices where groups of people work responding to telephone queries from customers. Employees

sit in front of a computer monitor giving them information that they use to answer their questions. There are 33 large companies in Bangalore (India) which have altogether outsourced 52,000 jobs

serving UK customers alone. They include Barclays, British Airways, Lloyds, TSB, ASDA, and Tesco. Developments in Global communications such as ICT developments in fibre optic cables have allowed

easy contact with different parts of the world. They send information to computers in India cheaply and with no time delay. There has been increase in the number of call centres in India because they can use the good communication to speak to people in the UK

REASONS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA 1: CHEAPER LABOUR AND LOWER OPERATING COSTS.

Salaries are lower - £1,200 per year in contrast to the UK at £12,000 per year which results in savings of over £10 million per 1,000 workers.

Operating costs are between 10 and 60% lower than in the UK British companies save a minimum of 10million a year for every 1000 jobs they move to India

2: A LARGE AND WELL EDUCATED WORKFORCE Population of over 1 billion people and 10% of the population speak English fluently (100million

people…that’s more than the population of the UK) 2 million graduates a year, 80% of which speak fluent English so there are no language barriers. Call centre workers’ wages are twice that of junior doctors or teachers in India so highly qualified

graduates apply for jobs.

3: WORK ETHIC IS TREMENDOUS (According to Norwich Union) It is partly cultural and is reinforced by the education system. Indian workers have a high competitive attitude and status is important. There is a low staff turnover so companies save money on having to constantly train new staff Indian workers will work 9 hour shifts to fit in with the origin country of the company

4: TECHNOLOGY PARKS IN BANGALORE An Indian city attracting a large proportion of call centres is Bangalore, the ‘IT capital’ of India, after

the Indian government adopted a more welcoming attitude to overseas investment in the 1990s. Bangalore is home to 6 million people & More than 250 high-tech companies

They have impressive technology parks, the largest and most popular one ‘Electronics city’.

ADVANTAGES FOR INDIA Call centre advisors are paid £150 month, while a junior doctor or teacher gets £60 ICT and Call entre employment is having a Multiplier effect on service sector employment because

each new phone and IT job is reckoned to support another job such as driving catering and cleaning. Improved standard of Living…Workers are driven to work, there is a free canteen, fully equipped gym

and pool tables etc.

DISADVANTAGES In other countries 200,000 jobs have been lost as a result of outsourcing to india Less people in India are going into professional jobs such as doctors and teachers are they can earn

more money in the call centres. In Bangalore, India, shanty towns have developed as a result of rapid migration to the city as people

move to the cities for work. People make their homes from scrap material and have little or no access to clean water or sanitation. Roads have become clogged and fume ridden. There are frequent power cuts and shortages of clean water supplies as more and more people flock to the city.

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A Case Study Of One TNC: COCA COLA IN INDIAWHAT IS A TRANSNATIONAL COMPANY (TNC)? A transnational corporation (TNC) is a company that operates in more than one country across the world.TNCs tend to be large, wealthy organisations

WHY DO TNCs GO GLOBAL? (Reasons for the TNC Coca-Cola locating factories in India)Manufacturing your product in countries around the world has a number of advantages

- Labour costs may be lower, especially LEDC countries. Low labour costs = higher profits.- Manufacturing in the country it is then sold reduces transport costs. Less transport = higher profits.- Legalisation on working conditions (workers’ rights, health and safety) and the environment may be

less strict in some countries, especially where governments want to encourage investments. Relaxed legalisation = lower overheads= more profit.

- Some countries may try to encourage multinationals to invest in their country by offering lower tax rates and financial incentives. E.g. Indian States have offered subsidized water, land and tax breaks to Coca Cola to encourage them to locate in their area. More favourable taxation = lower overheads= more profits.

- It widens your market. More consumers= more profit.- The status of your brand is raised. More status = more consumers = more profit- Producing your product in a country and adapting to the local market makes it seem more ‘local’.

More local = more consumers = more profit.

