hugjiltu comparison of turkish and mongolian

Hugjiltu: Comparison of Turkish and Mongolian = 1 = ________________________________________________________________________

Editor's Note: This article was submitted to Infosystem Mongolei in June 1995. The glossae were originally given in Chinese which were then replaced by English glossae. These are not translations of the Chinese glossae but were directly translated from Turkish and Mongolian.

An index for each language (Turkish, Mongolian, English) was added so that every desired word can be looked up quickly.

Considering the distribution channels for this text, a transliteration for some of the Turkish letters not contained in the ASCII character sets was adopted:

Substitution Original

I "open i" ch "che" (c cedille) gh "yumushak ge" sh "she" (s cedille)

The umlaut vowels ” and were left as they are (ASCII 148 and ASCII 129� in codepage 437).

Mongolian is transliterated according to the MLS system. Mongolian gamma is located at ASCII 231 of the MLS codepage.

All Mongolian sections are prefixed by the "\$" tag and exit in "\@". The text is thus suitable for readers like mview.

The index items are sorted according to this convention; they are not sorted according to the original Turkish alphabet. The editor apologizes for all inconveniences caused by these substitutions.

O. Corff, Nov./Dec. 1995

Sound Comparisons between Turkish and Mongolian

by Hugjiltu Inner Mongolia University

Concerning the sounds, grammars and lexica of Turkish and Mongolian, there are quite a number of relations, typological similarities and af- finities. Though the Turkish language has been considerably influenced

by Arabian, Persian and other Indo-European languages, it still keeps the basic characteristics which the Turkic languages originally had. Un- til now, scholars like G. J. Ramstedt, B. Y. Vladimirtsov, N. Poppe, Sir G. Clauson, L. Ligeti, W. Kotwicz e.a. have done descriptive and com-


parative studies on the various relations existing among the Turkic and Mongolian languages, but it has not been determined if these relations prove the same genealogy or should just to be considered as typological similarities. This problem can only be solved by further studying the common properties of these languages in order to find out which are results of mutual borrowing and which are results of mutual influence.

For the comparative study of Turkish and Mongolian we can reference the monographs by G. J. Ramstedt, N. Poppe, P. Pelliot, G. Nemeth, Sir G. Clauson, E. Hovdhaugen. G. Doerfer, L. V. Clark e.a. In Turkey, the comparative study between Turkish and Mongolian is done by native scholars such as Prof. Ahmet Temir, Talat Tekin, Tuncer Glensoy, O. N. Tuna e.a.�

Among the Turkic languages, Turkish is in the most western place and far away from the Mongol Highland. Concerning its objective condition, the opportunities for cantact with the Mongolian language are rare. During my learning and studying of Turkish, I have unexpectedly found a great amount of words common to both Turkish and Mongolian. Furthermore, there are also many corresponding relations and similarities concerning sound and grammar.

In order to explore the laws of phonetic correspondences between Turkish and Mongolian, a lexicon gathered from a few Turkish dictionaries served as the basis for a tentative comparison between the sounds of the Turkish language and written Mongolian.

Literature

Clark, L. V.: Mongol Elements in Old Turkic, JSFOu 75, 1977, p. 110-168

Clauson, Sir Gerard: Turk, Mongol, Tungus, Asmaj, 2.S, No. 8, 1960-1961, p. 105

-- -- : The Turkish elements in the 14th Century Mongolian. CAJ No. 5, 1959, p. 301

-- -- : Turkish and Mongolian Studies. London 1962

The Concise Oxford Turkish Dictionary, London 1959

Doerfer, Gerhard: Trkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen.� Band I: Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen 'L. Ligeti', AOH, No. 17, 1964, p. 343-349

-- -- : Trkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. Band II -� III: Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen 'L. Ligeti', AOH, No. 21, 1968, p. 119-130

-- -- : Erwiderung auf Poppes Rezension meiner Arbeit "Trkische und� Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen", CAJ, No. 11, 1966, p. 220

Glensoy, Tuncer: Eske ve Orta Trkce'de Mogholca Kelimeler Uzerine Not-� � lar. Trkoloji Dergisi, 6.c., sayI 1, Ankara, 1974, p. 235-259�


-- -- : MoghollarIn Gizli Tarihindeki Trkce Kelimeler Uzerine Bir� Deneme. Trkoloji Dergisi, 5.c., sayI 1, Ankara, 1973, p. 93-135�

Houdhaugen, E.: The Mongolian Suffix -lig and its Turkic Origin. Resear- ches in Altaic Languages, Budapest, 1975, p. 71-78

Huang Qihui: Tu-Han Cidian. Taibei 1992

Ne</meth, Gyula: A t”r”k-mongol nyelvviszonyhoz. NyK, No. 43, 1914, p. 126

-- -- : Egy mongol-t”r”k hangt”rve</ny. NyK, No. 41, 1911-12, p. 401

Pelliot, Paul: Les formes avec et sans q- (k-) initial en Turc et en Mongol, TP, 2.S, No. 37, 1942, p. 73

Poppe, Nicholas: On some Vowel Correspondences in Mongolian Loanwords in Turkic. CAJ, No. 13, p. 207

-- -- : The Turkic Loan-Words in Middle Mongolian. CAJ, No. 1, 1955, p. 36

Ramstedt, G. J.: Zur Verbstammbildungslehre der Mongolisch-Trkischen� Sprachen. JSFO, No. 28, 1912, p. 1

-- -- : Eoy a</llito</lages mongol-t”r”k hangt”rve</ni. NyK, No. 42, 1913, p. 69

-- -- : Az n hang a mongolban e</s a t”r”kben. NyK, No. 42 1913, p. 229

-- -- : Zur Mongolisch-Trkischen Lautgeschichte I. KSz, No. 15, 1914-� 15, p. 134

-- -- : Zur Mongolisch-Trkischen Lautgeschichte II. KSz, No. 16, 1915-� 16, p. 66

-- -- : Ein anlautender stimmloser Labial in der mongolisch-trkischen� Ursprache. JSFO, No. 32, 1916-1920, p. 1

Tekin, Talat: Turkish /s/, Chuvash /s<v/ and Mongolian /c<v/. TDAY - Belleten, 1986, p. 65-69

Temir, Ahmet: Trkce ile Mogholca arasIndakI ilgiler. DTCFD, XIII, 1-25,� 1955

Turkish-Russian Dictionary, Moscow 1959

Tuna, Osman Nedim: OsmanlIcada Mongolca Odnc Kelemiler. Tkiyat 'ec-� � muasI, XVII, 209-250, Istanbul 1972

Trk Dil Kurumu: Trkce S”zlk (1, 2). Trk Tarih kurumu BasIm Evi.� � � � Ankara 1988

Trkce - Ingilizce Byk Lgat. Ankara 1959� � � �


Trkce Ingilizce Redhouse S”zlg, Istanbul 1974� � �

Trkce S”zlg, Ankara 1959� � �


I. Complementary Pairs

1.0 a

1.1 a: a

altIn gold $ altan @ gold al red $ al @ red at horse $ agta @ gelding av chase, hunt $ aba @ chase, hunt baghla- to tie, to fasten $ bagla- @ to tie in bunches carla- to make known $ zarla- @ to order, make known chagh time, period $ cag @ time, period, season, age dal back, shoulder $ dalu @ shoulder blade, scapula sal raft $ sal @ raft ulak courier, messenger $ ulag-a @ relay horses burchak common vetch $ burcag @ bean dayak (to beat with a $ tayag @ cane, staff, stick cane) hakan khan, ruler, $ xagan @ emperor, khan emperor

1.2 a: „

ara- to look for $ „ri- @ to look for gIdIkla- to tickle $ g„d„g„l„- @ to tickle dalak spleen $ d„lig @ spleen��

olcay Happiness (a proper $ ”lz„i @ luck, happiness, name), luck, happi- success ness, success aghla- to cry, to weep $ „g„gl„- @ to wail

1.3 a: i

ara- to look for $ „ri- @ to look for chalkalan- to make waves $ calgila- @ to splash; to wash over dalak spleen $ d„lig @ spleen�� kasharlI old $ xasir @ well trained arak sweet liquor $ ariki @ liquor soghan onion $ songgin-a @ onion sallak naked $ shalig @ profligate, lewd, obscene yansha- to be talkative $ yangsi- @ to prattle, jabber


1.4 a: o

pulat steel $ bolod @ steel kolan cinch, girth $ olong @ belly chulpan Venus $ colmon @ Morning star, Venus konak hotel, guest's $ xonog @ night (spent) chamber otak imperial tent $ otog @ tribe, nation tak- to dress; to add, $ toxu- @ to put on or over; attach to saddle

1.5 a: u

bohcha package $ bogcu @ bag, backpack aldan- to mistake, err $ andu- @ to mistake kabar- to swell $ xabud- @ to swell sachak eave(s [of a $ sacug @ tuft, fringe, tas- building]); fringe sel topalla- to limp $ dogul- @ to limp, be lame yara- to use; to profit $ zaru- @ to make use

1.6 a: 0

dadan- to acquire a taste $ dad-, das- @ to become ac- for customed to; to acquire experience tapala- to (put a) stopper $ tagla- @ to stop up, cork,

close

1.7 a: aga, aba, uga, ogo, agu

batur -- hero $ bagatur @ hero bahadIr dalga wave $ dabalgan @ wave bora tempest, hurrican $ borugan @ rain kova bucket, pail $ xobug-a @ well bucket budala stupid $ bidagu @ stupid, silly

2.0 e

2.1 e: „

elchi ambassador $ „lci @ ambassador erdem virtue $ „rd„m @ learning, virtue tmen ten thousand; divi- $ tm„n @ ten thousand� � sion (households) er male, hero $ „r-„ @ man, male erk power $ „rk„ @ power


gerekche reason, proof $ g„r„ci @ proof en broadness; most $ „ng @ broad, most deve camel $ t„m„g„ @ camel belgi feature $ b„lg„ @ sign, mark, symbol bel waist $ b„l @ waist; declivity demir iron $ t„mr @ iron� kesik cut, truncated $ k„s„g @ part, piece, section serin cool, fresh $ s„rign @ cool� seyrek widely set; sparse $ s„yir„g @ thin, sparse eshek donkey $ „lzig„ @ donkey

2.2 e: i

eshek donkey $ „lzig„ @ donkey gerekche reason, proof $ g„r„ci @ proof inek cow $ niy-„ @ cow� sheker sugar $ sikir @ sugar kelepir cheap $ kilbar @ cheap chek- to pull, draw $ cinggaga- @ to pull

2.3 e: a

elma apple $ alim-a @ pear elmas diamond $ almas @ diamond yench- to crush $ yanchi- @ to crush yen- to defeat, attack $ zanci- @ to beat

2.4 e: ”

tre rule, law $ t”r @ government, state,� � dynasty tre- to appear, bring $ t”r”- @ to give birth to� forth bez fabric $ b”s @ fabric

2.5 e: �

yrek heart $ zirk„ @ heart� � srek flock of cattle $ srg @ group, flock of� � � cattle eylem deed, process $ il„ @ matter, behaviour,� alive

2.6 e: „g„

deve camel $ t„m„g„ @ camel


ebe midwife; grand- $ „m„g„ @ grand-(mother) mother tekle- to miss, to mis- $ t„g„gl„- @ to block, hinder fire; to stammer, to stutter eyer saddle $ „m„g„l @ saddle

2.7 e: 0

aile household, family $ ayil @ village, household, family, people kelepir cheap $ kilbar @ cheap

3.0 I

3.1 I: a

altIn gold $ altan @ gold kIs- to shrink, reduce $ xasu- @ to reduce, shrink

arish pole (of a car) $ aral @ shaft or thill of a cart

3.2 I: „

gIdIkla- to tickle $ g„d„g„l„- @ to tickle sIrIk club $ s„r„g„ @ fork hIrchIn wicked, cruel, bru- $ k„rc„g„i @ wicked, cruel, brutal tal

