http:// 0e9g bell ringer #1 think about your family for a moment. what physical characteristics or...
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ToAozF30e9g
Bell Ringer #1Think about your family for a moment. What physical characteristics or traits do you share with your family members?
What personality characteristics do you share with some of your family members?
Introduction to Genetics for beginners
An Introduction to basic genetic concepts and links to health for individuals who have had minimal experience of
genetics
DNA, genes & chromosomes
The objectives of this presentation are to:Understand the role and structure of DNA, genes
and chromosomes.Understand that proteins are encoded by genesBe aware that alterations in genetic material can
cause disease
The structure of DNA, genes & chromosomes
Genes are a set of coded instructions that code for a specific trait!
Chromosomes
• Chromosomes are made of DNA. • Each contains genes in a linear
order.• Human body cells contain 46
chromosomes in 23 pairs – one of each pair inherited from each parent
• Chromosome pairs 1 – 22 are called autosomes.
• The 23rd pair are called sex chromosomes: XX is female, XY is male.
Gene for sickle cell disease (chromosome 11)
Gene for cystic fibrosis (chromosome 7)
Chromosomes
p
Centromere
q
Chromosome 5
The Karyotype
A normal male chromosome pattern would be described as:
46,XY.
46 = total number of chromosomesXY = sex chromosome constitution
(XY = male, XX = female).
Any further description would refer to any abnormalities orvariants found
Total Genes On Chromosome: 723373 genes in region marked red, 20 are shown
FZD2AKAP10ITGB4KRTHA8WD1SOST
MPP3
MLLT6
STAT3
BRCA1breast cancer 1, early onsetGFAPNRXN4NSF
NGFR
CACNB1HOXB9HTLVRABCA5CDC6ITGB3
Chromosome 17source: Human Genome Project
Genes are arranged in linear order on chromosomes
Most frequent numerical anomalies in liveborn
AutosomesDown syndrome (trisomy 21: 47,XX,+21)
Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18: 47,XX,+18) Patau syndrome (trisomy 13: 47,XX+13)
Sex chromosomesTurner syndrome 45,X
Klinefelter syndrome 47,XXY
All chromosomesTriploidy (69 chromosomes)
Summary of Chromosome Anomalies
• Change in numbere.g. trisomy 21 Down syndrome;
Edwards’ syndrome; Turner syndrome.
Usually an isolated occurrence.
• Change in structuree.g. deletionsMay be inherited.
Trisomy 21
The DNA Double Helix
Disease-Associated Mutations Alter Protein Function
What is a mutation?
Mutation – an alteration or change in the genetic material
In clinical use usually = “harmful”InheritedFrom exposure to mutagenic agents but more
arise spontaneously through errors in DNA replication / repair
More likely to be recognized if effects are detrimental
Summary
Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs – one of each pair is inherited from each parent
Chromosomes are made of DNAEach chromosome contains genes in a linear
order; like beads on a stringGenes are codes for cells to make proteinsAlterations in genes or chromosomes alter the
protein produced and can hence cause disease
http://syndrome.org/patau-syndrome/
http://www.healthofchildren.com/E-F/Edwards-Syndrome.html