In summary, going global INCREASES PROFITS!!!EVIDENCE COCA-COLA IS A TNC

Headquarters in MEDC countries = Atlanta, USA The company sells over 400 brands in over 312 countries or

territories. Coca-Cola is bottled in 200 countries across the world e.g. Kerala,

india Huge Profits = $24 billion dollars Large employers = 71,000 employees world-wide Coca-Cola in India owns 27 bottling operations and franchises another 17.

THE ADVANTAGES OF COCA-COLA LOCATING IN INDIA They bring capital, modern technology and skills which the country does not have. The country’s infrastructure (e.g. transport and energy supply) is improved for them or by them. They create jobs which increase export; if these are manufactured goods, the dependence on low-

value primary products is reduced. Other benefits occur as a result of the multipler effect e.g. more local income, locals spend more,

government gains more tax, government invests in economic development of the country.

EvidenceCoke has invested over $1 billion in India; it is one of its biggest inward investors. This makes the product seem more local. When entering the market, Coke brought the home-grown brand leader ‘Thums-up’- this remains the market leading, followed by Coke and Pepsi.

In Asia, every one Coke job creates another ten in the local community. Coke employs 25,000 people directly in India. Coke in India indirectly employs 150,000 people. Positive multiplier effect

The company has set up a mobile training unit for retailers, to provide them with skills on how to display and sell their products.

The Coca-Cola Foundation in India has spent over $10 million dollars on community programmes, including drinking water and sustainable energy projects. Coca-Cola has invested in water harvesting schemes in India to reduce the amount they extract from local water sources. Coke has installed hand pumps in Kaladera in India to help local people get fresh water.

TNCs bring technology to LEDCs that are not very advanced. They can also develop the infrastructure such as roads to improve communication within and between countries.

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THE DISADVANTAGES OF COCA-COLA LOCATING IN INDIA

These are a mixture of economic, social and environmental Environmental disadvantages include water and air pollution because local pollution controls are

either weak or ignored Economic disadvantages include low wages, tax avoidance and the fact that profits are taken out of

the country and sent back to developed countries. Also, TNCs can leave a country as quickly as they came.

Social disadvantages include poor working conditions and lower safety standards than would be allowed in developed countries

Evidence:

Economic - As a US TNC, profits leaks abroad to American shareholders.- Coke pays $3.5 billion in salaries worldwide each year. However workers wages are low in India with

key jobs going to outsiders. - Critics believe that Coke has tried to monopolise the Indian drinks market place by purchasing

competitors. Retailers aren’t allowed to stock alternatives to Coke in the fridges provided by Coke. This can push local brands out of business. The investment of Coke in India has been blamed for the decline of traditional fruit juice vendors.

- In Kerala Coke has been accused of avoiding tax payments to the local government.- TNCs often close factories if there are problems with the worldwide economy or within a company.

This is bad news for countries with many TNCs as they have no control over closures.

Social

- Some bottling operations have been criticised for employing temporary staff, therefore not having to follow labour laws on. 80% of workers for Coke in India are causal labour and temporary and not protected by labour laws (unions, paid leave, compensation for injuries).

- Because some of Coke’s operating plants are franchises, it can distance itself from their working practices- they don’t own them! It has been reported that some workers have worked 12hr shifts for 50 cents. Some Indian workers have been forced to work without using the correct safety equipment.

- In 2006 research in India, by the Centre of Science and Environment, found that pesticide levels in Coke’s products were 24 times higher than what would be allowed in the E.U.

- Countries are losing their cultural identity and becoming like the USA.

Environmental

- Air and water pollution has increased as higher levels of pollution are more acceptable India. The Environmental laws are not as strict.