3.3 I: i

yIl year $ zil @ year kIl hair $ kilgasu @ hair of the mane and tail kIraghI frost $ kiragu @ frost sIr glaze of pottery ( $ sir @ varnish, lacquer < arabic sirr) tanI- to know $ tani- @ to know tIk- to cram, jam, $ ciki- @ to jam, stuff, thrust, stick press yarIm half $ zarim @ part, some, incomplete sIva- to plaster; to $ siba- @ to plaster; to app- smear ly mud sakIn- to pay attention; $ saki- @ to observe, to protect respect, look after


3.4 I: u

buzaghI calf; fawn $ biragu @ calf in its second year kadIn woman, wife $ xatun @ lady, queen, princess; wife (hon.) kIraghI frost $ kiragu @ frost yargI to judge $ zargu @ lawsuit, ligitation tansIk interesting $ tangsug @ beautiful

3.5 I: aga, agu, igu, „g„

azI molar $ arag-a @ molar, sprocket katI hard $ xatagu @ hard arI pure $ arigun @ clean sIrt back $ s„g„r @ spine, backbone

4.0 i

4.1 i: i

bilgi knowledge, learn- $ bilig @ talent, wisdom ing, information bileghi whetstone $ bil„g @ whetstone�� bin thousand $ mingg-a @ thousand chiz- to draw, paint $ ziru- @ to draw, paint chiy dew $ cigig @ dampness, moisture im mark, trace $ im @ mark iz scar $ ir @ scar ikiz twins $ ik„r-„ @ twins kir dirt, filth $ gkir @ dirt sicim string, twine, $ sizim @ cord, string, twine packthread sindir- to erase $ singg„- @ to dissolve zindan prison $ gindan @ prison

4.2 i: „

chichek flower $ c„c„g @ flower deghirmen mill $ t„g„rm-„ @ mill dingil axis $ t„ngg„lig @ axletree eghir- to spin $ „g„r„- @ to rotate; to spin, twist geghir- to belch, burp, $ k„k„r„- @ to belch, eruct eructate


kim who $ k„n @ who titre- to shiver, tremble, $ c„c„r„- @ to tremble, shake, shake, quiver (=$ cicir„-) @ shiver, quake, quiver belgi feature $ b„lg„ @ sign, mark, symbol ilk first, initial, $ „ki @ beginning, first beginning kip form, type $ k„b @ model, form

4.3 i: a

kelepir cheap $ kilbar @ cheap

4.4 i: o

billur crystal $ bolor @ crystal

4.5 i: , � ��

inek cow $ niy-„ @ cow� demir iron $ t„mr @ iron� bilezik bracelet; hand- $ bl„z„g, finger ring� cuffs; metal ring b„lzig @ bileghi whetstone $ bil„g @ whetstone��

5.0 o

5.1 o: o

bohcha bundle, package $ bogcu @ bag, backpack bogh- to strangle, choke $ bogu- @ to bind, tie, bundle, wrap bora tempest, hurrican $ borugan @ rain kolan cinch, girth $ olong @ belly kon- to rest, sleep $ xono- @ to spend a night kova bucket, pail $ xobug-a @ well bucket kovla- ro run down; to $ xobla- @ to slander, vilify blame kop- to break, snap $ xobxo @ asunder, apart koyun sheep $ xoni @ sheep ordu army $ ordo @ palace orun place $ oron @ position, place, area otak imperial tent $ otog @ tribe, nation (name of a tribe: Otog) ot herb(al medicine) $ otaci @ (old) pharmacist, doctor


soru- to suck $ soru- @ to suck in, draw in

5.2 o: u

kopchala- to close the but- $ xubcala- @ to dress tons of a garment bogha bull $ bux-a @ bull koch ram $ xuca @ ram sor- to ask, inquire $ sura- @ to ask, hear about tolga war helmet $ dugulg-a @ helmet toklu yearling sheep $ tugul @ calf less than a year old

yol- to pluck; to pull $ zulgaga- @ to pull out; hold out tight; seize

5.3 o: a

oymak tribe $ ayimag @ league, tribe konch leg (of a boot or $ kancu @ sleeve stocking)

5.4 o: i

yoghur- to knead $ zigura- @ to knead, mix

5.5 o: ”

olcay Happiness (a proper $ ”lz„i @ luck, happiness, name), luck, happi- success ness, success

5.6 o: oo, ogo, igu

tor thin net $ toor @ net, hull toz powder, ashes $ togosu @ ashes, dust yolcu traveller $ zigulci @ traveller, explorer tortu sediment, deposit, $ dooradu @ low, lower; insig- dregs nificant, inferior


6.0 ” 6.1 ”: ”

b”lk part $ b”l”g @ group, part� b”brek kidney $ b”g„r-„ @ kidney, testicle ch”l desert $ c”l @ desert, desolate place, ch”p waste $ c”b @ deposit, sediment d”l seed, germ; young, $ t”l @ newborn young offspring animals, issue g”ghs breast, nipples $ k”k @ female breast, nip-� � ples g”k sky; blue $ k”k„ @ blue g”lk pack animal $ k”l”g @ a strong and swift� (= $ klg) @ horse� �

k”pr bridge $ k”g”rg„ @ bridge� k”pk foam $ k”g„s @ foam� � k”rk bellows $ k”g„rg„ @ bellows� ”br other, different $ ”g„r-„ @ other, different� ”ch hatred $ ”s @ hatred ”r- to plait, knit; to $ ”r- @ to set in order,� tie; to built, put in line, ar- erect (a wall) range in a row s”n- to go out, die down $ s”n”- @ to be extinguished, (fire) to go out

6.2 ”: �

”kz ox $ k„r @ ox� � y”n direction, aspect $ zg @ direction, aspect� ”l- to die, wither $ r„- @ to exhaust,� sacrifice ”lger saying $ lig„r @ model, story�

6.3 ”: o

”bek pile, flock $ obog-a @ pile, flock

7.0 u

7.1 u: u

bughday wheat $ bugudai @ wheat bughra male camel $ buur-a @ male camel burchak common vetch $ burcag @ bean burk- to twist $ muski- @ to turn, twist, twirl burun nose $ burantag @ rope (through a nose) kuraltay meeting $ xural @ meeting


kurut dry milk cheese $ xurud @ milk curd kus- to vomit $ xusu- @ to vomit tulga (< tughulgha) hel- $ dugulg-a @ helmet met tulum animal skin; over- $ tulum @ leather bag alls; bag pipe ulak courier, messenger $ ulag-a @ relay horse ulus nation, people $ ulus @ people, nation; country, state; empire, dynasty urgan rope $ urax-a @ net

uruk clan $ urug @ relatives by marriage uyak rhyme $ uyangg-a @ harmony, euphony, melody ulu- to howl $ uli- @ to howl

7.2 u: o

kum sand, sandstone $ xumag @ fine sand sungur white falcon $ shongxor @ falcon, gerfalcon (=$ singxur) @ sokur blind $ soxor @ blind uchkun spark $ oci @ spark pulat steel $ bolod @ steel bul- to find; to dis- $ ol- @ to find cover chulpan Venus $ colmon @ Morning star, Venus

7.3 u: i

ulu- to howl $ uli- @ to howl buzaghI calf; fawn $ biragu @ calf in its second year kaburga rib $ xabirg-a @ rib koru- to protect $ xori- @ to shut in, confine, emprison, enclose koyun sheep $ xoni @ sheep kovcu backbiting; $ xobci @ denunciator, talebearing slanderer angut a kind of duck $ anggir @ a kind of yellow duck

7.4 u: a

chamur mud $ sibar @ mud duldala- to protect $ daldala- @ to hide, conceal


7.5 u: ”

buz ice $ m”s @ ice� ulu great, high $ ”rl”g @ high

7.6 u: ugu, aga

tulga (< tughulgha) hel- $ dugulg-a @ helmet met kuzu lamb $ xurag-a @ lamb

8.0 �

8.1 : � �

gch power, force $ kc @ power, strength� � � gch difficult(y) $ kcir @ difficult, tiresome� � kkre- to roar (lion); to $ krkir„- @ to growl, grunt,� � bellow snarl sprge broom $ sigr @ broom� � � sr drove, flock $ srg @ group, flock of� � � � cattle st milk $ s @ milk� � re- to reproduce; to $ r„zi- @ to multiply,� � multiply, increase propagate; to breed rk- to shy, balk $ rg- @ to be[come] alarmed� � � (horse); to be or frightened frightened zm grape $ zm @ grape� � � �

8.2 : ”�

bkk twisted, bent, $ b”kg„r @ bent, inclined for-� � � curved ward b”lk part $ b”l”g @ group, part, com-� panion btn whole, complete, $ b”t”n @ complete, all� � all bz- to gather, to con- $ bs„l„- @ to belt, gird; to� � strict, to pucker encircle, surround gmrk customs $ k”mrg„ @ warehouse,� � � storehouse tr kind, sort, type $ t”rl @ kind, sphere,� � branch tre rule, law $ t”r @ government, state,� � dynasty


tre- to appear, bring $ t”r”- @ to give birth to� forth by magic, spell, sor- $ b”g„ @ shaman� � cery br- to wrap, to enfold; $ bri- @ to cover, envelop� � �

to cover up

8.3 : „�

”kz ox $ k„r @ ox� � by magic, spell, sor- $ b”g„ @ shaman� � cery

8.4 : i�

yrek heart $ zirk„ @ heart� � yz face, surface $ zis @ appearance, fea-� � ture, complexion sr- to drag $ cir- @ to drag, haul, pull� � along, trail along the ground

8.5 : u�

sn- to stretch $ sung- @ to stretch, extend,� (=$ sunu-)@ lengthen g owl $ uguli @ owl� �

8.6 : ”g„�

grlde- to thunder $ k”g„rld- @ to become excited;� � � � to rejoice

9.0 b

9.1 b:b

bacanak brother-in-law $ baza @ brother-in-law baghla- to tie, to fasten $ bagla- @ to tie in bunches baghIr- to shout, yell, cry $ barkira- @ to shout, cry, yell bal honey, nectar $ bal @ honey, nectar balta axe $ balta @ sledge hammer; axe batur -- hero $ bagatur @ hero bahadIr


bay gentleman; rich $ bayan @ richness, prosperity; rich

bek cf. t. pek $ b„ki @ strong, firm, solid; robust, vigourous, durable bel waist $ b„l @ waist; declivity belgi feature $ b„lg„ @ sign, mark, symbol bez fabric $ b”s @ fabric bilgi knowledge, learn- $ bilig @ talent, wisdom ing, information bileghi whetstone $ bil„g @ whetstone�� bogha bull $ bux-a @ bull boghum knot, joint, node $ bugui - baguu forearm, wrist @ bohcha bundle, package $ bogcu @ bag, backpack bora tempest, hurrican $ borugan @ rain b”brek kidney $ b”g„r-„ @ kidney, testicle b”lk part $ b”l”g @ group, part, com-� panion bughday wheat $ bugudai @ wheat bughra male camel $ buur-a @ male camel bulak well, source $ bulag @ source, origin burchak common vetch $ burcag @ bean burun nose $ burantag @ rope (through a nose) buzaghI calf; fawn $ biragu @ calf in its second year kaburga rib $ xabirg-a @ rib

9.2 b: m

bin thousand $ mingg-a @ thousand boncuk bead $ moncog @ large red ornamental tassel suspended from a horse's neck and/or breast b”ghr- to bellow, low; to $ m”g„r„- @ to moo, low, bellow� moo (of cows) bunak dotard $ munug @ feeble-minded buz ice $ m”s @ ice� burk- to twist $ muski- @ to turn, twist, twirl ebe midwife; grand- $ „m„g„ @ grand-(mother) mother

9.3 b: g

”br other, different $ ”g„r-„ @ other, different� gebe pregnant $ k„g„l @ placenta, belly b”brek kidney $ b”g„r-„ @ kidney, testicle


10.0 c

10.1 c: z

bacanak brother-in-law $ baza @ brother-in-law cebe weapon $ z„bs„g @ weapon car cry, call $ zar @ written order or instruction; announcement carla- to make known $ zarla- @ to order, make known

