http://@adams-institute.ac.uk british accelerator science & radiation oncology consortium a new
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Http://@adams-institute.ac.uk British Accelerator Science & Radiation Oncology Consortium A new](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e2a5503460f94b18615/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
http://www.adams-institute.ac.uk [email protected]://www.basroc.org.uk
British Accelerator Science &
Radiation Oncology Consortium
A new accelerator for advanced research
andcancer therapy
Ken PeachJohn Adams Institute for Accelerator Science
University of Oxford and Royal Holloway University of London
RHUL22nd October 2008
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 2
Outline
• Introduction (Accelerators & Particle Physics)
• The Neutrino Factory(Why? The Muon Acceleration Challenge)
• The ns-FFAG Accelerator(non-scaling Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient)
EMMA
• Charged Particle Therapy (CPT)(proton and light-ion cancer treatment)
PAMELA
• Summary
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 3
Introduction
• There are more than 17,000 particle accelerators (> a few MeV) worldwide– Most are used in medicine
• Linacs, cyclotrons, some synchrotrons…
– Next most common in industry• Ion implantation etc
– Synchrotron Radiation Sources• Mostly synchrotrons, coming soon - linacs
– Neutron and radionuclide sources• Linacs, cyclotrons, synchrotrons, something weird
and– For particle physics!
• A few big synchrotrons (& colliders) – Often with Linacs at the front end
• And coming soon (maybe) the ILC
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 4
Classical Accelerator Types
Type Magnetic Field
RF Radius
Betatron Variable × Fixed
Cyclotron Fixed Variable
Synchrotron Variable Fixed
FFAG Fixed ~Fixed
Linear accelerators
(Linacs)×
+ assorted others – electrostatic, RFQs etc …
+ new ideas (laser-plasma for example) …
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 5
The Bleeding Edge?
• Medical accelerators– Mainly linacs and cyclotrons
• Research accelerators– Mainly synchrotrons
• Particle Physics applications– Better synchrotrons (LHC)– Better linacs (ILC)
• Why do we need anything new?
– Because life presents new challenges!
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 6
HiggsHiggsBosonBosonHiggsHiggsBoson?Boson?
For
ceF
o rce
Car
riers
Car
r iers
ZZ boson
WW boson
photon
ggluon
Generations of Generations of matter matter
-neutrino
tau
bbottom
ttop
III III
-neutrino
muon
sstrange
ccharm
II II
e
e-neutrino
eelectron
ddown
upu
I I
Lept
ons
Lept
ons
Qua
rks
Qua
rks
Particles and Forces
Each with its own
‘antiparticle’
© Brian Foster
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 7
The Standard ModelThe ParametersThe Parameters
• 6 quark masses– mu , mc, mt
– md, ms, mb
• 3 lepton masses– me, m, m
• 2 vector boson masses– Mw, MZ
• (m, mg=0)• 1 Higgs mass
– Mh
• 3 coupling constants– GF, , s
• 3 quark mixing angles– 12, 23, 13
• 1 quark phase–
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http://www.adams-institute.ac.uk [email protected]://www.basroc.org.uk
British Accelerator Science &
Radiation Oncology Consortium
Neutrino Factory
The “ultimate” neutrino facility
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 9
The Standard ModelThe ParametersThe Parameters
• 6 quark masses– mu , mc, mt
– md, ms, mb
• 3 lepton masses– me, m, m
• 2 vector boson masses– Mw, MZ
• (m, mg=0)• 1 Higgs mass
– Mh
• 3 coupling constants– GF, , s
• 3 quark mixing angles– 12, 23, 13
• 1 quark phase–
Neutrino sector
Neutrino masses identically 0!!!!