- In Kerala, the Coke bottling plant has been accused of draining local water aquifers, leaving subsistence farmers with no source of water. It takes 3.8 litres of water to make one litre of Coke. Some Coke plants in India pay nothing for extracting water from underground aquifers. In the time that Coke has been operating in Kerala, water tables have decreased by a metre a year. In Kerala women had to travel about 5kms to fetch safe drinking water. This has resulted in loss of wages for some. Exploiting natural resources

- Coke plants are accused as contaminating local drinking water. Courts have ruled that contamination from the Coke plant in Kerala is linked to low birth weights and birth defects (social impact)

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CHINA: Development as the new ‘Economic Giant’China is now the second largest economy in the world behind the USAIt over took Japan in March 2010 and is set to overtake the USA soonThe UK is number sevenChina is often called “the new workshop of the world”

Evidence of China’s importance in the manufacturing industry

- Chinese steel production was 25% of total world output and is increasing it also makes of the world’s ships,

and petrochemicals- China makes 60% of the world’s bicycles- 50% of the world’s shoes come from china - 50% of all clothes manufactured are exported from china, doubling between 2000 and 2006.- It’s now expanding into high-tech industries micro-chip,Semi-conductors,Telecommunications,Digital

equipment

Reasons why China’s rapid growth or why it has become one of the worlds most powerful economies in a short period of time.

Government LegalisationIn 1977, Deng Xiaoping, successor to the famous Chairman Mao, changed china’s policy of isolation and move china from a rural economy based on farming to an industrial economy. Foreign investment has been encouraged but with Chinese government maintaining overall control of the economy so that they can get the maximum benefit for China. Industry development is concentrated in economic growth regions.

1. The Development of Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

The government of China is investing heavily in manufacturing Industries. The government developed 6 special economic zones between 1980 to 1994.The zones were set up along the Pacific east coast to take advantage of the newly developed container ports. Transporting by ships is 4 times cheaper than it was in the 1930s which reduces production costs making Chinese goods more competitive on the world market. The SEZ are linked by major developments in infrastructure such as roads and railways.Advanced factories were constructed to a very high specification, so companies could move in and straight manufacturing straight away.

The SEZ encouraged TNCs to invest in China companies and to relocate in China which means the economy can develop further. Shenzen has had a $30 billion of investment from TNCs like IBM

2. Tax incentives in SEZ. The government is giving tax relief and cheap loans to industries, which set up in the country. They were offered to foreign companies that relocated in the SEZ and for foreign investment this enabled products to be manufactured more cheaply than countries that didn’t offer such good tax incentives, enabling it to access world markets. No tax for two year to entice large companies ,50% for the next 3 years and then15% from then on .its 30% in the rest of

3. The One Child Policy that was introduced in 1979 resulted in a population of just over 1 billion instead of 2 billion. People became wealthier and their desires changed and there was an increased demand for electrical household goods, air conditioning, cars and computers. This resulted in an increase in manufacturing enabling the Chinese economy to develop further.

4. Reduced Health and Safety regulation reduces the cost of production which allows the development of industry in China.

5. No strike action is allowed there for production is higher and wages low.

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The large domestic market.With the rapidly increasing population in China there is always a ready supply of cheap labour so manufacturing costs are kept down.The large Chinese’s population (over 1 billion) is becoming increasingly wealthy with an increase in per capita income per urban house hold from £200 in 1993 to over £600 in 2001 and still increasing. The one child policy has meant people have more money to spend on goods like cars, phones and TVs resulting in an increased demand for manufactured goods and increased economic growth.

The Olympic factor. The 2008 Beijing Olympics provided china with the opportunity to showcase the nation. China wanted the world to see it as open, friendly that was integrated into the rest of world. This was aimed at stimulating further economic investment leading to further economic development

The Three Gorges Dam development provides 7% of china’s electricity via renewable HEP. It’s the world’s largest HEP scheme, this gives Chinese companies an economic advantage as the cost of production will be less and profits higher.

Cheap labour makes Chinese products cheaper and more competitive than other more developed countries this is helped because the minimum wage of 25p per hour is 25 x cheaper than the UK minimum wage making more profit for industry. Companies can employ more workers so increase output, more profit.The workers work longer hours so there is greater productivity and output.

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Renewable Energy Case Study: WIND ENERGY in the UKWhat makes the UK suitable for wind energy?