10.2 c: c

cengiz Chingis (a name) $ cinggis @ Chinggis (Khan) boncuk bead $ moncog @ large red ornamental tassel suspended from a horse's neck and/or breast dagharcIk leather bag; $ tagarcug @ pocket; purse; knowledge small bag yolcu traveller $ zigulci @ traveller, explorer

11.0 ch

11.1 ch: c

chalchene chatterbox, gossip $ calciy-a @ idle talk, nonsense chalka- to rinse, to wash $ calgi- @ to splash; to wash off over; to pour over chalkala- to rinse, to wash $ calgila- @ to splash; to wash off over chichek flower $ c„c„g @ flower chay tea (leaves) $ cai @ tea (leaves) cheri army $ c„rig @ army chimdik pinch $ cimki @ pinch (of salt, tobacco, etc.) ch”l desert $ c”l @ desert, desolate place chin upright, real $ cing @ honest gerekche reason, proof $ g„r„ci @ proof

11.2 ch: sh


chamur mud $ sibar @ mud

11.3 ch: z

chim lawn, garden grass $ zim @ turf, sward achImla- to comment $ azigla- @ to observe, pay attention; to notice, note chim- to sink $ zib- @ to sink uch tip, point, top, $ zgr @ tip, point, summit,� � � end end; top ch”kelek cheese made of $ z”g„k„i @ cream curds

11.4 ch: s

chuval sack $ sumal @ oblong bag or sack ”ch hatred $ ”s @ hatred

12.0 d

12.1 d: d

dal back, shoulder $ dalu @ shoulder blade, scapula dalak spleen $ d„lig @ spleen�� dalga wave $ dabalgan @ wave gIdIkla- to tickle $ g„d„g„l„- @ to tickle odun firewood, log $ modu(n) @ wood

12.2 d: t

damga stamp; mark $ tamag-a @ seal, stamp; brand dayak (to beat with a $ tayag @ cane, staff, stick cane) deghirmen mill $ t„g„rm-„ @ mill demir iron $ t„mr @ iron� deve camel $ t„m„g„ @ camel dingil axis $ t„ngg„lig @ axletree kadIn woman, wife $ xatun @ lady, queen, princess; wife (hon.) d”l seed, germ; young, $ t”l @ newborn young offspring animals, issue


12.3 d: k

chimdik pinch $ cimki @ pinch (of salt, tobacco, etc.)

12.4 d: s

dadan- to acquire a taste $ dad-, das- @ to become ac- for customed to; to acquire experience

12.5 d: c

adim step, pace $ alcam @ step, pace dik perpendicular; $ cig @ direction, course; upright, straight straightness

13.0 f

13.1 f: b

defter book, volume $ d„bt„r @ book, volume

14.0 g

14.1 g: g

dalga wave $ dabalgan @ wave damga stamp; mark $ tamag-a @ seal, stamp; brand kaburga rib $ xabirg-a @ rib yargI to judge $ zargu @ lawsuit, ligitation

14.2 g: x

sungur white falcon $ shongxor @ falcon, gerfalcon (=$ singxur) @

14.3 g: g

gerekche reason, proof $ g„r„ci @ proof


gIdIkla- to tickle $ g„d„g„l„- @ to tickle

14.4 g: k

geghir- to belch, burp, $ k„k„r„- @ to belch, eruct eructate gev- to mumble, chew $ k„bi- @ to ruminate, chew the cud gevrek crisp, brittle, $ k„b„r„g @ brittle, fragile, crackly frail, flimsy g”ghs breast, nipples $ k”k @ female breast, nip-� � ples gerek requisite, need, $ k„r„g @ thing (abstr.), necessity matter, affair g”k sky; blue $ k”k„ @ blue g”tr- to take (away), $ k”tl- @ to lead; to guide� � carry, convey g”lk pack animal $ k”l”g @ a strong and swift� (=$ klg) @ horse� � gch power, force $ kc @ power, strength� � �

15.0 gh

15.1 gh: g

bagh bunch, bundle; bond $ bag @ group, band, team baghla- to tie, to fasten $ bagla- @ to tie in bunches bogh- to strangle, choke $ bogu- @ to bind, tie, bundle, wrap boghum knot, joint, node $ bugui - baguu forearm, wrist @ chagh time, period $ cag @ time, period, season, age kIraghI frost $ kiragu @ frost sagh- to milk (an animal) $ saga- @ to milk tugh horsetail $ tug @ flag, standard, banner yatughan -- a kind of zither $ yatug-a @ zither harp yatuk

15.2 gh: x

agha lord, master, $ ax-a @ elder brother chief, boss, landowner bogha bull $ bux-a @ bull


15.3 gh: g

bileghi whetstone $ bil„g @ whetstone�� deghirmen mill $ t„g„rm-„ @ mill soghan onion $ songgin-a @ onion eghir- to spin $ „g„r„- @ to rotate; to spin, twist egh- to bend, incline, $ „g„- @ to return, go back curve, bow yeghen nephew; niece $ zig„ @ child of one's daughter or sister

15.4 gh: k

baghIr- to shout, yell, cry $ barkira- @ to shout, cry, yell g”ghs breast, nipples $ k”k @ female breast, nip-� � ples sIgh- to fit (into) $ sixa- @ to press, squeeze, squash

15.5 gh: u, gu, maga (?)

bughra male camel $ buur-a @ camel bughday wheat $ bugudai @ wheat dagh -- damga brand; mark $ tamag-a @ seal, stamp; brand

16.0 h

16.1 h: x

hakla- to overcome, beat, $ xagal- @ to break, split, suppress, crush chip, cut through han khan, king, chief $ xan @ khan, king, chief hakan khan, ruler, $ xagan @ emperor, khan emperor hatun woman; lady; wife $ xatun @ lady, queen, prin-

cess; wife (hon.) haykIr- to shout, scream, $ xaskir- @ to shout, scream, yell, howl (=$ xashkir-) @ yell, howl

16.2 h: k

hIckIr- to crunch $ k„rcigin„- @ to crunch hIrcInlIk wicked, cruel, bru- $ k„rc„g„i @ wicked, cruel, brutal tal


hIrgr quarrel, dispute $ k„r„gl @ quarrel, dispute� � hIrIltI wheeze; snarl $ k„r„ldg„n @ quarrel, dispute�

16.3 h: g

bohcha bundle, package $ bogcu @ bag, backpack

17.0 k

17.1 k: x

kaghan emperor $ xagan @ emperor, khan kabar- to swell $ xabud- @ to swell kaburga rib $ xabirg-a @ rib kadIn woman, wife $ xatun @ lady, queen, princess; wife (hon.) kuraltay meeting $ xural @ meeting kamu all(together) $ xamug @ all; whole kara black; dark $ xar-a @ black; dark karshI opposite; opposing; $ xarsi @ obstacle, anti-, counter- hindrance, barrier kas muscle $ xasa @ thigh kasIk groin $ xasa @ thigh kasharlan- to become hackneyed $ xasirla- @ to be careful, experienced kan- to content oneself $ xan- @ to content oneself kavla- to peel off $ xagura- @ to peel off kuru dry $ xagurai @ dry sakal beard, whiskers $ saxal @ beard sIk- to squeeze, press; $ sixa- @ to press, squeeze, to tighten squash yaka collar; edge, bank, $ zax-a @ rim, border; collar shore konalka- to stay for the $ xonugla- @ to stay for the night night kopchala- to close the but- $ xubcala- @ to dress

tons of a garment kulak ear $ xulugu @ earwax tak- to dress; to add, $ toxu- @ to put on or over; attach to saddle

17.2 k: k

chakIm -- spark, lightning $ cakilgan @ lightning chakIn g”k sky; blue $ k”k„ @ blue kert- to notch; to scrape $ k„rci- @ to cut, mince, slice


tIk- to cram, jam, $ ciki- @ to jam, stuff, thrust, stick press kelepir cheap $ kilbar @ cheap kIl hair $ kilgasu @ hair of the mane and tail

17.3 k: g

yarlIk (arch.; = yarlIgh) $ zarlig @ decree, command, command, edict, order decree dayak (to beat with a $ tayag @ cane, staff, stick cane) sallak naked $ shalig @ profligate, lewd, obscene ulak courier, messenger $ ulag-a @ relay horses bulak well, source $ bulag @ source, origin burchak common vetch $ burcag @ bean hakla- to overcome, beat, $ xagal- @ to break, split, suppress, crush chip, cut through tansIk interesting $ tangsug @ beautiful

17.4 k: g

b”lk part $ b”l”g @ group, part; com-� panion chichek flower $ c„c„g @ flower eshek donkey $ „lzig„ @ donkey gerek requisite, need, $ k„r„g @ thing (abstr.), necessity matter, affair gevrek crisp, brittle, $ k„b„r„g @ brittle, fragile, crackly frail, flimsy gIdIkla- to tickle $ g„d„g„l„- @ to tickle

kesek -- cut, truncated $ k„s„g @ part, piece, sec- kesik tion seyrek widely set; sparse $ s„yir„g @ thin, sparse rk- to shy, balk $ rg- @ to be[come] alarmed� � � (horse); to be or frightened frightened ykle- to load, freight $ y„gl„- @ to transfer by� � pouring, transfuse, change from one container to another tekle- to miss, to mis- $ t„g„gl„- @ to block, hinder fire; to stammer, to stutter shishek yearling (lamb) $ isig„ @ kid, young goat


17.5 k: y

inek cow $ niy-„ @ cow� yanshak garrulous, talka- $ yangsiy-a @ babbler; quarrel; tive verbose, noisy

17.6 k: t

karpuz melon $ tarbus @ melon

17.7 k: m

ch”k- to collapse, fall $ c”mr„- @ to fall in, break� in; to break down; down or through; to to give way collapse, fall down

17.8 k: 0

gerekche reason, proof $ g„r„ci @ proof kavush- to be reunited $ agulza- @ to meet; to merge with; to meet kolan cinch, girth $ olong @ belly kchk small $ ck„n @ small� � � �

18.0 l

18.1 l: l

bal honey, nectar $ bal @ honey, nectar balta axe $ balta @ sledge hammer; axe bel waist $ b„l @ waist; declivity belgi feature $ b„lg„ @ sign, mark, symbol bilgi knowledge, learn- $ bilig @ talent, wisdom ing, information bileghi whetstone $ bil„g @ whetstone�� b”lk part $ b”l”g @ group, part, com-� panion bulak well, source $ bulag @ source, origin bulanik dirty, turbid $ bulangkir @ turbid chalchene chatterbox, gossip $ calciy-a @ idle talk, nonsense ch”l desert $ c”l @ desert, desolate place chulpan Venus $ colmon @ Morning star, Venus dal back, shoulder $ dalu @ shoulder blade, scapula


dalga wave $ dabalgan @ wave d”l seed, germ; young, $ t”l @ newborn young offspring animals, issue elchi ambassador $ „lci @ ambassador elmas diamond $ almas @ diamond kIl hair $ kilgasu @ hair of the mane and tail salla- to swing, shake, $ dalal- @ to beckon, wave the rock; to wave hand sol left; left side $ sologai @ left side or hand ulus nation, people $ ulus @ people, nation; country, state; empire, dynasty

18.2 ll: l

allak bullak $ alag bulag @ parti-colored, motley sallak naked $ shalig @ profligate, lewd, obscene billur crystal $ bolor @ crystal

18.3 l: n

aldan- to mistake, err $ andu- @ to mistake

18.4 l: b

al- to take $ ab- @ to take, to grasp

18.5 l: 0

ilk first, initial, $ „ki @ beginning, first beginning ilkin in the first place, $ „kin @ beginning, commen- first cement; origin

19.0 m

19.1 m: m

damga stamp; mark $ tamag-a @ seal, stamp; brand deghirmen mill $ t„g„rm-„ @ mill demir iron $ t„mr @ iron�


im mark, trace $ im @ mark kamu all(together) $ xamug @ all; whole kum sand, sandstone $ xumag @ fine sand mele- to bleat $ mayila- @ to bleat tulum animal skin; over- $ tulum @ leather bag alls; bag pipe zm grape $ zm @ grape� � � �

19.2 m: b

chamur mud $ sibar @ mud chim- to sink $ zib- @ to sink g”m g”k dark blue, quite $ k”b k”k„ @ dark blue blue mor purple $ boru @ grey, purple, brown

19.3 m: n

kim who $ k„n @ who

19.4 m: y (?)

tarim agriculture $ tariy-a @ paddy, field

19.5 m: l (?)

yom good luck $ zol @ good luck, fortune, success

19.6 m: g

achImla- to observe $ azigla- @ to observe, pay attention; to notice, note

19.7 m: 0

boghum knot, joint, node $ bugui - baguu forearm, wrist @ eylem deed, process $ il„ @ matter, behaviour,� alive


20.0 n

20.1 n:n

ant oath, promise $ andagai @ oath, contract, alliance boran thunderstorm $ borugan @ rain han khan, king, chief $ xan @ khan, king, chief hakan khan, ruler, $ xagan @ emperor, khan emperor kan- to content oneself $ xan- @ to content oneself san- to suppose, think, $ sana- @ to think, reflect, imagine ponder sancak flag, banner, stan- $ sancig @ side whiskers dard kon- to rest, sleep $ xono- @ to spend a night nar pomegranate $ anar @ pomegranate tmen ten thousand; divi- $ tm„n @ ten thousand� � sion (households) tanI- to know $ tani- @ to know

20.2 n: ng

angIn famous $ xanggin @ essential angut a kind of duck $ anggir @ a kind of yellow duck sindir- to erase $ singg„- @ to dissolve tansIk interesting $ tangsug @ beautiful an moment, instant; $ ang @ crack, chink, fis- boundary (between sure fields) chin upright, real $ cing @ honest yansha- talkative $ yangsi- @ to prattle, jabber en broadness; most $ „ng @ broad, most sungur white falcon $ shongxor @ falcon, gerfalcon (=$ singxur) @

20.3 n: y

chalchene chatterbox, gossip $ calciy-a @ idle talk, nonsense

20.4 m: g, g

ayran ayran (a drink made $ ayirag @ kumiss of yogurt and water) taban sole (of a shoe or $ tabag @ sole of hoof or foot) foot; paw


y”n direction, aspect $ zg @ direction, aspect�

20.5 n: 0

dadan- to acquire a taste $ dad-, das- @ to become ac- for customed to; to acquire experience sakIn- to pay attention; $ saki- @ to observe, to protect respect, look after tiksin- to be disgusted, to $ zigsi- @ to abhor, hate, be loathe disgusted with hIrcInlIk wicked, cruel, bru- $ k„rc„g„i @ wicked, cruel, brutal tal

21.0 p

21.1 p: b

arpa barley $ arbai @ barley ch”p waste $ c”b @ deposit, sediment karpuz melon $ tarbus @ melon kopuz a kind of luth $ xobis @ a kind of luth pars leopard $ bars @ tiger pulat steel $ bolod @ steel tep- to kick; to turn $ t„b„g @ shuttlecock down kip form, type $ k„b @ model, form kopchala- to close the but- $ xubcala- @ to dress tons of a garment pek very; extremely; $ b„ki @ strong, firm, solid firm; strong

21.2 p: g, g, k

kapa- to close, shut; to $ xaga- @ to close; to block, block; to stop up keep out topal lame, crippled $ dogol @ limp, lame tapala- to (put a) stopper $ tagla- @ to stop up, cork, close pIrIlda- to gleam, glitter, $ g„r„lt- @ to shine, glow,� shine glitter k”pr bridge $ k”g”rg„ @ bridge� sprge broom $ sigr @ broom� � � spr- to sweep, wipe off $ sigrd„- @ to sweep, wipe off� � � tap- to worship; to $ taki- @ to sacrifice, make adore an offering


21.3 p: m

chulpan Venus $ colmon @ Morning star, Venus

22.0 r

22.1 r: r

arka the back; back $ aru @ back, rear part, rear; buttocks arI pure $ arigun @ clean arpa barley $ arbai @ barley billur crystal $ bolor @ crystal boran thunderstorm $ borugan @ rain

chamur mud $ sibar @ mud demir iron $ t„mr @ iron� er male, hero $ „r-„ @ man, male erken early $ „rt„ @ early erk power $ „rk„ @ power kara black; dark $ xar-a @ black; dark kir dirt, filth $ gkir @ dirt sr drove, flock $ srg @ group, flock of� � � � cattle sheker sugar $ sikir @ sugar

22.2 r: l

g”tr- to take (away), $ k”tl- @ to lead; to guide� � carry, convey hIrgr- quarrel, dispute $ k„r„gl @ quarrel, dispute� � kemir- to gnaw $ k„m„li- @ to gnaw eyer saddle $ „m„g„l @ saddle armut pear $ almurad @ apple

22.3 r: s

burk- to twist $ muski- @ to turn, twist, twirl

22.4 r: d

kabar- to swell $ xabud- @ to swell


22.5 r: 0

zincir chains, bond, tie $ ginzi @ chains, bond, tie

23.0 s

23.1 s: s

arslan lion $ arslan @ lion esen hearty healthy, $ „s„n @ healthy; calm, robust, sound quiet kasIk groin $ xasa @ thigh

kesik cut, truncated $ k„s„g @ part, piece, section pars leopard $ bars @ tiger sachak eave(s [of a $ sacug @ tuft, fringe, tas- building]); fringe sel sach- to scatter, strew $ sacu- @ to sow, strew, scatter, spread; to sprinkle, spray sal raft $ sal @ raft sakal beard, whiskers $ saxal @ beard sarmIsak garlic $ sarimsag @ garlic seyrek widely set; sparse $ s„yir„g @ thin, sparse soghan onion $ songgin-a @ onion sol(ak) left-handed $ sologai @ left side or hand s”n- to go out, die down $ s”n”- @ to be extinguished, (fire) to go out su water $ usu @ water st milk $ s @ milk� � sr drove, flock $ srg @ group, flock of� � � � cattle ulus nation, people $ ulus @ people, nation; country, state; empire, dynasty ters back, reverse; con- $ t„rs @ opposed, verse; inverse, op- antagonistic, ad- posite verse

23.2 s: sh

sungur white falcon $ shongxor @ falcon, gerfalcon (=$ singxur) @ sicim string, twine, $ sizim @ cord, string, twine packthread sari yellow $ sir-a @ yellow sindir- to erase $ singg„- @ to dissolve siy- (cats, dogs) to $ sig„- @ to urinate urinate


sIk- to squeeze, press; $ sixa- @ to press, squeeze, to tighten squash sIr glaze of pottery ( $ sir @ varnish, lacquer < arabic sirr) sprge broom $ sigr @ broom� � � sIva- to plaster; to $ siba- @ to plaster; to app- smear ly mud

23.3 s: c

sr- to drag $ cir- @ to drag, haul, pull� �

along, trail along the ground

23.4 s: d

salla- to swing, shake, $ dalal- @ to beckon, wave the rock; to wave hand

23.5 s: Z

sandal sandalwood $ Zandan @ sandalwood

23.6 s: 0

g”ghs breast, nipples $ k”k @ female breast, nip-� � ples haykIr- to shout, scream, $ xaskir- @ to shout, scream, yell, howl (=$ xashkir-) @ yell, howl

24.0 sh

24.1 sh: sh

karshI opposite; opposing; $ xarsi @ obstacle, anti-, counter- hindrance, barrier kasharlan- to become hackneyed $ xasirla- @ to be careful, experienced shallak naked $ shalig @ profligate, lewd, obscene sheker sugar $ sikir @ sugar shishek yearling (lamb) $ isig„ @ kid, young goat yansha- talkative $ yangsi- @ to prattle, jabber


24.2 sh: s

IshkIr- to whistle $ isk„r-@ to whistle (=$ iskir„-) @ yash age $ nasu @ age

24.3 sh: lz, l

eshek donkey $ „lzig„ @ donkey kavush- to be reunited $ agulza- @ to meet; to merge with; to meet arish pole (of a car) $ aral @ shaft or thill of a cart

24.4 sh: 0

shishek yearling (lamb) $ isig„ @ kid, young goat

25.0 t

25.1 t: t

altIn gold $ altan @ gold at horse $ agta @ gelding batur -- hero $ bagatur @ hero bahadIr defter book, volume $ d„bt„r @ book, volume tanI- to know $ tani- @ to know tanri god, heaven, spirit $ tngri (t„gri) heaven, sky @ teke he-goat, billy goat $ t„k„ @ wild goat, ibex tepke reflex (neol.) $ t„b„g @ shuttlecock toz powder, ashes $ togosu @ ashes, dust tmen ten thousand; divi- $ tm„n @ ten thousand� � sion (households) tr kind, sort, type $ t”rl @ kind, sphere,� � branch tre- to appear, to bring $ t”r”- @ to give birth to� forth

25.2 t: d

ant oath, promise $ andagai @ oath, contract, alliance


azat free $ arad @ people kurut dry milk cheese $ xurud @ milk curd pulat steel $ bolod @ steel topal lame, crippled $ dogol @ limp, lame tolga war helmet $ dugulg-a @ helmet

25.3 t: c

kert- to notch; to scrape $ k„rci- @ to cut, mince, slice titre- to shiver, tremble, $ c„c„r„- @ to tremble, shake, shake, quiver (=$ cicir„-) @ shiver, quake, quiver temiz clean, sober $ c„b„r (?) @ clean, pure tIk- to cram, jam, $ ciki- @ to jam, stuff, thrust, stick press

25.4 t: s

tn night $ s”ni @ night�

25.5 t: r

angut a kind of duck $ anggir @ a kind of yellow duck

25.6 t: z

tiksin- to be disgusted, to $ zigsi- @ to abhor, hate, be loathe disgusted with

25.7 t: 0

st milk $ s @ milk� � kkrt sulphur $ kkr @ sulphur� � � � sIrt back $ s„g„r @ spine, backbone

26.0 v

26.1 v: b

av chase, hunt $ aba @ chase, hunt gev- to mumble, chew $ k„bi- @ to ruminate, chew the cud


gevrek crisp, brittle, $ k„b„r„g @ brittle, fragile, crackly frail, flimsy kova bucket, pail $ xobug-a @ well bucket

kovla- ro run down; to $ xobla- @ to slander, vilify blame yalvar- to beg, plead $ zalbari- @ to pray; to join the palms of one's hands in praying sIva- to plaster; to $ siba- @ to plaster; to app- smear ly mud tav proper heat; op- $ taba @ wish; hope portune moment ver- to give; to hand $ bari- @ to hold, grasp, grip, take

26.2 v: g, gu, ga

kavruk scorched $ xagurai @ dry kavur- to roast; to scorch $ xagur- @ to fry kavush- to be reunited $ agulza- @ to meet; to merge with; to meet tav proper heat; op- $ taba @ wish; hope portune moment kavla- to peel off $ xagura- @ to peel off

26.3 v: m

deve camel $ t„m„g„ @ camel kavra- to grasp, under- $ xamur- @ to wrap, encapsu- stand completely late chuval sack $ sumal @ oblong bag or sack

27.0 y

27.1 y: y

yara wound $ yar-a @ ulcer, wound, scar yatughan -- a kind of zither $ yatugan @ zither harp yatuk yansha- talkative $ yangsi- @ to prattle, jabber

27.2 y: z

yIl year $ zil @ year yaka collar; edge, bank, $ zax-a @ rim, border; collar shore


yalvar- to beg, plead $ zalbari- @ to pray; to join the palms of one's hands in praying yara- to use; to profit $ zaru- @ to make use yargI to judge $ zargu @ lawsuit, ligitation yarIm half $ zarim @ part, some, incomplete yasa law, legal code $ zasag @ politics, government y”n direction, aspect $ zg @ direction, aspect� yoghur- to knead $ zigura- @ to knead, mix yolcu traveller $ zigulci @ traveller, explorer yz face, surface $ zis @ appearance, fea-� � ture, complexion yrek heart $ zirk„ @ heart� � yz- to skin $ zs- @ to cut, pull,� � � divide

