hukum dan etika profesi jurnalistik -...

HUKUM DAN ETIKA PROFESI JURNALISTIK

Identitas

Identity is a core issue for most people. It is about who we are and who

others think we are. How do we come to understand who we are? And

how do we communicate our identity to others? A useful theory is that of

impression management —how people present themselves and how

they guide the impression others form of them (Goffman, 1959 in

Martin, Judith N., & Nakayama, Thomas 2018)


Identitas

In part, the origins of one‘s many identities provide a foundation for meaning because

they stem from a variety of influences, such as geography, history, fantasies,

religion, and many, many more. Identity also takes various time-and scenario

dependent forms, to include nation, state, region, religion, ethnic, gender,

socioeconomic status, profession, and others. A major influence of identity

formation and maintenance is culture. Your identity is socially constructed

through a cultural lens, employing the medium of communication. (Samovar, Porter,

McDaniel, 2012)


Identitas

RACIAL IDENTITY

Today, racial identity is usually associated with external physical traits such

as skin color, hair texture, facial appearance, and eye shape.21 Modern

science, however, has found that there is very little genetic variation

among human beings, which undermines the belief that race can be

used to categorize peoples. (Samovar,Porter, McDaniel, 2013)


Identitas

ETHNIC IDENTITY

As we have just stated above, from our perspective, racial identity is traditionally tied

to one‘s biological ancestry that produces similar physical characteristics. Ethnicity or

ethnic identity, on the other hand, is derived from a sense of shared heritage, history,

traditions, values, similar behaviors, area of origin, and in some instances, language.25

Some people take their ethnic identity from a regional grouping that transcends

national borders and is grounded in common cultural beliefs and practices. This is

illustrated by the three groups below. In each case, a shared language constitutes an

additional dimension of their ethnic identity. (Samovar,Porter, McDaniel, 2013)


Identitas

GENDER IDENTITY

Gender identity is quite different from biological sex or sexual identity. Gender is a

socially constructed concept that refers to how a particular culture differentiates

masculine and feminine social roles. Ting-Toomey sees gender identity as ―the

meanings and interpretations we hold concerning our self-images and expected

other-images of femaleness‘ and ‗maleness.‘ (Samovar,Porter, McDaniel, 2013)


Identitas

NATIONAL IDENTITY

National identity refers to nationality, which the majority of people associate with the nation where they were born. But national identity can also be acquired by immigration and naturalization. People who have taken citizenship in a country different from their birthplace may eventually begin to adopt some or all aspects of a new national identity, depending on the strength of their attachment to their new homeland. (Samovar,Porter, McDaniel, 2013)


Identitas

REGIONAL IDENTITY

With the exception of very small nations like Andorra, Lichtenstein, or Monaco,

every country can be divided into a number of different geographical regions, and

often those regions reflect varying cultural traits. The cultural contrasts among these

regions may be manifested through ethnicity, language, accent, dialect, customs, food,

dress, or different historical and political legacies. Residents of these regions use one

or more of those characteristics to demonstrate their regional identity. For example,

although the total population of Belgium is just over 10 million, the country has

three official languages—Dutch, French, and German. . (Samovar,Porter, McDaniel, 2013)


Identitas

PERSONAL IDENTITY

Cultural influences also come into play when determining personal identity. Markus

and Kitayama report that ―people in different cultures have strikingly different

construals of the self, of others, and of the interdependence between the two.‖39

People from individualistic cultures like the United States and Western Europe

work to exemplify their differences from others, but membersof collectivistic

cultures tend to emphasize their group membership or connection to others. (Samovar,Porter, McDaniel, 2013)


Identitas

CYBER AND FANTASY IDENTITY

The Internet allows you to quickly and easily access and exchange information on a

worldwide basis. As Suler, a psychologist, informs us, the Internet also provides an

opportunity to escape the constraints of everyday identities:

One of the interesting things about the Internet is the opportunity it offers people to present

themselves in a variety of different ways. You can alter your style of being just slightly

or indulge in wild experiments with your identity by changing your age, history, personality,

physical appearance, even your gender. The username you choose, the details you do or

don‘t indicate about yourself, the information presented on your personal web page, the

persona or avatar you assume in an online community—all [are] important aspects of how

people manage their identity in cyberspace. (Samovar,Porter, McDaniel, 2013)


Identitas

Religious identity

Asense of belonging to a

religious group.

Class identity

A sense

of belonging to a group

that shares similar economic,

occupational, or

social status.

National identity

National citizenship.

Regional identity

Identification with a specifi

c geographic region of

a nation.

Personal identity

Who we think we are and who

others think we are. (Martin, Judith N., &

Nakayama, Thomas (2018),


Identitas dan jurnalisme

The impact of convergence culture on the professional identity of journalists therefore

should emphasize the continuous negotiation processes going on regarding the

individual media actor –a negotiation between the dynamics of the journalist as a

person and as a professional, each of which functions with its own characteristics,

conditions, perceptions and (thus) factors of influence on news decision making- and

media production. In this respect Van Zoonen (1998) and others tend to refer to issues

of ―organizational identity‖ in journalism, which refers to the agency of journalists as

shaped by the contstant interplay between structural constraints of the media

production process on the one hand, and the influence of a wide array ofof subjective

personal aspects that journalists bring to the job. Beam (1990) has argued that the

process ofprofessionalism in journalism can be defined by looking at the identity of

journalists as an organizational-level concept; as in the success of journalists in

gaining control over the products and production processes within their organization. (Mark Deuze, 2008)


Identitas

Sisi negatif

Stereotypes Widely

held beliefs about a group of people.