• STRONG WESTERLY WINDS coming in off the Atlantic Ocean as a feature of its maritime climate• Initially, UK wind farms were mostly on-shore (on hilltops) but offshore wind farms are

becoming increasingly important. As the UK is an ISLAND COUNTRY, it has a greater length of exposed coastline, with shallow waters off the coast. Open, exposed places are needed for wind energy, away from any obstructions, such as buildings. Small differences in location can make a real difference to the potential energy supply...a site that is 10% less windy means 20% less energy is generated.

• Even with the physical advantages above, investment needed to set up a wind farm is high and so has only been financially possible in the UK because of GOVERNMENT SUPPORT...The UK government decided that if it was to meet its climate change target (10% of energy from renewables by 2010), the only possible way was to get 7.5% from wind. This meant that 3000 turbines needed to be added between 2004-2010, on top of the 1000 which already existed. This is why 2004 saw a great increase in wind farm developments.

Burbo Bank wind farm in Liverpool Bay Case Study- consists of 25 wind turbines - Capacity to supply 80,000 homes

The location was chosen for a number of reasons:- Burbo Bank is exposed to the full force of the wind from west. The Irish Sea and its shifting

sands were once feared by storm driven sailing ships. These same winds and shallow waters now make it an ideal location for offshore wind turbines.

- No perceived environmental issues - Good seabed conditions for foundations. - Close to an onshore electricity connection - Within Port Authority jurisdiction (for safety reasons) - Local familiarity with wind power - Seaforth Docks Wind Farm

Arguments FOR Wind Energy Renewable so won’t run out = Sustainable Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Burbo Bank’s 25 turbines alone will save approx. 6.4 million

tonnes of CO₂ emissions over its 20-year lifespan. Each wind turbine is designed to run for approximately 6000 hours each year over 20 years. By comparison, the design life time of a car engine is 20 times less, i.e. only one year if the car is set to run 4,000 to 6,000 hours.

The UK has the best wind supply in Europe…it would be a waste not to use it!

Arguments AGAINST Wind Energy Noise Levels – 35 to 45 dB upto a distance of 350m (Less than a noisy office!) Visually ‘spoil’ the natural landscape of the countryside or coastline Reduction in house prices nearby Cost of generating electricity via wind turbines is more expensive than traditional methods (more

than double!) Offshore wind farms can attract fish, so disturbing natural ecosystems Migrating birds can be hit by the large blades, or the migration patterns of such birds are altered.

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KYOTO PROTOCOL: International directive on pollution control and carbon reducing initiatives The Earth Summit in Rio de Janerio 1992 first international agreements to reduce emissions Richer counties

agreed that there would be no increase in emissions.

Kyoto Protocol 1997 agreement by industrial countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2012

• World leaders met in Kyoto Japan.• EU countries have target of 8% • Individual countries have their own targets• USA refused to sign (impact /cost on trade) Russia and China took much persuasion and there

are concerns they will not live up to the agreement.• Australia signed 2007• 181 now signed• Poorer countries including India and China do not have to reduce emissions as still developing.• Some scientists argue that the UK pledge to cut by 60% is pointless as cuts of up to 90% are

required

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A NEW TREATY IN 2015 WILL REPLACE THE KYOTO PROTOCOL. IT WILL BE ENFORCED FROM 2020.

WOLVERHAMPTON: Local initiatives on pollution control and carbon reducing initiatives (recycling etc)

- Weekly collection of all recyclable materials including paper, card, plastic ,glass food waste and garden material

- Wolverhampton City Council promotes the benefits of home composting during Compost Awareness Week. They provide subsidised composting bins for householders.

Carbon Reduction Strategies includeSustainable Schools-Local Educational Partnership (Highfields School) all new schools .The new buildings will be models of energy efficiency and will include many sustainable design features including solar shading, the maximising of natural daylight and ventilation and the use of a concrete frame structure for thermal mass. The energy for the school will be produced using a combination of biofuels ,photovoltaic cells and wind turbines .All of the above will help reduce the schools carbon footprint and therefore Wolverhamptons

Wolverhampton’s Waste Incinerator.