27.3 y: n

yash age $ nasu @ age koyun sheep $ xoni @ sheep

27.4 y: ng

kayna- to connect, to $ gangna- @ to weld close

27.5 y: g

by magic, spell, sor- $ b”g„ @ shaman� � cery chiy dew $ cigig @ dampness, moisture

27.6 y: m (?)

eyer saddle $ „m„g„l @ saddle

27.7 y: s (?)

haykIr- to shout, scream, $ xaskir- @ to shout, scream, yell, howl (=$ xashkir-) @ yell, howl

Hugjiltu: Comparison of Turkish and Mongolian = 36 =

________________________________________________________________________

27.8 y: i

bughday wheat $ bugudai @ wheat kayra mercy, love $ xayir-a @ love, mercy olcay Happiness (a proper $ ”lz„i @ luck, happiness, name), luck, happi- success ness, success seyrek widely set; sparse $ s„yir„g @ thin, sparse uygur Uighur $ uyigur @ Uighur

28.0 z

28.1 z: s

buz ice $ m”s @ ice� karpuz melon $ tarbus @ melon kopuz a kind of luth $ xobis @ a kind of luth toz powder, ashes $ togosu @ ashes, dust yz face, surface $ zis @ appearance, fea-� � ture, complexion bez fabric $ b”s @ fabric bz- to gather, to con- $ bs„l„- @ to belt, gird; to� � strict, to pucker encircle, surround

28.2 z: r

azat free $ arad @ people azI molar $ arag-a @ molar, sprocket boz grey $ boro @ grey, purple, brown buzaghI calf; fawn $ biragu @ calf in its second year kuzu lamb $ xurag-a @ lamb ikiz twins $ ik„r-„ @ twins iz scar $ ir @ scar ”kz ox $ k„r @ ox� �

28.3 z: z

bilezik bracelet; hand- $ bl„z„g, finger ring� cuffs; metal ring b„lzig @ grz spear $ krz„ @ shovel, spade� � zm grape $ zm @ grape� � � �

28.4 z: d

biz we $ bid„ @ we


28.5 z: g, g

zincir chains, bond, tie $ ginzi @ chains, bond, tie zindan prison $ gindan @ prison zoka fishhook; trap, $ gox-a @ hook trick


II. Omissions

1. 0: a

at horse $ agta @ gelding av chase, hunt $ aba @ chase, hunt koch ram $ xuca @ ram ulak courier, messenger $ ulag-a @ relay horses yas- (arch.) to flatten, $ zasa- @ to repair, fix, level; to slacken correct san- to suppose, think, $ sana- @ to think, reflect, imagine ponder soghan onion $ songgin-a @ onion uyak rhyme $ uyangg-a @ harmony, euphony, melody nar pomegranate $ anar @ pomegranate sagh- to milk (an animal) $ saga- @ to milk yoghur- to knead $ zigura- @ to knead, mix

2. 0: ai

adak promise, permit $ andagai @ oath, contract, alliance kuru dry $ xagurai @ dry

3. 0: e

er male, hero $ „r-„ @ man, male erk power $ „rk„ @ power

eshek donkey $ „lzig„ @ donkey gevrek crisp, brittle, $ k„b„r„g @ brittle, fragile, crackly frail, flimsy g”k sky; blue $ k”k„ @ blue grz spear $ krz„ @ shovel, spade� � titre- to shiver, tremble, $ c„c„r„- @ to tremble, shake, shake, quiver (=$ cicir„-) @ shiver, quake, quiver yrek heart $ zirk„ @ heart� � shishek yearling (lamb) $ isig„ @ kid, young goat

4. 0: i

arpa barley $ arbai @ barley elma apple $ alim-a @ pear tIk- to cram, jam, $ ciki- @ to jam, stuff, thrust, stick press yalvar- to beg, plead $ zalbari- @ to pray; to join the palms of one's hands in praying


arak sweet liquor $ ariki @ liquor bek cf. t. pek $ b„ki @ strong, firm, solid; robust, vigourous, durable ver- to give; to hand $ bari- @ to hold, grasp, grip, take kkre- to roar (lion); to $ krkir„- @ to growl, grunt,� � bellow snarl ulu- to howl $ uli- @ to howl

5. 0: o

boz grey $ boro @ grey, purple, brown kon- to rest, sleep $ xono- @ to spend a night toz powder, ashes $ togosu @ ashes, dust

6. 0: u

dal back, shoulder $ dalu @ shoulder blade, scapula ear $ xulugu @ earwax kulak sach- to scatter, strew $ sacu- @ to sow, strew, scatter, spread; to sprinkle, spray su water $ usu @ water

7. 0: ”

”z self, matter, ele- $ ”r” @ interior, heart ment, root, essence s”n- to go out, die down $ s”n”- @ to be extinguished, (fire) to go out

8. 0: ()� ��

dalak spleen $ d„lig @ spleen�� angIn famous $ xanggin @ essential gch power, force $ kc @ power, strength� � � rk- to shy, balk $ rg- @ to be[come] alarmed� � � (horse); to be or frightened frightened yz face, surface $ zis @ appearance, fea-� � ture, complexion yz- to skin $ zs- @ to cut, pull,� � � divide


9. 0: b

ol- to become, to $ bol- @ to become, change, change be possible, mature dalga wave $ dabalgan @ wave

10. 0: g

sr drove, flock $ srg @ group, flock of� � � � cattle ulu great, high $ ”rl”g @ high ”r- to plait, knit; to $ ”r- @ to set in order,� tie; to built, put in line, ar- erect (a wall) range in a row

11. 0: g

ala colourful $ alag @ multicolored, parti-colored, spotted at horse $ agta @ gelding

kamu all(together) $ xamug @ all; whole acI painful, bitter $ gasigun @ bitter, tragic

12. 0: l

armut pear $ almurad @ apple adim step, pace $ alcam @ step, pace

13. 0: m

odun firewood, log $ modu(n) @ wood

14. 0: a

adak promise, permit $ andagai @ oath, contract, alliance

15. 0: ng

soghan onion $ songgin-a @ onion moghol Mongol $ monggol @ Mongol


uyak uyak $ uyangg-a @ harmony, euphony, melody chek- to pull, draw $ cinggaga- @ to pull

16. 0: q

angIn famous $ xanggin @ essential

17. 0: a

aslan [1] lion $ arslan @ lion gch difficult(y) $ kcir @ difficult, tiresome� � kkre- to roar (lion); to $ krkir„- @ to growl, grunt,� � bellow snarl ulu great, high $ ”rl”g @ high

[1] Both 'aslan' and 'arslan' are used.


III. Positional Changes

I/a sari yellow $ sir-a @ yellow i/m sarmIsak garlic $ sarimsag @ garlic u/l toklu yearling sheep $ tugul @ calf less than a year old /l trl kind, sort, variety $ t”rl @ kind, sphere,� � � � branch x/b bahar spring $ xabur @ spring i/g bilgi knowledge, learn- $ bilig @ talent, wisdom ing, information a/u buhar steam $ agur @ steam, vapor l/a salla- to swing, shake, $ dalal- @ to beckon, wave the rock; to wave hand


IV. Some patterns which have changed significantly, are complicated or do not follow simple rules

kum sand, sandstone $ xumag @ fine sand sol(ak) left-handed $ sologai @ left side or hand uch tip, point, top, $ zgr @ tip, point, summit,� � � end end; top bay gentleman; rich $ bayan @ richness, prosperity; rich erken early $ „rt„ @ early tuz salt $ dabusu @ salt hani where?, how? $ qamig-a @ where tarim agriculture $ tariy-a @ paddy, field tarla field $ tariyalang @ agriculture uchkun spark $ oci @ spark yular halter $ zilugu @ reins ”n in front of, $ „mn-„ @ south, front,� before, first before k”rk bellows $ k”g„rg„ @ bellows� aygIr stallion $ azirg-a @ stallion, male k”pr bridge $ k”g”rg„ @ bridge� dingil axis $ t„ngg„lig @ axletree baghIr- to shout, yell, cry $ barkira- @ to shout, cry, yell baghIrsak intestine, bowel, $ bagasu @ excrement, manure, gut, entrail dung burunduruk (animals:) nose $ burantag @ rope (through a cover nose) serin cool, fresh $ s„rign @ cool�

eyer saddle $ „m„g„l @ saddle burk- to twist $ muski- @ to turn, twist, twirl temiz clean, sober $ c„b„r (?) @ clean, pure tavuk chicken $ takiy-a @ chicken


b”brek 12, 16 Index to the Turkish Words bogh- 10, 20 bogha 11, 16, 20 achImla- 18, 26 boghum 16, 20, 26 acI 40 b”ghr- 16� adak 38, 40 bohcha 6, 10, 16, 22 adim 19, 40 b”lk 12, 14, 16, 23, 24� agha 20 boncuk 16, 17 aghla- 5 bora 6, 10, 16 aile 8 boran 27, 29 al 5 boz 36, 39 al- 25 budala 6 ala 40 bughday 12, 16, 21, 36 aldan- 6, 25 bughra 12, 16, 21 altIn 5, 8, 32 buhar 42 an 27 bkk 14� � angIn 27, 39, 41 bul- 13 angut 13, 27, 33 bulak 16, 23, 24 ant 27, 32 bulanik 24 ara- 5 bunak 16 arak 5, 39 burchak 5, 12, 16, 23 arI 9, 29 burk- 12, 16, 29, 43 arish 8, 32 br- 15� � arka 29 burun 12, 16 armut 29, 40 burunduruk 43 arpa 28, 29, 38 btn 14� � arslan 30 by 15, 35� � aslan 41 buz 14, 16, 36 at 5, 32, 38, 40 bz- 14, 36� av 5, 33, 38 buzaghI 9, 13, 16, 36 aygIr 43 car 17 ayran 27 carla- 5, 17 azat 33, 36 cebe 17 azI 9, 36 cengiz 17 bacanak 15, 17 chagh 5, 20 bagh 20 chakIm 22 baghIr- 15, 21, 43 chakIn 22 baghIrsak 43 chalchene 17, 24, 27 baghla- 5, 15, 20 chalka- 17 bahadIr 6, 15, 32 chalkala- 17 bahar 42 chalkalan- 5 bal 15, 24 chamur 13, 18, 26, 29 balta 15, 24 chay 17 batur 6, 15, 32 chek- 7, 41

bay 16, 43 cheri 17 bek 16, 39 chichek 9, 17, 23 bel 7, 16, 24 chim 18 belgi 7, 10, 16, 24 chim- 18, 26 bez 7, 16, 36 chimdik 17, 19 bileghi 9, 10, 16, 21, 24 chin 17, 27 bilezik 10, 36 chiy 9, 35 bilgi 9, 16, 24, 42 chiz- 9 billur 10, 25, 29 ch”k- 24 bin 9, 16 ch”kelek 18 biz 36 ch”l 12, 17, 24


ch”p 12, 28 hIckIr- 21 chulpan 6, 13, 24, 29 hIrchIn 8 chuval 18, 34 hIrcInlIk 21, 28 dadan- 6, 19, 28 hIrgr 22� dagh 21 hIrgr- 29� dagharcIk 17 hIrIltI 22 dal 5, 18, 24, 39 ikiz 9, 36 dalak 5, 18, 39 ilk 10, 25 dalga 6, 18, 19, 25, 40 ilkin 25 damga 18, 19, 21, 25 im 9, 26 dayak 5, 18, 23 inek 7, 10, 24 defter 19, 32 IshkIr- 32 deghirmen 9, 18, 21, 25 iz 9, 36 demir 7, 10, 18, 25, 29 kabar- 6, 22, 29 deve 7, 18, 34 kaburga 13, 16, 19, 22 dik 19 kadIn 9, 18, 22 dingil 9, 18, 43 kaghan 22 d”l 12, 18, 25 kamu 22, 26, 40 duldala- 13 kan- 22, 27 ebe 8, 16 kapa- 28 egh- 21 kara 22, 29 eghir- 9, 21 karpuz 24, 28, 36 elchi 6, 25 karshI 22, 31 elma 7, 38 kas 22 elmas 7, 25 kasharlan- 22, 31 en 7, 27 kasharlI 5 er 6, 29, 38 kasIk 22, 30 erdem 6 katI 9 erk 6, 29, 38 kavla- 22, 34 erken 29, 43 kavra- 34 esen 30 kavruk 34 eshek 7, 23, 32, 38 kavur- 34 eyer 8, 29, 35, 43 kavush- 24, 32, 34 eylem 7, 26 kayna- 35 gebe 16 kayra 36 geghir- 9, 20 kelepir 7, 8, 10, 23 gerek 20, 23 kemir- 29 gerekche 7, 17, 19, 24 kert- 22, 33 gev- 20, 33 kesek 23 gevrek 20, 23, 34, 38 kesik 7, 23, 30 gIdIkla- 5, 8, 18, 20, 23 kIl 8, 23, 25