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 10
i
i
ii
ii
i
i
i
i
i
MNS
e
e
ccescscseccsss
scesssccecsssc
escscc
e
ecs
sc
ces
esc
cs
sc
U
1
1
1
1
1
231312231312231223131223
231312231312231223131223
1313121312
1212
1212
1313
1313
2323
2323
Neutrino Mixing
Parameters of neutrino oscillation
1 absolute mass scale
2 squared mass diffs
3 mixing angles
1 phase
2 Majorana phasesβα,
)esinθ always ( δ
θθθ
ΔmΔm
m
iδ13
132312
223
212
νe
, ,
,
221
232
231
2i
2j
2ji
ΔmΔmΔm
mmΔm
solarAtmospheric Majorana3G
cij=cosqij
sij=sinqij
O(1eV) masses
unknown ,,
unknown
0.032 sin
0.326 sin
eV10 0.35)(7.66
0.45sin
eV10 0.27)(2.38
232
132
0.040.05-12
2
25-221
0.160.09-23
2
2-3232
mSign
m
m
2
Fogli et al, 2008
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 11
a =22 GFneE = 7.6 10-5 E
Where is the electron density ; is the density (g/cm3) ; E is the neutrino energy (GeV)
eP
ELm
ELm
ELmsssccc 4442313122312
213
221
231
232 sinsinsinsin8
ELmccsc 4
2223
212
212
213
221sin4
EaL
ELm
ELm
ELm sssc 4
213444
223
213
213 21sinsincos8
221
231
232
231
2213211
mas
E
Lmssc 422
23213
213
213sin4
ELm
ELm
ELmsssccsssc 4442313122312231312
213
221
231
232 sinsincoscos8
ELmsssccsssccsc 4
21323122312
223
213
212
223
212
212
213
221sincos24
Why is it hard to measure the parameters?
(Richter: hep-ph/0008222)
aa
cij=cosij, sij=sinij
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 12
What to Measure?
Neutrinos
e disappearance
e appearance
e appearance
disappearance
e appearance
appearance
… and the corresponding antineutrino interactions
Note: the beam requirements for these experiments are:
high intensity known flux
known spectrum known composition (preferably no background)
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 13
CP-violation
FNAL Feasibality Study 1
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 14
A Neutrino Factory is …
… an accelerator complex designed to produce >1020 muon decays per year directed at a detector thousands of km away
Muon Acceleration
… need to accelerate muons very quickly
[@5 GeV, ~0.1msec]
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 15
Neutrino Factory cost drivers
• High Power proton drivers – MW power, ns pulses
• RLA or FFAG?– Which is cheaper?
• RF – 30% of the cost?
• Cooling– How much? (20% of the
cost?)
BNL Feasibality Study 2
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http://www.adams-institute.ac.uk [email protected]://www.basroc.org.uk
British Accelerator Science &
Radiation Oncology Consortium
The non-scaling FFAG Accelerator
Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 17
Fixed Field Alternating Gradient accelerators
• Fixed-Field (like a cyclotron)
– Rapid acceleration possible– Rapid cycling possible
• Alternating Gradient (like a synchrotron)
– Focussing!!!!• Small(er) magnets/beam pipe/vacuum system
• … and large acceptance
• The best of both worlds!– So why is the world not full of FFAGs?
Type Magnetic Field RF Radius
FFAG Fixed ~Fixed
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 18
Early FFAGs (1955-1960)
• MURA built several electron FFAGs in the 1950s
20 to 400 keV machine
Chandrasekhar Bohr
Radial sector Spiral sector
Large complicated magnets• c.f. Cyclotron – large simple magnets
• c.f. Synchrotron – small simple magnets
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 19
Newer FFAG’s (post-2000)
• The Japanese have built two “proof of principle” proton FFAGs
500 keV proton FFAG @ KEK 150 MeV proton FFAG @ KEK
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 20
… but …
• Why?… the magnets are LARGE LARGE and COMPLICATEDCOMPLICATED
• Why does k have to be so large?1. Larger k means stronger focussing
2. k > 0 means horizontal focussing– This means that the average field increases with radius
3. The momentum compaction 1/(k+1)– Large momentum bite small orbit excursion p
pRR
Orbit excursion ~ 0.9m
+ k
r
rBB
00
where k >> 1
1 krp
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 21
Scaling and non-scaling FFAGs
k
r
rBB
00
where k >> 1
1 krp
k
r
rBB
00
where k = 1
LinearLinear magnets!
i.e. quadrupoles
Invented in 1999
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 22
Simpler Magnets
… the magnets are LARGE LARGE and COMPLICATEDCOMPLICATED
B0 x B1
B0
x
to magnets that are SMALL SMALL and SIMPLESIMPLE
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 23
The ns-FFAG
• Should combine the advantages of FFAGs – Fixed Field
• Fast cycling (limited essentially by RF)• Simpler, cheaper power supplies• No eddy-currents• High intensity (pulsed, ~continuous)• Low beam losses• Easier maintenance and operation• Lower stresses
– Strong Focussing• Magnetic ring• Variable energy extraction• Higher energies (than cyclotrons)• Different ion species possible
• with relative ease of construction
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 24
… so … where is the catch?