Prejudice An attitude

(usually negative) toward

a cultural group based on

little or no evidence.

Ethnocentrism A tendency

to think that our

own culture is superior to other cultures. (Martin, Judith N., & Nakayama, Thomas (2018)

Racism, in many ways, is an extension of stereotyping and prejudice, as demonstrated in Leone‘s classic definition: Racism is the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular race. It denies the basic equality of humankind and correlates ability with physical composition. Thus, it assumes that success or failure in any societal endeavor will depend upon genetic endowment rather than environment and access to opportunity.(Samovar Larry A, Porter, Richard E, McDaniel, Edwin R., & Roy, Carolyn S. (2013).


The Self – The Net

People increasingly organize their meaning not around what they do but on the basis

of what they are, or believe they are. Meanwhile, on the other hand, global

networks of instrumental exchanges selectively switch on and off individuals,

groups, regions, and even countries, according to their relevance in fulfilling the

goals processed in the network, in a relentless flow of strategic decisions. There

follows a fundamental split between abstract, univers a l instrumentalism, a n d

historically rooted, particularistic identities. Our societies are increasingly

structured arounda bipolar opposition between the Net and the self. (Manuel

Castells, 1996)


The Net-The Self

The Information Age was

anchored on the dynamic contradiction between the Net and the Self

as an organizing principle of the new historical landscape. The rise of

the network society and the growing power of identity are the intertwined

social processes that jointly define globalization, geopolitics,

and social transformation in the early twenty-first century. (Manuel Castells, 2010)


Etika Jurnalistik-Etika Media

Before there was media ethics, there was journalism ethics. An explicit, craft‐wide journalism ethics began to appear in the early 1900s as journalists in the United States and elsewhere established professional associations. The associations constructed codes of ethics with principles that are still familiar to us, such as the principles of objectivity, truth‐telling, and editorial independence (Ward 2005). Later, as other forms of media developed, the term ―media ethics‖ was coined to

refer, collectively, to the norms of professional media practice in

general. Media ethics referred to the ethics of journalism, advertising, marketing, and public relations. Journalism ethics was considered a branch of media ethics. Media ethics, in all forms, was defined as the responsible use of the freedom to publish, from journalism toadvertising. Its aim was to provide the norms that define responsible media practice and to guide practitioners in making sound ethical judgments. (Stephen J.A. Ward, 2015)



Media technologies have transformed journalism and communication

into a global, interactive enterprise practiced by an unusual cast of

characters. Every day, networks of professionals, citizens, bloggers,

politicians, activists, and others commit a million acts of journalism.

Creators, sharers, and consumers of media are part of a global public

sphere linked by a web of ever‐new communication channels. Online

networks offer information, analysis, and advocacy under conditions

of social inequality, cultural difference, and imbalance in power.

Formidable powers of communication can promote or damage prospects

for peace, justice, and the good. (Stephen J.A. Ward, 2015)



This new media ecology questions traditional ethical principles

which were formulated a century ago for non•]global newspapers long

before the Internet. In question are principles such as objectivity in

reporting and the rigorous verification of stories prior to publication

or posting. A previous consensus on the principles of media ethics,

created by professionals, has collapsed as professional and nonprofessional

journalists, online and offline, quarrel. Media ethics is a

fragmented domain where just about any notion, including the very

idea of journalism, is debated. Media ethics, once a sleepy domain of

mainstream media•fs codes of ethics, too often presumed to be invariant,

is now a dynamic, chaotic space of contested values. (Stephen J.A. Ward, 2015)



Our new mindset should also stress the idea of ethics as emergent,

contested, and engaged. Media ethics is a zone of contestation. Emergent

media ethics is moving toward a mixed media ethics with a global

mindset. Even when media ethics enters a stable period of consensus,

its ethical values should always be up for challenge at any time. Media

ethics is naturally and rightly contested. (Stephen J.A. Ward, 2015)



Today, the context for media ethics is an expanding and chaotic

universe of interactive global communication widely available to

citizens. Since humans are social, communicating creatures, major

changes to their media environment amount to more than electronic

devices for disseminating information. A new media ecology shapes

how humans think, feel, communicate, and live together. (Stephen J.A. Ward, 2015)



One trend is the emergence of a mixed news media. News media is mixed because

many types of technology create many types of content. It is mixed

because of the democratization of media – the fact that citizens have

access to publishing technology.

A second trend, much discussed, is the globalization of news media,

and media in general. News media are global in reach, impact, and

content as they report on global issues or events, whether the issue is

immigration, climate change, or international security. . (Stephen J.A. Ward, 2015)


Bacaan lanjutan:

Ward, Stephen JA. 2015. Radical Media Ethics. Wiley-Blackwell.

Castells, Manuel. 2010. The Power of Identity: Second edition. Wiley-Blackwell.

Samovar Larry A, Porter, Richard E, McDaniel, Edwin R., & Roy, Carolyn S. (2013).

Communication Between Cultures 8th Edition. Wadsworth.

Martin, Judith N., & Nakayama, Thomas (2018), Intercultural Communication in

Context, 7th ed., McGraw Hill

Samovar, Larry A., Porter, Richard E., McDaniel, Edwin R & Roy, Carolyn Sexton.

(2015). Intercultural Communication: A Reader, 14th ed. Wadsworth.

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