html foundations, part 1
DESCRIPTION
http://shawncalvert.com/webdesign-1 Web Design 1 Columbia College ChicagoTRANSCRIPT
22-3375 Web Design I // Columbia College Chicago
HTML Foundations, pt 1
Directories
Room 902
<a href=” ”>
Room 902Room 901 Room 903
9th Floor
9th Floor/Room 902/
Room 902Room 901 Room 903
9th Floor
../Room 902/
Two dots in front of a forward slash means: “step up one directory.” In this example it says:
“step out of room 903 and then back into room 902, talk to “
Room 902Room 901 Room 903
9th Floor8th Floor 10th Floor ++
WabashCampus
Mich AveCampus
Book & Paper Center
++
ColumbiaCollege
Universityof IL SAAIC ++
/Columbia College/Wabash Campus/9th Floor/Room 902/
http://Columbia College/Wabash Campus/9th Floor/Room 902/
Relative link to rootA relative link (does not start with “http://”) with a slash at the beginning forces the link to start at the root of the website. This will only work on the server, not when you are working locally.
Absolute linksAbsolute links are typically used for linking to pages or !les outside of your site’s directories.
The index !le
When an absolute link is directed to a folder, the browser needs to know which !le to open. By default, it looks for a !le named “index” (the extension is not important, usually is it index.html, or index.php). This is why the homepage is always named “index”.
So, <a href=”http://www.mysite.com/”> and <a href=”http://www.mysite.com/index.html”> will open the same !le.
root directory (www.mysite.com)
index.html
images
logo.png
report.pdf
stylesheet.css
Tutorial: Relative Linking
Create a webpage with all three of these images placed:
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
Local(your computer)
Host(www)
FTP Software
All premium code editors have ftp built in, which allows you to sync your project !les to the server easily.
You will often need to post or download !les from the server manually. For this you can use dedicated ftp software:
Fetch, Transmit and FileZilla & Fireftp (both free) are all good choices for Mac.
Wordpress
CMS
A Content Management System (CMS) is a computer program that allows publishing, editing and modifying content on a web site as well as maintenance from a central page.
index.php database
Dynamic CMS
WALKTHROUGH: Set up a theme in Wordpress
WALKTHROUGH: Create a post in Wordpress
HTML
Hyper Text+
Markup Language
Hyper Text
Markup Language
A markup language is a set of markup tags.
The purpose of the tags are to describe page content.
Markup Language
Without any markup to give your content structure, the browser renders unformatted and unstyled text, also known as “plain text”.
Markup Language
HTML tags give structure and meaning to your content. “Semantic markup” refers to the use of meaningful tags to describe content (e.g. using header tags for header content).
Markup Language
Once your content is marked up, the browser applies built-in default styles to the tags. While you can override these styles with css, your marked up, non-css styled document should be readable and have a clear hierarchy.
Rich Text to Plain Text
Just as with InDesign, when you receive text from someone that has already been formatted (e.g. from Word), you should always paste that text into TextEdit, and convert to plain text.
Rich Text to Plain Text
In TextEdit, go to ‘Format’ to ‘Make Plain Text.’
Rich Text to Plain Text
Copy and paste the plain text into your HTML and start typing in tags to recreate the document structure.
HTML Elements
Anatomy of an Element
An HTML element includes boththe HTML tag and everything between
the tag (the content).
<tag>Content</tag>
Anatomy of an Element
The element tag gives the content structure and meaning.
<tag>Content</tag>
Anatomy of an Element
Tags normally come in pairs. The!rst tag is the start tag, and the second
tag is the end tag.
<tag>Content</tag>
Anatomy of an Element
HTML has a de!ned set of tag names (also called keywords) that
the browser understands.
<h1>Main Headline</h1>
Anatomy of an Element
Most elements can have attributes,which provides additional informatin
about the element.
<html lang=”en”></html>
Anatomy of an Element
Attributes always follow the sameformat: name=”value”. You can use
either single or double quotes.
<div class=”left-nav”></div>
Where did those text styles come from?
Where did those text styles come from?
All browsers have what is called a“client stylesheet” that applies formatting
to your html elements, such as text size, font,color, margins, line-height, and much more.
Your custom css overrides some of these default styles.
Tags: Basic Structure
doctype
html
head
body
<!DOCTYPE html>
EXCEPTION
The doctype is not actually a tag, but a declaration, telling the browserwhat kind of html you are using. The
doctype above declares HTML 5.
<html></html> STRUCTURE
The <html> element de!nesthe whole HTML document.
<html lang=”en”></html> STRUCTURE
The <html> element should have a “lang” attribute to tell the browser what language
your page is written in.
<head></head>
The <head> contains special elements that instruct the browser where to !nd stylesheets & javascript !les, as well as
provide meta data about your site.
<body></body>
The <body> element contains the document content (what is shown
inside the browser window).