• Variable tune!
Tune ~ c
Must crossresonances
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 25
Beam Acceleration
• Resonance is a coherentcoherent effect– Can fast acceleration circumvent the
resonances?• If the momentum changes by a large
amount during a single turns, is it possible to leap-frog over the resonance?
– Small variation of the path length with momentum (small momentum compaction)
• Fixed radio-frequency cavities?
10MeV
20MeV
|df/f|~0.1%
0.1ns
Plots for EMMA
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 26
Does it work?
• We do not know!– There is no “no-go” theorem
• Need for a “proof of principle” demonstrator– EMMA
• Electron Model for Many Applications– Originally Electron Model for Muon Acceleration
• Funding obtained in the UK to design and build a EMMA – the world’s first non-scaling FFAG accelerator!
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 27
Objectives of the CONFORM Project
1. Show the non-Scaling Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient Accelerators work
• Build an Electron Model (EMMA)• Design a prototype Charged Particle
Therapy machine based on ns-FFAGs• Protons and carbon ions
2. Develop applications of ns-FFAGs
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 28
EMMA Parameters
42 identical straight length 394.481 mm
Long drift 210.000 mm
F Quad 58.782 mm
Short drift 50.000 mm
D Quad 75.699 mm
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 29
Location of EMMA
Daresb
ury
Daresb
ury
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 30
EMMA at the ERLP@Daresbury
After Neil Bliss
ERLP Parameters
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 31
EMMA: Lattice & Magnets
B0 x B1
B0
xMagnet linear slide
After Neil Bliss
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 32
Diagnostics, injection & extraction
After Rob Edgecock
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 33
Status of EMMA
• Funded! (~£6M)– Started 1st April 2007
• Lattice - fixed
• Component design - ongoing– Prototype quads being measured now
• Final design - complete Jan 08
• Construction - complete Jul 09
• Beam studies - until Sep 10– At least …
After Tkeichiro Yokoi
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 34
CONFORM
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http://www.adams-institute.ac.uk [email protected]://www.basroc.org.uk
British Accelerator Science &
Radiation Oncology Consortium
PAMELA
Charged Particle Therapy (CPT)
BASROC & CONFORM
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 36
Incidence of Cancer in the UK
• 12.5% probability, all types (except skin cancer) by 65– Rises to more than 1/3rd for whole-life– Around half are associated with specific risks– Statistically, some will be close to sensitive tissue
• and difficult to treat surgically or chemically
Source: Cancer Research UK
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 37
An important statisticAn important statistic
“ Radiotherapy remains a mainstay in the treatment of cancer. Comparison of the contribution towards cure by the major cancer treatment modalities shows that of those cured, 49% are cured by surgery, 40% by radiotherapy and 11% by chemotherapy”.
RCR document BFCO(03)3, (2003).
Chemotherapy provides by far the smallest contribution towards cancer cure yet is much more expensive than radiotherapy and generates a disproportionately large research and media interest.
Roger Dale, Hammersmith Hospital and Imperial College
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 38
What is RBE?RBE = Relative Biological Effectiveness.
A measure of the biological “potency” of a particular type of radiation relative to that of a reference radiation.
Reference radiation (conventional x-rays) has RBE = 1
For a given biological end-point:
Proton RBEs: ~ 1.1
Neutron RBEs: 3 - 5
Carbon ion RBEs: 3 - 5
radiationealternativwithrequiredDose
radiationreferencewithrequiredDoseRBE
Roger Dale, Hammersmith Hospital and Imperial College
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 39
The concept and definition of RBE are both straightforward. Unfortunately….
Even for a particular type of radiation, RBE is not fixed.