g”ghs 12, 20, 21, 31 kim 10, 26� g”k 12, 20, 22, 26, 38 kip 10, 28 g”lk 12, 20 kir 9, 29� g”tr- 20, 29 kIraghI 8, 9, 20� gch 14, 20, 39, 41 kIs- 8� gmrk 14 koch 11, 38� � grlde- 15 kolan 6, 10, 24� � grz 36, 38 kon- 10, 27, 39� hakan 5, 21, 27 konak 6 hakla- 21, 23 konalka- 22 han 21, 27 konch 11 hani 43 kop- 10 hatun 21 kopchala- 11, 22, 28 haykIr- 21, 31, 35 k”pr 12, 43�


k”pk 12 serin 7, 43� kopuz 28, 36 seyrek 7, 23, 30, 36 koru- 13 shallak 31 k”rk 12, 43 sheker 7, 29, 31� kova 6, 10, 34 shishek 23, 31, 32, 38 kovcu 13 sicim 9, 30 kovla- 10, 34 sIgh- 21 koyun 10, 13, 35 sIk- 22, 31 kchk 24 sindir- 9, 27, 30� � kkre- 14, 39, 41 sIr 8, 31� kkrt 33 sIrIk 8� � kulak 22, 39 sIrt 9, 33 kum 13, 26, 43 sIva- 8, 31, 34 kuraltay 12, 22 siy- 30 kuru 22, 38 soghan 5, 21, 30, 38, 40 kurut 13, 33 sokur 13 kus- 13 sol 25 kuzu 14, 36 sol(ak 30, 43 mele- 26 s”n- 12, 30, 39 moghol 40 sor- 11 mor 26 soru- 11 nar 27, 38 su 30, 39 ”bek 12 sn- 15� ”br 12, 16 sungur 13, 19, 27, 30� ”ch 12, 18 spr- 28� � odun 18, 40 sprge 14, 28, 31� � ”kz 12, 15, 36 srek 7� � ”l- 12, 40 sr 14, 29, 30, 40� � olcay 5, 11, 36 sr- 15, 31� � ”lger 12 st 14, 30, 33� ”n 43 taban 27 ”r- 12, 40 tak- 6, 22 ordu 10 tanI- 8, 27, 32 orun 10 tanri 32 ot 10 tansIk 9, 23, 27 otak 6, 10 tap- 28 oymak 11 tapala- 6, 28 ”z 39 tarim 26, 43

pars 28, 30 tarla 43 pek 28 tav 34 pIrIlda- 28 tavuk 43 pulat 6, 13, 28, 33 teke 32 sach- 30, 39 tekle- 8, 23 sachak 6, 30 temiz 33, 43 sagh- 20, 38 tep- 28 sakal 22, 30 tepke 32 sakIn- 8, 28 ters 30 sal 5, 30 tIk- 8, 23, 33, 38 salla- 25, 31, 42 tiksin- 28, 33 sallak 5, 23, 25 titre- 10, 33, 38 san- 27, 38 toklu 11, 42 sancak 27 tolga 11, 33 sandal 31 topal 28, 33 sari 30, 42 topalla- 6 sarmIsak 30, 42 tor 11


tortu 11 zinci 30 toz 11, 32, 36, 39 zincir 37 tugh 20 zindan 9, 37 tulga 13, 14 zoka 37 tulum 13, 26 tmen 6, 27, 32� tn 33� tr 14, 32� tre 7, 14� tre- 7, 15, 32� trl 42� � tuz 43 uch 18, 43 uchkun 13, 43 g 15� � ulak 5, 13, 23, 38 ulu 14, 40, 41 ulu- 13, 39 ulus 13, 25, 30 re- 14� urgan 13 rk- 14, 23, 39� uruk 13 uyak 13, 38, 41 uygur 36 zm 14, 26, 36� � ver- 34, 39 yaka 22, 34 yalvar- 34, 35, 38 yansha- 5, 27, 31, 34 yanshak 24 yara 34 yara- 6, 35 yargI 9, 19, 35 yarIm 8, 35

yarlIk 23 yas- 38 yasa 35 yash 32, 35 yatughan 20, 34 yatuk 20, 34 yeghen 21 yen- 7 yench- 7 yIl 8, 34 yoghur- 11, 35, 38 yol- 11 yolcu 11, 17, 35 yom 26 y”n 12, 28, 35 ykle- 23� yular 43 yrek 7, 15, 35, 38� yz 15, 35, 36, 39� yz- 35, 39�


Index to the Mongolian Words barkira- 15, 21, 43 bars 28, 30 ab- 25 bayan 16, 43 aba 5, 33, 38 baza 15, 17 „g„- 21 bag 20 „g„gl„- 5 bagasu 43 „g„r„- 9, 21 bagatur 6, 15, 32 „ki 10, 25 bagla- 5, 15, 20 „kin 25 baguu 16, 20, 26 al 5 bid„ 36 alag 40 bidagu 6 alcam 19, 40 bil„g 9, 10, 16, 21, 24�� „lci 6, 25 bilig 9, 16, 24, 42 alim-a 7, 38 biragu 9, 13, 16, 36 almas 7, 25 b”g„ 15, 35 almurad 29, 40 b”g„r-„ 12, 16 altan 5, 8, 32 b”kg„r 14� „lzig„ 7, 23, 32, 38 bol- 40 „m„g„ 8, 16 bolod 6, 13, 28, 33 „m„g„l 8, 29, 35, 43 b”l”g 12, 14, 16, 23, 24 „mn-„ 43 bolor 10, 25, 29� anar 27, 38 boro 36, 39 andagai 27, 32, 38, 40 boru 26 andu- 6, 25 borugan 6, 10, 16, 27, 29 „ng 7, 27 b”s 7, 16, 36 anggir 13, 27, 33 b”t”n 14 „r-„ 6, 29, 38 bogcu 6, 10, 16, 22 arad 33, 36 bogu- 10, 20 aral 8, 32 bulangkir 24 arag-a 9, 36 bl„z„g 10, 36� arbai 28, 29, 38 bulag 16, 23, 24 „rd„m 6 burantag 12, 16, 43

„ri- 5 burcag 5, 12, 16, 23 ariki 5, 39 bri- 15� arigun 9, 29 bs„l„- 14, 36� „rk„ 6, 29, 38 buur-a 12, 16, 21 arslan 30, 41 bux-a 11, 16, 20 „rt„ 29, 43 bugudai 12, 16, 21, 36 aru 29 bugui 16, 20, 26 „s„n 30 c„b„r 33, 43 ax-a 20 c„c„g 9, 17, 23 ayil 8 c„c„r„- 10, 33, 38 ayimag 11 cai 17 ayirag 27 cakilgan 22 azirg-a 43 calciy-a 17, 24, 27 azigla- 18, 26 calgi- 17 agta 5, 32, 38, 40 calgila- 5, 17 agulza- 24, 32, 34 c„rig 17 agur 42 cag 5, 20 b„ki 16, 28, 39 cicir„- 10, 33, 38 b„l 7, 15, 16, 24 cig 19 b„lg„ 7, 10, 16, 24 cigig 9, 35 balta 15, 24 ciki- 8, 23, 33, 38 b„lzig 10, 36 cimki 17, 19 bari- 34, 39 cing 17, 27


cinggis 17 k”g„s 12� cinggaga- 7, 41 k”g”rg„ 12, 28, 43 cir- 15, 31 k”k„ 12, 20, 22, 26, 38 c”b 12, 28 k”k 12, 20, 21, 31� c”l 12, 17, 24 k”l”g 12, 20 colmon 6, 13, 24, 29 k”mrg„ 14� c”mr„- 24 k”tl- 20, 29� � dabalgan 6, 18, 19, 25, 40 kcir 14, 41� d„bt„r 19, 32 kc 14, 20, 39� � dabusu 43 kkr 33� � dad- 6, 19, 28 klg 12, 20� � dalal- 25, 31, 42 krkir„- 14, 39, 41� daldala- 13 krz„ 36, 38� d„lig 5, 18, 39 mayila- 26�� dalu 5, 18, 24, 39 mingg-a 9, 16 das- 6, 19, 28 modu(n 18, 40 dooradu 11 m”g„r„- 16 dogol 28, 33 moncog 16, 17 dogul- 6 monggol 40 dugulg-a 11, 13, 14, 33 m”s 14, 16, 36� gangna- 35 munug 16 gasigun 40 muski- 12, 16, 29, 43 gox-a 37 nasu 32, 35 g„d„g„l„- 5, 8, 18, 20, 23 obog-a 12 g„r„ci 7, 17, 19, 24 oci 13, 43 g„r„lt- 28 ”g„r-„ 12, 16� gindan 9, 37 ol- 13 ginzi 30, 37 olong 6, 10, 24 gkir 9, 29 ”lz„i 5, 11, 36

ik„r-„ 9, 36 ordo 10 im 9, 26 ”rl”g 14, 40, 41 ir 9, 36 ”r” 39 isig„ 23, 31, 32, 38 oron 10 isk„r- 32 ”r- 12, 40� iskir„- 32 ”s 12, 18 k„b 10, 28 otaci 10 k„b„r„g 20, 23, 34, 38 otog 6, 10 k„bi- 20, 33 qamig-a 43 k„g„l 16 sacu- 30, 39 k„k„r„- 9, 20 sacug 6, 30 k„m„li- 29 s„g„r 9, 33 k„n 10, 26 saki- 8, 28 kancu 11 sal 5, 30 k„r„g 20, 23 sana- 27, 38 k„r„gl 22, 29 sancig 27� k„r„ldg„n 22 s„r„g„ 8� k„rc„g„i 8, 21, 28 s„rign 7, 43� k„rci- 22, 33 sarimsag 30, 42 k„rcigin„- 21 saxal 22, 30 k„s„g 7, 23, 30 s„yir„g 7, 23, 30, 36 kilbar 7, 8, 10, 23 saga- 20, 38 kilgasu 8, 23, 25 shalig 5, 23, 25, 31 kiragu 8, 9, 20 shongxor 13, 19, 27, 30 k”g„rg„ 12, 43 siba- 8, 31, 34 k”g„rld- 15 sibar 13, 18, 26, 29� �


sig„- 30 tugul 11, 42 sigr 14, 28, 31 ck„n 24� � � sigrd„- 28 il„ 7, 26� � sikir 7, 29, 31 k„r 12, 15, 36� singg„- 9, 27, 30 ulag-a 5, 13, 23, 38 singxur 13, 19, 27, 30 uli- 13, 39 sir 8, 31 lig„r 12� sir-a 30, 42 ulus 13, 25, 30 sixa- 21, 22, 31 niy-„ 7, 10, 24� sizim 9, 30 r„- 12� sologai 25, 30, 43 urax-a 13 songgin-a 5, 21, 30, 38, 40 r„zi- 14� s”ni 33 rg- 14, 23, 39� � s”n”- 12, 30, 39 urug 13 soru- 11 usu 30, 39 soxor 13 uyangg-a 13, 38, 41 s 14, 30, 33 uyigur 36� sumal 18, 34 zgr 18, 43� � � sung- 15 zm 14, 26, 36� � sunu- 15 uguli 15 sura- 11 xabirg-a 13, 16, 19, 22 srg 7, 14, 29, 30, 40 xabud- 6, 22, 29� � taba 34 xabur 42 t„b„g 28, 32 xamur- 34 tabag 27 xamug 22, 26, 40 t„g„gl„- 8, 23 xan 21, 27

