http:// jim hendler chief scientist - information systems office darpa
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http://www.daml.org
Jim HendlerChief Scientist - Information Systems Office
DARPA
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DAML: Building the Semantic Web
• Creating the next revolution in Internet technology...
…by enabling “agent” communication at a Web-wide scale.
• The first revolution, the Internet, funded by DARPA, enabled disparate machines to exchange data. • The second revolution, the World Wide Web, (funded by DARPA/NSF) enabled a wide range of new applications on top of the growing Internet. The Web made a huge amount of information available, in human-readable form, allowing a revolution in new applications, environments, and b2c e-commerce.• The next revolution of the net is an “agent-enabled” resource (the “Semantic Web”) which makes a huge amount of information available in machine-readable form creating a revolution in new applications, environments, and b2b e-commerce. DARPA is funding this now!
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The Evolving Web
Web ofKnowledge
HyperText Markup LanguageHyperText Transfer Protocol
Resource Description FrameworkeXtensible Markup Language Self-Describing Documents
Foundation of the Current Web
Proof, Logic andOntology Languages Shared terms/terminology
Machine-Machine communication
1990
2000
2010
Based on Berners-Lee, Hendler; Nature, 2001
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What is an Ontology?
Catalog/ID
GeneralLogical
constraints
Terms/glossary
Thesauri“narrower
term”relation
Formalis-a
Frames(properties)
Informalis-a
Formalinstance
Value Restrs.
Disjointness, Inverse, part-
of…
TAXONOMY ONTOLOGY
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TSE Ontology
<DEF-RELATION NAME="hasEconomy"> <DEF-ARG POS=1 TYPE="Location"> <DEF-ARG POS=2 TYPE=".STRING"></DEF-RELATION>
<DEF-RELATION NAME="hasSurveillanceBy"> <DEF-ARG POS=1 TYPE="Location"> <DEF-ARG POS=2 TYPE="Organization"></DEF-RELATION>
<DEF-RELATION NAME="surveillanceLevel"> <DEF-ARG POS=1 TYPE="Location"> <DEF-ARG POS=2 TYPE=".NUMBER"></DEF-RELATION>
<!-- Disease_Agent definitions --><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="Disease_Agent" ISA="base.SHOEEntity"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="TSE" ISA="Disease_Agent"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="CJD" ISA="TSE"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="Genetic_CJD" ISA="CJD"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="Spontaneous_CJD" ISA="CJD"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="Iatrogenic_CJD" ISA="CJD"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="GSS" ISA="TSE"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="FFI" ISA="TSE"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="Kuru" ISA="TSE"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="BSE" ISA="TSE"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="FSE" ISA="BSE"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="NV-CJD" ISA="BSE"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="Scrapie" ISA="TSE"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="TME" ISA="TSE"><DEF-CATEGORY NAME="CWD" ISA="TSE">
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How do we attack this problem?
The key enabler of current interoperability in both military and commercial systems is the “HyperText Mark-up Language” (HTML) Allows a machine readable, formal language, to be expressed on web
pages for the presentation of data limited set of tags
not useful for machine search
<Title> How do we attack this problem? </title>
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Beyond HTML: adding syntax
Current languages attack this by adding syntactic data handling abilities XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
Extensible keyword set Solves syntactic inequalities between data formats
DB 1 -> ADDRESS <- DB 2 Useful for Data Sharing
Not search
<!Element TITLE-BLOCK EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST TITLE-BLOCK Title #cdata required Subtitle #cdata implied>
<Title-Block>
<title> Beyond HTML <title>
<subtitle> adding syntax </subtitle>
</title-block>
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Semantic Problems for XML
Synonymy and polysemy* <PERSON> vs. <INDIVIDUAL>* is <SPIDER> an arachnid or software?
Structural differences
<PERSON> <NAME>John Smith</NAME></PERSON>
<PERSON> <NAME><FNAME>John</FNAME><LNAME>Smith</LNAME></NAME></PERSON>
<PERSON NAME=“John Smith”>
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Beyond XML:Agent Semantics
DARPA will lead the way with the development of Agent markup Language (DAML) A “semantic” language that ties the information on a page to
machine readable semantics (ontology)Currently being fielded at University level
SHOE (Maryland), Ontobroker(Karlsruhe),OWL(Washington Univ) Largely grows from past DARPA programs (I3, ARPI)
But not transitioning Even with SW activity, W3C membership focused on short-term gain:HTML/XML
<Title> Beyond XML
<subtitle> agent semantics </subtitle> </title>
<USE-ONTOLOGY ID=”PPT-ontology" VERSION="1.0" PREFIX=”PP" URL= "http://iwp.darpa.mil/ppt..html">
<CATEGORY NAME=”pp.presentation” FOR="http://iwp.darpa.mil/jhendler/agents.html">
<RELATION-VALUE POS1 = “Agents” POS2 = “/jhendler”>
<ONTOLOGY ID=”powerpoint-ontology" VERSION="1.0" DESCRIPTION=”formal model for powerpoint presentations">
<DEF-CATEGORY NAME=”Title" ISA=”Pres-Feature" > <DEF-CATEGORY NAME=”Subtitle" ISA=”Pres-Feature" >
<DEF-RELATION NAME=”title-of" SHORT="was written by"> <DEF-ARG POS=1 TYPE=”presentation"> <DEF-ARG POS=2 TYPE=”presenter" >
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A distributed ontological representation
Small communities define common semantics Technical Vocabularies abound
Mission specific Technical jargons Shared values
Larger communities form around shared terms Mapping and “articulation” become crucial
Interoperability at web languages level Top-Down (AIA defines critical aircraft properties) or bottom up (Oh, a “foxbat” is a Mig29) Business case for improving communication!