- Compared with other local authorities across the UK, Wolverhampton recovers more value from waste than average, sends less waste to landfill and is increasing the amount of waste recycled and composted. The majority of Wolverhampton’s waste is disposed of at the Energy from Waste Plant, where household waste is used to recover heat, power and other energy sources. Any emissions from the plant are monitored and controlled to ensure that it does not have a detrimental effect on the city’s air quality and that it does not add to green-house gas emissions.

- Company TravelWise offers a range of support services to employers, including discounts on public transport tickets from Centro and National Express West Midlands. These support the promotion of sustainable transport and modal shift away from single occupancy car use as well as the development of Workplace Travel Plans. At the moment, 20 companies in Wolverhampton, with a total of 32,786 employees, are signed up to Company TravelWise, pledging ‘to work towards reducing the environmental and congestion impacts of our organisation’s transport activities with particular references to employee travel’.

EFFECTS OF INCREASING FOOD PRODUCTION: - ENVIRONMENTAL (Food miles and carbon footprints from out of season fruit and veg in the UK, Land

degradation of marginal lands in Darfur, SUDAN- Food miles: The distance that food items travel from where they are grown to where they are eaten. - Transporting food long distances increases our carbon footprints. Carbon Footprint: The amount of

carbon generated by things people do, including creating a demand for out-of-season food.

Degradation of marginal lands in Darfur, SUDAN

- As populations increase there is pressure to increase food production. This may involve farming on land that is not really suitable (marginal land) Marginal Land = Land that is

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only just good enough to be worth farming (It may be dry, wet, cool, stony, or steep)but will just suffice, providing minimal returns

-- Environmental degradation therefore occurs. This is the deterioration (reduction in quality) of the

environment as poor quality land becomes even poorer.- As meagre crops are harvested ,no goodness is returned to the soil and it becomes exhausted.

- The soil is easily washed or blown away

POLITICAL (hostilities between countries over the control of water for irrigation) – River Indus INDIA & PAKISTAN case study

- Water essential for food production- Irrigation is often essential where water is limited or

seasonal- Rivers are controlled by dams to ensure a continuous

supply.- Rivers often flow through more than one country- 3,200km in length- Seasonal Flow

- Flows through India & Pakistan- Flooding in summer (monsoon rains and glacial melting)- Much less flow in winter- The Indus feeds the fertile Punjab in both countries- Pakistan was concerned that India could cut of water to Pakistan by building dams and perhaps even

diverting rivers in India - So, in 1960 the Indus Water treaty was signed between India and Pakistan. - The agreement was that Pakistan gained control of the westward -flowing rivers and India the

eastward-flowing rivers- Pakistan constructed dams on the Indus and Jhelum rivers to ensure water supplies- However, as a result there is now resentment in that part of Kashmir (a disputed region) in India as

people believe that farming and irrigation has been limited due to them being deprived of water that should be theirs.

- Additionally, in June 2006, talks about the Wuller Barrage that India wants to build on the Jhelum River for navigation raised fears about India controlling Pakistan waters.

- SOCIAL (impact of development of a cash crop farming on a subsistence economy – KENYA- Beans are grown using manual labour. Nothing is mechanised - they don’t use tractors - They use Low–tech irrigation systems, such as manual irrigation or drip systems - They use cow muck as fertiliser instead of chemical fertilisers- socio-economic benefit = Employment to many people in an LEDC

ECONOMIC – increase in rural debt due to the increasing need for fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides and the creation of a cash income for farmers – KENYA

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Campaign to encourage the increased use of locally produced food – The UK, Celebrity chefs etc

• Visit specialist farm shops

• Buying online from local producers

• Support local farmers markets

• Attend local agricultural shows

• Buy food in season

Positive Effects :Benefit domestic farming industry

• Prevents food miles and associated carbon footprints

Negative Effects :Reduces demand for produce from LEDC

• Check labels on food to ensure produced in UK