Its value depends on:
a) The size of the dose used at each treatment
b) The chosen biological end-point
c) The nature of the irradiated tissueRoger Dale, Hammersmith Hospital and Imperial College
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 40
Development of Cancer RadiotherapyDevelopment of Cancer Radiotherapy
• 1895 : Konrad Rontgen’s X-1895 : Konrad Rontgen’s X-raysrays
• 1898 - Marie Curie’s Radium1898 - Marie Curie’s Radium• Radium and x-ray machines Radium and x-ray machines
used to treat cancerused to treat cancer• Most current radiotherapy Most current radiotherapy
uses High energy X-ray uses High energy X-ray beams from linear beams from linear accelerators or ‘linacs’accelerators or ‘linacs’
• These X-ray beams pass These X-ray beams pass through entire thickness of through entire thickness of bodybody Modern Linac
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 41
X-ray therapy began within months of Roentgen’s discovery
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 42
Present status of cancer in society Present status of cancer in society
• Cancer arises in 40% of populationCancer arises in 40% of population• Most forms increase with age and Most forms increase with age and prevalence expected to increaseprevalence expected to increase
• Therapy has Therapy has side effects (mild to severe, side effects (mild to severe, and sometimes permanent)and sometimes permanent)……there can ……there can be no complacencybe no complacency
• Molecular approaches have produced Molecular approaches have produced limited gains so farlimited gains so far
• Earlier diagnosis is increasingly possibleEarlier diagnosis is increasingly possible
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 43
Curing Cancer with X-rays
Dose
Linac
Linac
Linac
Linac
Linac
Linac
Linac
Linac
Linac
Linac
Linac
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 44
Radiotherapy linacs
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 45
Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 46
Bragg peak
Plateau
Carbon Ion Beam ProfileThe Bragg Peak
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 47
Can we do better?
Dose
Proton
Proto
n
The Bragg Peak
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 48
Is it better?
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 49
100
60
10
X-rays
With Protons
Medulloblastoma in a child
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 50
(from Gillies McKenna)
“When proton therapy facilities become available it will become malpractice not to use them for
children.”
Herman Suit, M.D., D.Phil.
Chair, Radiation Medicine
Massachusetts General Hospital
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 51
A Proton Therapy Centre
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 52
A rotating gantry
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 53
The Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology
• Established 1989 – First hospital based
proton therapy – >1400 patients with
ocular melanoma– First example of 3D
computer treatment planning in UK;
• eye gaze direction used to obtain best approach angle to eye.
• Unsung success story of British Oncology!
After Bleddyn Jones
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 54
Can we do even better?
Dose
Carbon
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 55
The ‘spread-out’ Bragg Peak –plateau effect
[SOBP]
65MeV 140meV200MeV
5 10 cmDepth
Dose (%)
Effective Range varies with proton Energy
X-rays
protonsThe Spread-Out Bragg Peak
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 57
Cancer of the Kidney Stage I: TIa N0 M0 80GyE / 16fr. /4wks
Cancer of the Kidney Stage I: TIa N0 M0 80GyE / 16fr. /4wks
1 year1 year2 years2 years
3 years3 years5 years5 years
Does it work?
From Japan
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 58
Prostate Cancer Results
Loma Linde
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Clinical usesClinical uses
Inoperable brain tumoursHead and neck tumoursProstate tumoursParaspinal tumoursThoracic tumours (some)In addition
– Radiobiology programme– Cell line and animal irradiations
From Alex Elliott
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Intracranial TumourIntracranial Tumour
17 month old child
From Alex Elliott
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Rectal carcinomaRectal carcinoma
Protons reduce radiation toxicity and dysfunctionFrom Alex Elliott
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 62
Japan: Tsukuba UniversityJapan: Tsukuba UniversityNew Proton Medical Research Centre, 2001New Proton Medical Research Centre, 2001
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 63
C-ion Dose Distribution in Lung cancer: Chiba, Japan
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 64
Liver cancerLiver cancer
• Primary liver Primary liver cancer treated cancer treated by carbon by carbon ions ions
• 5 year follow 5 year follow up in cured up in cured patientpatient
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 65
Expected and achievable benefitsExpected and achievable benefits
• Reduce fear of cancer treatment, improved Reduce fear of cancer treatment, improved patient experience,patient experience,
• Dose Dose increaseincrease to cancer : 1% increase in to cancer : 1% increase in cancer control per unit increase in dose cancer control per unit increase in dose …..i.e. 15 Gy extra …..i.e. 15 Gy extra 15% extra control.15% extra control.
• Dose Dose reductionreduction to organs e.g. lung, brain, to organs e.g. lung, brain, eye, spine, bowel, bone: leading to reduced eye, spine, bowel, bone: leading to reduced or absence of many side effectsor absence of many side effects
• Chemotherapy better toleratedChemotherapy better tolerated• Better quality of life, ability to contribute to Better quality of life, ability to contribute to
society etc.society etc.
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 66
World & UK Position World & UK Position
• USA 12 centres, Germany 6, Japan 8.USA 12 centres, Germany 6, Japan 8.
• Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, France all Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, France all have facilities with plans for expansion have facilities with plans for expansion and large new centresand large new centres
• Cancer Reform Strategy (2007): Cancer Reform Strategy (2007): arrangements for patients to be sent arrangements for patients to be sent abroad: 12 in first year, Perhaps up to abroad: 12 in first year, Perhaps up to 400. Explore business case for UK 400. Explore business case for UK Centre(s)Centre(s)
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 67
Spot Scanning
Target
Magnetic scanner
‘Range shifter’ plate
Patient
Proton pencil beam
Pedroni et al, Med Phys. 22:37-53, 1995
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 68
Why use Carbon?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Depth in water [cm]]
effe
ctiv
e do
se [
rela
tive
units
]
photons
protons
biol. eff. dose: Carbon ions
Tumor
Daniela Schulz-Ertner, Heiddelberg
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 69
CPT facilities operating & planned
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 70
Hadron Therapy in Chiba (Japan)
Borrowed from Rob Edgecock
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 71
The requirements
• There are obvious potential benefits from proton/light ion therapy– Need to maximise the benefits
• Requirements– Rapid variable energy extraction– Rapid variable transverse spot scanning– Variable ion species– Accurate dose measurements
• Flux control
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 72
PAMELA Objectives
• Produce the conceptual design for a combined proton/carbon/light ion cancer therapy facility– 250 MeV protons, 400 MeV/u Carbon
• Preliminary performance parameters– >100 Hz cycle rate and one turn ejection– Dose rate of 2 to 10 Gy/minute.
• (1Gy ~ 2 x 1010 protons)
– Voxel size from 4x4x4 mm3 to 10x10x10 mm3
– Up to 100 pulses/voxel• With a typical tumour volume of 250 cm3 & voxel-
volume 0.064 cm3 (4x4x4), there are 4,000 elements, which with 10 to 100 pulses for each voxel needs 40k to 400k pulses in around 300 seconds, or a cycle rate of 133 Hz to 1.3 kHz.
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 73
Accelerator Technology?
• 4 possible technologies– Cyclotrons
• Fixed energy extraction, difficult for Carbon at full energy (equivalent to 1.2 GeV/c protons)
– Synchrotrons• Flexible, but difficult to meet the pulse
requirements; slow extraction difficult; normal conducting machine (stability?)
– (ns) FFAG• Flexible, rapid cycling (fixed field), variable
energy … but … unproven technology
– Laser-Plasma Ion accelerators• Far in the future …
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 74
Synchrotron Cyclotron FFAG
Intensity (>100nA) Low Plenty Plenty
1-16nA >100nA
Maintenance Hard Normal Normal
Extraction eff Good Poor Good?
Operation Not easy Easy Easy
Ions Yes No Yes
Variable energy Yes No Yes
Multi-extraction Possible No Yes
After Y.Mori KEK/Kyoto
Advantages of FFAG in Charged Particle Therapy
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 75
Challenges
• The non-relativistic, non-scaling Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient Accelerator (nrns-FFAG) is a new type of accelerator– Very dense lattice– Challenging magnets, RF, injections
and extraction– Resonance crossing– Stability
• EMMA will demonstrate the ns-FFAG• PAMELA will demonstrate the nrns-FFAG
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 76
Status
• Studies underway using a test lattice– Magnets – probably combined function
superconducting magnets– RF – a number of schemes are being
considered– Injection and extraction – will constrain the
lattice parameters
• Aim– Design a new lattice with a cell that can be
engineered by end of 2008– Work through the design in 2009– Incorporate the lessons from EMMA– Produce a conceptual design in 2010
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 77
PAMELA
Particle Accelerator for MEdical Applications
Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Accelerator
Protons or carbon ions
Protons or carbon ions
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 78
PAMELA
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 79
Superconducting FFAG Gantries
Fixed field of 3.7T Transports 150-400 MeV/u
Length ~15m
D Trbojevic/BNL
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 80
BASROC
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Ken Peach John Adams Institute 22 X 08 81
Summary
• Non-scaling FFAG accelerators are:– New– Untried– Interesting for
• Neutrino physics• Cancer therapy
– And other applications » Spallation neutron sources, muon sources» Accelerator driven reactors, nuclear waste disposal
• We will know in ~3 years if they work– Let us hope that they do … they could be
very useful devices …