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uses
uses
uses
uses
uses
uses
uses
uses
This leads to a radically new view of ontologies!
BEFORE
* Monolithic
* Fully Shared
* Necessarily
Consistent
* Difficult to change
Before
* monolithic
* consistent
* fully shared
* logic-based
uses
uses
uses
uses
usesuses
uses
uses
AFTERAFTER
Distributed,partially mapped, inconsistent -- but very flexible!
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A new/old model of DoD partnering
Semantic Web Res. (EU)
W3CDAML
www.semanticweb.org
www.daml.orgwww.w3.org/RDF/
C2 linkRDF
XML
RDF-S
DAML-ONT
DAML-LOGIC
US/EU Joint Efforts
(S. Decker, Coord)
Horus
Research efforts:SHOEOILEC OntoWeb
Intl Workshops
Tools
Lang Spec
Demos
Ctr for Army Lessons Learned
EU W3CMembers/directors
(Dan Brickley, coord)
DARPA: Funds a new
generation of www technology
Works closely with W3C to create a web standard
Works closely with EU on international acceptance
Brings DoD users (J2,J3,J6) in as early adopters
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DoD and W3CWorking Together
DAML is being built on existing web “standards”, by many of the same people who developed them
PI Team includes MIT researchers who also head up World Wide Web Consortium:
PI/Co-PI: Tim Berners-Lee, Ralph Swick, Dan Connolly
XML Existing W3C Recommendation
RDF Existing W3C Recommendation
RDF-Schema-extensions
DAML-OntologyDAML-LogicDAMLDAML
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Horus transitioning to use of DAML languageEmerging DAML tools tested in Intelink environment via DAML-Horus TIEsMature DAML tools integrated into Horus Toolkit Horus Toolkit applied in Horus Evaluation Site & Horus-enabled user sitesExperiments with Intelink Users
DAML – HorusIntelink Transition
Objective
Expected ResultsMethodology
Simpler, More Accurate and Focused Searches
Search on Information Organized by Content Capability to Follow Threads of Logic Help Independent Developers Tie Into
Common Framework
Changing the way we produce intelligence
More linking, less traditional data entry
Lots of grabbing Horus entities and
dropping into products
Software performs technical markup detail
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DAML Status
DAML+OIL ontology language released on World Wide Web Annotated “walkthrough” Examples Full definition
RDFS = Resource Description Framework Schema Provides 100% mapping to XML
Open discussion group run by W3C: [email protected] Denotational (and axiomatic) Semantics published
First formal semantics for a web language Proposal to W3C for standardization ongoing
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DAML Examples
“Transparent” MarkupContent-Based SearchService advertising
Reading “DAML”! Using “DAML”!
Writing “DAML”!
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www.daml.org
Language SpecificationsDAML Newsletter (you can subscribe)Collection of web toolsOntology library
134 ontologies as of May 15, 01
DAML crawler over 14,000 pages w/2,000,000+ DAML statements, 5/15/01
Web tracking software used for baselining DAML use Over 500,000 hits in first 6 months
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DAMLNotional Schedule
Now
Later
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Web “travel” agents
Query processed: A satellite image taken yesterday at 10 AM is available on the web at http://…
A new satellite image, to be taken today at 10AM, will be available for $100 — click here to authorize transfer of funds and obtain image (you will need a valid credit card number from one of the following providers: …)
In an emergency situation, a Coast Guard observer plane can be sent to any location within the area you indicate. Service Note: You will be responsible for cost of flight if the situation does not result in emergency pickup. Click Here for more information.
A high altitude observer can be sent to your location in 13 hours. Click here to initiate procedure. (You will need to provide US military authorization, A valid military unit code, and the name of commanding officer)
A service entitled “commercial service for providing satelite images” is advertised as becoming available in 2004. See http://… for more information
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Service Descriptions
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Web Logics
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Conclusions
The Semantic Web is coming! Joint development between DARPA/EU/and W3C communities Languages and tools are available to play with
Http://www.daml.org/
W3C interest group available for those wishing to join the discussion [email protected] (live or archived)
Ongoing DoD and commercial projectsCome join us
Submit ontologies/marked up pages Develop tools or help test ours
Get in on the next big thing early!