huffman chap 5 pp

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2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTIONSeventh Edition

by

Karen Huffman

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

Chapter 5

States ofConsciousnessLynn GussmanForsyth Technical Community College


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Note to the Instructor

The following set of slides provides a basic

foundation for your PowerPoint presentation

of the core concepts found in Chapter 5 of

Psychology in Action (7e). Please consult our website:

http://www.wiley.com/college/huffman or the

Instructor's Resource CD for additional

options, including video clips, figures, tables,key terms, etc.
http://www.wiley.com/college/huffmanhttp://www.wiley.com/college/huffman


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Lecture Overview

Issues in Consciousness

Sleep and Dreams

Drugs that Influence Consciousness Alternate States of Consciousness


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Consciousness

Consciousnessrefers to an organismsawareness of itself and its surroundings.

Levels of awareness:

TOP: Controlled processes require attention(and interfere with other functions)

MIDDLE: Automatic processes require minimal

attention (such as riding your bike)

LOWEST: Minimal or no awareness of theenvironment


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Circadian Rhythms

Many of our behaviors display rhythmicvariation.

Circadian rhythms

One cycle lasts about 24 hours (e.g. sleep-waking cycle).

Light is an external cue that can set the

circadian rhythm.

Some circadian rhythms are endogenoussuggesting the existence of an internal

(biological) clock.


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Sleep

Sleep is a behavior AND an altered state ofconsciousness.

We spend about a third of our lives in

sleep.A basic issue is to understand the function ofsleep.


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Myths of Sleep

Everyone needs 8 hrs of sleep per night to

maintain good health. Learning of complicated subjects such as

calculus can be done during sleep.

Some people never dream.

Dreams last only a few seconds.

Genital arousal during sleep reflects dreamcontent.

May be a useful index of physical versuspsychological causes of impotence in males


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EEG Changes During Sleep

Electrophysiologicalinstruments can be used in

the sleep laboratory to assess

the physiological changes that

occur during an episode of

sleep.


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Stages of Sleep

Hypnagogic state:pre-sleep stage marked byvisual, auditory and kinesthetic sensations.

Non-REM

Stage one

Stage two

Stage three

Stage four

REM: rapid eyes movements, high frequencybrain waves, paralysis of large muscles anddreaming


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Sleep Stages During a Night


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Functions of Sleep

REM Sleep: Consolidation of new memories

Role in learning

Absent in lower mammals Non-REM sleep

People deprived of all sleep show greater

time spent in non-REM sleep the next

night.


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Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Reduced immunity

Mood alteration

Reduced concentration and motivation

Increased irritability

Lapses in attention

Reduced motor skills


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Theories of Sleep

Repair/Restoration Sleep allows for recuperation from

physical, emotional, and intellectual

fatigue.

Evolutionary/Circadian

Sleep evolved to conserve energy and

protect our ancestors from predators.


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Sleep Duration in Mammals


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Theories of Dreaming

Psychoanalytic: Dreams representdisguised symbols of repressed desiresand anxieties.

Manifest versus latent content Biological: Dreams represent random

activation of brain cells during sleep.

Cognitive: Dreams help to sift and sortthe events of the day.


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Dysomnias

Insomnia refers to a difficulty in getting to sleep or

remaining asleep and has many causes.

Situational: related to anxiety

Drug-induced: Use of sleeping pills or other drugs can

result in insomnia

Sleep apnea: person stops breathing and is

awakened when blood levels of carbon dioxide

stimulate breathing.

Narcolepsy: Sleep appears at odd times. Sleep attack: urge to sleep during the day


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Parasomnias

Nightmares: Anxiety-arousing dreams

generally occurring during REM sleep.

Night Terrors: Abrupt awakenings from

NREM sleep accompanied by intense

physiological arousal and feelings of

panic.


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Drugs

Drugs are chemicals that have biologicaleffects within the body.

Psychoactive drugs are chemicals thatchange conscious awareness or

perception. Depressants slow down the nervous system.

Stimulants speed up the nervous system.

Opiates relieve pain. Hallucinogens alter sensory perception .


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Drug Use and Abuse

Drug abuse: Drug use that causes emotionalor physical harm to the user.

Addiction results from repeated drug use.

Tolerance: more drug is required.

Drug abstinence leads to withdrawal symptoms.

Drug dependence can be:

Physical: withdrawal reactions are noted when drug

use is terminated.

Psychological: associated with a craving for the

drug


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Examples of Drug Types

Depressants: alcohol, barbiturates

Stimulants: caffeine, amphetamine

cocaine, nicotine

Opiates heroin, morphine

Hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, marijuana


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Depressants

Alcohol is particularly dangerous when

combined with barbiturates.

abuse can lead to serious losses in

cognitive functioning

involved in nearly half of all murders,

suicides, spousal abuse and accidental

deaths in the united states is the third leading cause of birth defects


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Stimulants

Nicotine is considered the single most

preventable cause of death and disease

in the United Sates.

Cocaine causes physical damage,

severe addiction and psychological

dependence.

Cocaine can interfere with the electricalactivity of the heart.


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Opiates

Narcotics, such as morphine and

heroin, produce their effects by

mimicking endorphins.


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Hallucinogens

LSD- associated with bad trips

Marijuana has some properties of

depressants, narcotics and

hallucinogens at higher doses.


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Club Drugs

MDMA- high doses can cause

dangerous increases in body

temperature and blood pressure leading

to seizures, heart attacks and strokes;can produces long lasting damage to

the brain.


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How Drugs Work


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Drug Action on Neurons


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Factors that Lead to Drug

Abuse

Positive associations: the drug is portrayed in

a positive fashion in the media.

Biological factors: the drug induces a

pleasurable state (usually related todopamine activity in the brain).

Prevention of withdrawal: person continues to

take the drug to avoid withdrawal effects.

Conditioning of drug craving: cues associated

with drug use can elicit craving for the drug.


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Hypnosis

Hypnosis is an altered state ofheightened suggestibility.

The hypnotic state is characterized by:

Narrow and focused attention

Imagination

Passive receptive attitude

Reduced reaction to pain

Heightened suggestibility


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Myths of Hypnosis

People can be hypnotized against theirwill.

People will do immoral things while

hypnotized. Hypnosis improves memory recall.

Hypnotized persons have special

strength. Hypnosis is fake.


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Altered States

Meditation refers to a set of techniquesthat promote a heightened sense ofawareness.

can involve body movements and posture,focusing of attention on a focal point, orcontrol of breathing

can induce relaxation, lower blood

pressure, and can be associated with asense of euphoria


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Why do people alter

consciousness?

Sacred rituals

Social interactions

Individual rewards


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2004 John Wiley & Sons IncH ff PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION 7E

Copyright

Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New

York, NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material

protected by this copyright may be reproduced or

utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or

mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or byany information storage and retrieval system, without

written permission of the copyright owner.

huffman chap 5 pp

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