t„g„rm-„ 9, 18, 21, 25 xan- 22, 27 t„gri 32 xanggin 27, 39, 41 t„k„ 32 xar-a 22, 29 taki- 28 xarsi 22, 31 takiy-a 43 xasa 22, 30 t„m„g„ 7, 18, 34 xashkir- 21, 31, 35 tamag-a 18, 19, 21, 25 xasir 5 t„mr 7, 10, 18, 25, 29 xasirla- 22, 31� t„ngg„lig 9, 18, 43 xaskir- 21, 31, 35 tangsug 9, 23, 27 xasu- 8 tani- 8, 27, 32 xatagu 9 tarbus 24, 28, 36 xatun 9, 18, 21, 22 tariy-a 26, 43 xayir-a 36 tariyalang 43 xaga- 28 t„rs 30 xagal- 21, 23 tayag 5, 18, 23 xagan 5, 21, 22, 27 tagarcug 17 xagur- 34 tagla- 6, 28 xagura- 22, 34 tngri 32 xagurai 22, 34, 38 t”l 12, 18, 25 xobci 13 toor 11 xobis 28, 36 t”r”- 7, 15, 32 xobla- 10, 34 t”r 7, 14 xobug-a 6, 10, 34� t”rl 14, 32, 42 xobxo 10� toxu- 6, 22 xoni 10, 13, 35 togosu 11, 32, 36, 39 xono- 10, 27, 39 tulum 13, 26 xonog 6 tm„n 6, 27, 32 xonugla- 22� tug 20 xori- 13


xubcala- 11, 22, 28 Index to the English Words xuca 11, 38 xulugu 22, 39 abhor 28, 33 xumag 13, 26, 43 about 11 xural 12, 22 accustomed 6, 19, 28 xurag-a 14, 36 acquire 6, 19, 28 xurud 13, 33 add 6, 22 xusu- 13 adore 28 y„gl„- 23 adverse 30� yanchi- 7 affair 20, 23 yangsi- 5, 27, 31, 34 after 8, 28 yangsiy-a 24 age 5, 20, 32, 35 yar-a 34 agriculture 26, 43 yatug-a 20 alarmed 14, 23, 39 yatugan 34 alag bulag 25 z„bs„g 17 alive 7, 26 zalbari- 34, 35, 38 all 14, 22, 26, 40 zanci- 7 all(together 22, 26, 40 Zandan 31 alliance 27, 32, 38, 40 zar 17 ambassador 6, 25 zarim 8, 35 animal 12, 13, 20, 26, 38 zarla- 5, 17 animals 12, 18, 25 zarlig 23 announcement 17

zaru- 6, 35 antagonistic 30 zargu 9, 19, 35 anti- 22, 31 zasa- 38 apart 10 zasag 35 appear 7, 15, 32 zax-a 22, 34 appearanc 39 zib- 18, 26 appearance 15, 35, 36 zig„ 21 apple 7, 29, 38, 40 zigsi- 28, 33 apply 8, 31, 34 zil 8, 34 area 10 zilugu 43 army 10, 17 zim 18 arrange 12, 40 ziru- 9 ashes 11, 32, 36, 39 zirk„ 7, 15, 35, 38 ask 11� zis 15, 35, 36, 39 aspect 12, 28, 35� zigulci 11, 17, 35 asunder 10 zigura- 11, 35, 38 attach 6, 22 z”g„k„i 18 attack 7 zol 26 attention 8, 18, 26, 28 zg 12, 28, 35 axe 15, 24� zulgaga- 11 axis 9, 18, 43 zs- 35, 39 axletree 9, 18, 43� � ayran 27 babbler 24 back 5, 9, 18, 24, 29, 30, 33, 39 backbiting 13 backbone 9, 33 backpack 6, 10, 16, 22 bag 6, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, 26, 34 balk 14, 23, 39 band 20


bank 22, 34 brutal 8, 21, 28 banner 20, 27 bucket 6, 10, 34 barley 28, 29, 38 built 12, 40 barrier 22, 31 bull 11, 16, 20 bead 16, 17 bunch 20 bean 5, 12, 16, 23 bunches 5, 15, 20 beard 22, 30 bundle 10, 16, 20, 22 beat 5, 7, 18, 21, 23 burp 9, 20 beautiful 9, 23, 27 buttocks 29 beckon 25, 31, 42 buttons 11, 22, 28 become 40 calf 9, 11, 13, 16, 36, 42 before 43 call 17 beg 34, 35, 38 calm 30 beginning 10, 25 camel 7, 12, 16, 18, 21, 34 behaviour 7, 26 cane 5, 18, 23 belch 9, 20 careful 22, 31 bellow 14, 16, 39 carry 20, 29 bellows 12, 43 cart 8, 32 belly 6, 10, 16, 24 cattle 7, 14, 29, 30, 40 belt 14, 36 chains 30, 37

bend 21 chamber 6 bent 14 change 23, 40 billy 32 chase 5, 33, 38 bind 10, 20 chatterbox 17, 24, 27 birth 7, 15, 32 cheap 7, 8, 10, 23 bitter 40 cheese 13, 33 black 22, 29 chew 20, 33 blame 10, 34 chicken 43 bleat 26 chief 20, 21, 27 blind 13 child 21 block 8, 23, 28 Chinggis 17 blue 12, 20, 22, 26, 38 Chingis 17 bond 20, 30, 37 chink 27 book 19, 32 chip 21, 23 boot 11 choke 10, 20 border 22, 34 cinch 6, 10, 24 boss 20 clan 13 boundary 27 clean 9, 29, 33, 43 bow 21 close 6, 11, 22, 28, 35 bowel 43 club 8 bracelet 10, 36 code 35 branch 14, 32, 42 collapse 24 brand 18, 19, 21, 25 collar 22, 34 break 10, 21, 23, 24 colourful 40 breast 12, 16, 17, 20, 21, 31 command 23 breed 14 commencement 25 bridge 12, 28, 43 comment 18 bring 32 common vetch 5, 12, 16, 23 brittle 20, 23, 34, 38 companion 14, 16, 23, 24 broad 7, 27 complete 14 broadness 7, 27 completely 34 broom 14, 28, 31 complexion 15, 35, 36, 39 brother 20 conceal 13 brother-in-law 15, 17 confine 13 brown 26, 36, 39 connect 35


constrict 14, 36 discover 13 container 23 disgusted 28, 33 content 22 dispute 22, 29 contract 27, 32, 38, 40 dissolve 9, 27, 30 converse 30 divide 35, 39 convey 20, 29 division 6, 27, 32 cool 7, 43 doctor 10 cord 9, 30 donkey 7, 23, 32, 38 cork 6, 28 dotard 16 correct 38 drag 15, 31 counter- 22, 31 draw 7, 9, 11, 41 country 13, 25, 30 dregs 11 courier 5, 13, 23, 38 dress 6, 11, 22, 28 course 19 drove 14, 29, 30, 40 cover 15 dry 22, 34, 38 cow 7, 10, 24 duck 13, 27, 33 crack 27 dung 43

crackly 20, 23, 34, 38 durable 16, 39 cram 8, 23, 33, 38 dust 11, 32, 36, 39 cream 18 dynasty 7, 13, 14, 25, 30 crippled 28, 33 ear 22, 39 crisp 20, 23, 34, 38 early 29, 43 cruel 8, 21, 28 earwax 22, 39 crunch 21 eave 6, 30 crush 7, 21, 23 edge 22, 34 cry 5, 15, 17, 21, 43 edict 23 crystal 10, 25, 29 elder 20 cud 20, 33 element 39 curd 13, 33 emperor 5, 21, 22, 27 curds 18 empire 13, 25, 30 curve 21 emprison 13 curved 14 encapsulate 34 customs 14 encircle 14, 36 cut 7, 22, 23, 30, 33, 35, 39 enclose 13 dampness 9, 35 end 18, 43 dark 22, 29 enfold 15 daughter 21 entrail 43 declivity 7, 16, 24 envelop 15 decree 23 erase 9, 27, 30 deed 7, 26 erect 12, 40 defeat 7 err 6, 25 denunciator 13 eruct 9, 20 deposit 11, 12, 28 eructate 9, 20 desert 12, 17, 24 essence 39 desolate 12, 17, 24 essential 27, 39, 41 dew 9, 35 euphony 13, 38, 41 diamond 7, 25 excited 15 die 12 excrement 43 die down 12, 30, 39 exhaust 12 different 12, 16 experience 6, 19, 28 difficult 14, 41 experienced 22, 31 difficult(y 14, 41 explorer 11, 17, 35 direction 12, 19, 28, 35 extend 15 dirt 9, 29 extinguished 12, 30, 39 dirty 24 extremely 28


fabric 7, 16, 36 germ 12, 18, 25 face 15, 35, 36, 39 gird 14, 36 falcon 13, 19, 27, 30 girth 6, 10, 24 fall 24 give 34, 39 family 8 give way 24 famous 27, 39, 41 glaze 8, 31 fasten 5, 15, 20 gleam 28 fawn 9, 13, 16, 36 glitter 28 feature 7, 10, 15, 16, 24, 35, glow 28 36, 39 gnaw 29 feeble-minded 16 go back 21 female 12, 20, 21, 31 go out 12, 30, 39 field 26, 43 goat 23, 31, 32, 38 filth 9, 29 god 32

find 13 gold 5, 8, 32 finger 10, 36 good luck 26 fire 12, 30, 39 gossip 17, 24, 27 firewood 18, 40 government 7, 14, 35 firm 16, 28, 39 grand-(mother 8, 16 first 10, 25, 43 grandmother 8, 16 fishhook 37 grape 14, 26, 36 fissure 27 grasp 25, 34, 39 fit 21 grass 18 fix 38 great 14, 40, 41 flag 20, 27 grey 26, 36, 39 flatten 38 grip 34, 39 flimsy 20, 23, 34, 38 groin 22, 30 flock 7, 12, 14, 29, 30, 40 ground 15, 31 flower 9, 17, 23 group 7, 12, 14, 16, 20, 23, 24, foam 12 29, 30, 40 foot 27 growl 14, 39, 41 force 14, 20, 39 grunt 14, 39, 41 forearm 16, 20, 26 guide 20, 29 fork 8 gut 43 form 10, 28 hackneyed 22, 31 forth 7, 15, 32 hair 8, 23, 25 fortune 26 half 8, 35 forward 14 halter 43 fragile 20, 23, 34, 38 hammer 15, 24 frail 20, 23, 34, 38 hand 25, 30, 31, 34, 39, 42 free 33, 36 handcuffs 10, 36 freight 23 hands 34, 35, 38 fresh 7, 43 Happiness 5, 11, 36 frightened 14, 23, 39 hard 9 fringe 6, 30 harmony 13, 38, 41 front 43 harp 20, 34 frost 8, 9, 20 hate 28, 33 fry 34 hatred 12, 18 garlic 30, 42 haul 15, 31 garment 11, 22, 28 he-goat 32 garrulous 24 healthy 30 gather 14, 36 heart 7, 15, 35, 38, 39 gelding 5, 32, 38, 40 heaven 32 gentleman 16, 43 helmet 11, 13, 14, 33 gerfalcon 13, 19, 27, 30 herb(al medicine) 10


hero 6, 15, 29, 32, 38 kind 14, 32, 42 hide 13 king 21, 27 high 14, 40, 41 knead 11, 35, 38 hinder 8, 23 knit 12, 40 hindrance 22, 31 knot 16, 20, 26 hold 34, 39 know 8, 27, 32 hold tight 11 knowledge 9, 16, 17, 24, 42 honest 17, 27 known 5, 17 honey 15, 24 kumiss 27 hoof 27 lacquer 8, 31 hook 37 lady 9, 18, 21, 22