Tutorial: Set up a basic html template
Nesting
The use of our !rst three tags (html, head and body), introduces and important concept: Nesting, which is when tags “wrap” other tags. When you create markup, you should indicate nesting by indenting the nested tags with 2 spaces (preferred) or a tab.
Document Hierarchy: Parents, children and siblings
Just as in a genealogy tree, the family hierarchy is described in terms of relationships. All elements in the document have a parent (up to ‘document’, which is at the top), and may have children (nested inside) or siblings (placed alongside).
<parent x>
<child and sibling y> </child and sibling y>
<child and sibling z> </child and sibling z>
</parent x>
Tags: Head Tags
titlebasemetalink
scriptstyle
<title></title> STRUCTURE
The title element:• de!nes a title in the browser toolbar, • provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites• displays a title for the page in search engine results.
<title>My Portfolio</title>
EXAMPLE
<meta> STRUCTURE
The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document. Metadata will not be displayed on the page, but
will be machine readable.
<meta charset="utf-8"> STRUCTURE
The <meta> is a single tag —it does not require a closing tag.
EXAMPLE
Tags: Paragraphs
<p></p> STRUCTURE
The <p> element is a block-level tag that contains default space-before and
space-after properties (making indentionunnecessary.)
EXAMPLE
Tags: Headings
<h1></h1> through
<h6></h6>
The header elements are block-leveltags that give you the ability to assignsemantic weight (importance) to your
headlines.
EXAMPLE
Tags: Lists
<ul>
<ol>
<dl>
List tags are always used in nested pairs.
The wrapping tags de!ne the list type, and indicate where the list series begins
and ends.
NOTE
<ul> <li></li>
</ul>
STRUCTURE
The <ul> (unordered list) element is a block-level tag that wraps a series of <li> (list item) elements. The default property
for the list items is a bullet.
EXAMPLE
<ol> <li></li>
</ol>
STRUCTURE
The <ol> (ordered list) element is a block-level tag that wraps a series of <li> (list item) elements. The default property
for the list items is decimal (1, 2, 3).
EXAMPLE
Tags: Formatting
(partial list)
bigq
blockquotecite
i (or) em
smallb (or) strong
subsupdel
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
Tags: Special Elements
<br> STRUCTURE
The <br> element is a single, inline tag that works anywhere in the body to create a single line break. In a <p>
element, it is the equivalent of asoft return.
EXAMPLE
A horizontal rule is created by using the single tag <hr>. It is a block
level element (so it will clear the elements above and below.
<hr>
Escape & Special Characters
In HTML, some characters are reserved for the code, like brackets (< >), ampersands (&), and quotes (“ and ‘). Other characters, like em & en dashes, em spaces, curly quotes, copyright symbols, fractions, etc, are not included in the “standard” character sets. In both cases, you work around this by using special codes that will translate into those characters in the browser. Below are the ones you will probably use the most:
& &
“ “” “‘ &’ &
– –— —© ©← ←→ →
Tags: Images
<img> STRUCTURE
The <img> element is a single, inline tag that works anywhere in the body
to insert a jpg, png, svg or gif !le.
The <img> tag is empty;it requires a src (source) attribute to
“pull in” the image into the page. It does not require an “alt” tag, but if the image
is essential to the content (e.g. not a background or decorative element), it
should have one.
NOTE
<img src="images/logo.gif" alt=”Acme Corp”>
STRUCTURE
All <img> tags should also contain analt attribute. This is “alternate” text
that will appear if for some reason the image link is broken or the !le is unavailable.
EXAMPLE
Tags: Anchors (linking)
<a></a> STRUCTURE
The <a> element is an inline tag that works anywhere in the
body to create a hyperlink.
EXAMPLE
<a href="aboutme.html">About Me</a>
<a> tags are always used in pairs, wrapping the content you want to activate
as a link. If you use an absolute URL, it must start with “http://”.
<a href="http://www.colum.edu">My school</a>
Relative vs Absolute links
Whenever you link to a !le with an ‘href‘ (hypertext reference ) or ‘src’ (source) attribute, you are providing the browser and address to the resource. That address can be relative or absolute.
root directory (www.mysite.com)
index.html
images
logo.png
report.pdf
stylesheet.css
Relative vs Absolute links
A relative link is relative to the resource’s location in its directory. It is like saying “the restaurant is 2 blocks away.”In the example below, if ‘logo.png‘ were linked from the homepage (index.html), the tag would be:
<img src=”images/logo.png”>
root directory (www.mysite.com)
index.html
images
logo.png
report.pdf
stylesheet.css
Relative vs Absolute links
An absolute link is the full address to the resource’s location in the entire web. It is like saying “the restaurant is at 222 West Grand, Chicago IL 60625.”
<img src=”http://www.mysite.com/images/logo.png”>
root directory (www.mysite.com)
index.html
images
logo.png
report.pdf
stylesheet.css