hope 34 lamb 14, 36 horse 5, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 32, lame 6, 28, 33 38, 40 landowner 20 horses 5, 23, 38 law 7, 14, 35 horsetail 20 lawn 18 hotel 6 lawsuit 9, 19, 35 household 8 lead 20, 29 households 6, 27, 32 league 11 how 43 learning 6, 9, 16, 24, 42 howl 13, 21, 31, 35, 39 leather 13, 17, 26 hull 11 left 25, 43 hunt 5, 33, 38 left-handed 30, 43 hurrican 6, 10, 16 leg 11 ibex 32 lengthen 15 ice 14, 16, 36 leopard 28, 30 imagine 27, 38 level 38 incline 21 lewd 5, 23, 25, 31 inclined 14 lightning 22 incomplete 8, 35 ligitation 9, 19, 35 increase 14 limp 6, 28, 33 inferior 11 line 12, 40 information 9, 16, 24, 42 lion 30, 41 initial 10, 25 liquor 5, 39 inquire 11 loathe 28, 33 insignificant 11 log 18, 40 instant 27 look for 5 instruction 17 lord 20 interesting 9, 23, 27 love 36 interior 39 low 11, 16 intestine 43 lower 11 inverse 30 luck 5, 11, 26, 36 iron 7, 10, 18, 25, 29 luth 28, 36 issue 12, 18, 25 magic 15, 35 jabber 5, 27, 31, 34 male 6, 29, 38, 43 jam 8, 23, 33, 38 man 6, 29, 38 join 34, 35, 38 mane 8, 23, 25 joint 16, 20, 26 manure 43 judge 9, 19, 35 mark 7, 9, 10, 16, 18, 19, 21, keep 28 24, 25, 26 khan 5, 21, 22, 27 marriage 13 kick 28 master 20 kid 23, 31, 32, 38 matter 7, 20, 23, 26, 39 kidney 16 mature 40 kidney 12, 16 meet 24, 32, 34


meeting 12, 22 offspring 12, 18, 25 melody 13, 38, 41 old 5, 11, 42 melon 24, 28, 36 oneself 22, 27 mercy 36 onion 5, 21, 30, 38, 40 merge 24, 32, 34 opportune 34 messenger 5, 13, 23, 38 opposed 30 midwife 8, 16 opposing 22, 31 milk 14, 20, 30, 33, 38 opposite 22, 30, 31

mill 9, 18, 21, 25 order 5, 12, 17, 23, 40 mince 22, 33 origin 16, 23, 24, 25 misfire 8, 23 ornamental 16, 17 miss 8, 23 other 12, 16 mistake 6, 25 Otog 10 mix 11, 35, 38 out 11, 28 model 10, 12, 28 overalls 13, 26 moisture 9, 35 overcome 21, 23 molar 9, 36 owl 15 moment 27, 34 ox 12, 15, 36 Mongol 40 pace 19, 40 moo 16 package 6, 10, 16, 22 Morning star 6, 13, 24, 29 packthread 9, 30 most 7, 27 paddy 26, 43 motley 25 pail 6, 10, 34 mud 8, 13, 18, 26, 29, 31, 34 painful 40 multicolored 40 paint 9 multiply 14 palace 10 mumble 20, 33 palms 34, 35, 38 muscle 22 part 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 23, 24, naked 5, 23, 25, 31 30, 35 nation 6, 10, 13, 25, 30 parti-colored 40 necessity 20, 23 paw 27 neck 16, 17 pay 8, 28 nectar 15, 24 pear 7, 29, 38, 40 need 20, 23 peel off 22, 34 neol 32 pek 16, 39 nephew 21 people 8, 13, 25, 30, 33, 36 net 11, 13 period 5, 20 newborn 12, 18, 25 permit 38, 40 niece 21 perpendicular 19 night 6, 10, 22, 27, 33, 39 pharmacist 10 nipples 12, 20, 21, 31 piece 7, 23, 30 node 16, 20, 26 pile 12 noisy 24 pinch 17, 19 nonsense 17, 24, 27 pipe 13, 26 nose 12, 16, 43 place 10, 12, 17, 24 nose cover 43 placenta 16 notch 22, 33 plait 12, 40 note 18, 26 plaster 8, 31, 34 notice 18, 26 plead 34, 35, 38 oath 27, 32, 38, 40 pluck 11 obscene 5, 23, 25, 31 pocket 17 observe 8, 18, 26, 28 point 18, 43 obstacle 22, 31 pole 8, 32 off 17 politics 35 offering 28 pomegranate 27, 38


ponder 27, 38 reverse 30 position 10 rhyme 13, 38 possible 40 rib 13, 16, 19, 22 pour 17 rich 16, 43 pouring 23 richness 16, 43

powder 11, 32, 36, 39 rim 22, 34 power 6, 14, 20, 29, 38, 39 ring 10, 36 prattle 5, 27, 31, 34 rinse 17 pray 34, 35, 38 roar 14, 39, 41 praying 34, 35, 38 roast 34 pregnant 16 robust 16, 30, 39 press 8, 21, 22, 23, 31, 33, 38 rock 25, 31, 42 princess 9, 18, 21, 22 root 39 prison 9, 37 rope 12, 13, 16, 43 process 7, 26 rotate 9, 21 profit 6, 35 row 12, 40 profligate 5 rule 7, 14 profligate 23, 25, 31 ruler 5, 21, 27 promise 27, 32, 38, 40 ruminate 20, 33 proof 7, 17, 19, 24 run down 10, 34 propagate 14 sack 18, 34 proper 34 sacrifice 12, 28 prosperity 16, 43 saddle 6, 8, 22, 29, 35, 43 protect 8, 13, 28 salt 43 pucker 14, 36 sand 13, 26, 43 pull 7, 11, 15, 31, 35, 39, 41 sandalwood 31 pure 9, 29, 33, 43 sandstone 13, 26, 43 purple 26, 36, 39 saying 12 purse 17 scapula 5, 18, 24, 39 put 6, 12, 22, 40 scar 9, 34, 36 quake 10, 33, 38 scatter 30, 39 quarrel 22, 24, 29 scorch 34 queen 9, 18, 21, 22 scorched 34 quiet 30 scrape 22, 33 quiver 10, 33, 38 scream 21, 31, 35 raft 5, 30 seal 18, 19, 21, 25 rain 6, 10, 16, 27, 29 season 5, 20 ram 11, 38 section 7, 23, 30 real 17, 27 sediment 11, 12, 28 rear 29 seed 12, 18, 25 reason 7, 17, 19, 24 seize 11 red 5, 16, 17 self 39 reduce 8 set 12, 40 reflect 27, 38 shaft 8, 32 reins 43 shake 10, 25, 31, 33, 38, 42 rejoice 15 shaman 15, 35 relatives 13 sheep 10, 11, 13, 35, 42 relay 5, 13, 23, 38 shine 28 repair 38 shiver 10, 33, 38 reproduce 14 shore 22, 34 requisite 20, 23 shoulder 5, 18, 24, 39 respect 8, 28 shoulder blade 5, 18, 24, 39 rest 10, 27, 39 shout 15, 21, 31, 35, 43 return 21 shovel 36, 38 reunited 24, 32, 34 shrink 8


shut 13, 28 stamp 18, 19, 21, 25 shuttlecock 28, 32 standard 20, 27

shy 14, 23, 39 state 7, 13, 14, 25, 30 sign 7, 10, 16, 24 stay 22 silly 6 steam 42 sink 18, 26 steel 6, 13, 28, 33 sirr 8 step 19, 40 sister 21 stick 5, 8, 18, 23, 33, 38 skin 13, 26, 35, 39 stocking 11 sky 12, 20, 22, 32, 38 stop 28 slacken 38 stop up 6 slander 10, 34 stopper 6, 28 slanderer 13 storehouse 14 sledge 15, 24 story 12 sleep 10, 27, 39 straight 19 sleeve 11 straightness 19 slice 22, 33 strangle 10, 20 small 24 strength 14, 20, 39 smear 8, 31, 34 stretch 15 snap 10 strew 30, 39 snarl 14, 22, 39, 41 string 9, 30 sober 33, 43 strong 16, 28, 39 sole 27 stuff 8, 23, 33, 38 solid 16, 28, 39 stupid 6 some 8, 35 stutter 8, 23 sorcery 15, 35 success 5, 11, 26, 36 sort 14, 32, 42 suck 11 sound 30 sugar 7, 29, 31 source 16, 23, 24 sulphur 33 south 43 summit 18, 43 sow 30, 39 suppose 27, 38 spade 36, 38 suppress 21, 23 spark 13, 22, 43 surface 15, 35, 36, 39 sparse 7, 23, 30, 36 surround 14, 36 spear 36, 38 sward 18 spell 15, 35 sweep 28 spend 10, 27, 39 swell 6, 22, 29 sphere 14, 32, 42 swing 25, 31, 42 spin 9, 21 symbol 7, 10, 16, 24 spine 9, 33 tail 8, 23, 25 spirit 32 take 20, 25, 29, 34, 39 splash 5, 17 talebearing 13 spleen 5, 18, 39 talent 9, 16, 24, 42 split 21, 23 talk 17, 24, 27 spotted 40 talkative 5, 24, 27, 31, 34 spray 30, 39 tassel 6, 16, 17, 30 spread 30, 39 tea 17 spring 42 team 20 sprinkle 30, 39 tempest 6, 10, 16 sprocket 9, 36 ten thousand 6, 27, 32 squash 21, 22, 31 tent 6, 10 squeeze 21, 22, 31 testicle 12, 16 staff 5, 18, 23 thigh 22, 30 stallion 43 thill 8, 32 stammer 8, 23 thin 7, 23, 30, 36


thing 20, 23 volume 19, 32 think 27, 38 vomit 13 thousand 9, 16 wail 5 through 21, 23 waist 7, 16, 24 thrust 8, 23, 33, 38 wall 12, 40 thunder 15 warehouse 14 thunderstorm 27, 29 wash 5, 17 tickle 5, 8, 18, 20, 23 waste 12, 28 tie 5, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 37, water 30, 39 40 wave 6, 18, 19, 25, 31, 40, 42 tiger 28, 30 waves 5 tighten 22, 31 we 36 time 5, 20 weapon 17 tip 18, 43 weep 5 tiresome 14, 41 weld 35 top 18, 43 well 16, 23, 24 trace 9, 26 well bucket 6 tragic 40 wheat 12, 16, 21, 36 trail 15, 31 wheeze 22 trained 5 where 43 transfer 23 whetstone 9, 10, 16, 21, 24 transfuse 23 whiskers 22, 27, 30 trap 37 whistle 32 traveller 11, 17, 35 who 10, 26 tremble 10, 33, 38 whole 14, 22, 26, 40 tribe 6, 10, 11 wicked 8, 21, 28 trick 37 widely set 7, 23, 30, 36 truncated 7, 23, 30 wife 9, 18, 21, 22 tuft 6, 30 wipe 28 turbid 24 wisdom 9, 16, 24, 42 turf 18 wish 34 turn 12, 16, 28, 29, 43 with 28, 33 twine 9, 30 wither 12 twins 9, 36 woman 22 twirl 12, 16, 29, 43 woman 9, 18, 21 twist 9, 12, 16, 21, 29, 43 wood 18, 40 twisted 14 worship 28 type 10, 14, 28, 32 wound 34 Uighur 36 wrap 10, 15, 20, 34 ulcer 34 wrist 16, 20, 26 up 15 year 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 34, 36, upright 17, 19, 27 42 urinate 30 yearling 23, 31, 32, 38 use 6, 35 yell 15, 21, 31, 35, 43 uyak 41 yellow 30, 42 vapor 42 young 12, 18, 25 variety 42 zither 20, 34 varnish 8, 31 Venus 6, 13, 24, 29 verbose 24 very 28 vigourous 16, 39 vilify 10, 34 village 8 virtue 6

hugjiltu comparison of turkish and mongolian

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