human anatomy and physiology - polk school anatomy and... · anatomy and physiology are always...
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
An Introduction
Mrs. S. McElwee
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What is “anatomy”?
• The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another.
• Derived from Greek word to cut (tomy) apart (ana).
• Gross anatomy-when we study large, easily observable body structures such as the heart or bones.
• Microscopic anatomy-structures that are too small to see with the naked eye, such as cells and tissues.
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What is “physiology”?
• The study of how the body and its parts work or function.
• physio=nature; ology=the study of
• Physiology has many subdivisions: neutrology, cardiac physiology, etc.
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Anatomy and Physiology are always related
• Structure = Function
• The parts of your body form a well organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.
• Structure determines what function can take place.
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Levels of Organization
• Atoms (Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen) • Molecules (water, sugar, proteins) • Organelles (nucleus, plasma membrane) • Cells (the smallest unit of all living things) • Tissues – groups of cells with similar function
– 4 types: epithelial, connective, muscular, neural
• Organs – 2 or more tissues with a specific function (heart, lungs)
• Organ systems – group of organs with a common function (digestive system)
• Organism (the living body)
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Major Organ Systems • Integumentary-
• Skeletal-
• Muscular-
• Nervous-
• Endocrine-
• Cardiovascular-
• Lymphatic-
• Respitory-
• Digestive-
• Urinary-
• Reproductive-
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Integumentary
• Skin, hair , and nails…external covering
• Waterproofs, cushions, and protects the deeper tissues from injury.
• Excretes salts and urea in perspiration and regulates body temperature.
• Contains temperature, pressure, and pain receptors.
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Skeletal System
• Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
• Supports the body and provides a framework for muscles.
• Protection.
• Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) occurs in the bone marrow…inside bones.
• Hard substance of bones stores minerals.
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Muscular
• The function of muscles is to contract, or shorten, causing movement.
• Muscles are the machines of the body.
• Skeletal muscles move the body.
• Other muscles of the heart and other hollow organs move fluids (blood, urine) or other substances (food) along pathways of the body.
• Produce heat.
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Nervous System
• Control System
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors.
• Allows the body to respond to irritants or stimuli.
• The sensory receptors detect these changes (nerve impulses) and send messages to the CNS.
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Endocrine System
• Controls body activities (slowly).
• Endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs.
• Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes.
• There are many body functions regulated by hormones including growth, reproduction, and food use.
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Cardiovascular
• Heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made.
• White blood cells in blood fight bacteria, toxins, and tumor cells.
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Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils.
• Return blood back to the blood vessels so it can continuously circulate through the body.
• Help cleanse the blood and house immune cells.
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Respiratory
• Supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.
• Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
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Digestive
• Tube running from mouth to anus.
• Oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.
• Breaks down food and delivers it to the blood for distribution; reclaim water.
• The liver produces bile which breaks down fats.
• The pancreas delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine.
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Urinary
• Removes nitrogen containing wastes from the blood with urine.
• Excretory System—kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
• Maintains the body’s water and salt (electrolyte) balance and regulates acid-base balance of blood.
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Reproductive
• The produce offspring (continuation of species)
• Composed of:
• – Testes
• – Ovaries
• – Uterus
• --Tubes
• –– Etc…
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Identify the major organ systems
• Download the app “Visanatomy Lite”.
• Click on Organ 3D.
• Practice identifying the organs.
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What do all humans do?
• A. maintaining boundaries- inside distinct from outside. Cells surrounded by membrane that controls what comes in and out. Skin protects body. Internal organs protected from drying out, bacteria, sunlight…
• B. Movement—moving around and movement of blood, food, and urine.
• C. Responsiveness (irritability)—ability to sense changes (stimuli) and react to them.
• D. Digestion—break down food into molecules that can be absorbed into the blood and distributed to cells by CV system.
• E. Metabolism—all chemical reactions in the body. Produced energy • F. Excretion—Removal of waste • G. Reproduction—producing offspring • H. Growth—increase in size.
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Survival Needs
• Food—nutrients contain chemicals used for energy and building cells. (carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals)
• Oxygen—required to release energy from food
• Water—60-80 % of body weight
• Appropriate temperature—98O; most body heat generated by skeletal muscles.
• Appropriate pressure required for breathing.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8j19PLW9Ezk&list=PLnLwAnYLqFhHb_1WTHV3VLxG_ofUioIrO&index=7
• Dorsal—back of body – Cranial-brain – Spinal-spine & spinal cord
» Contains vertebrae
• Ventral—front of body – Thoracic-heart and lungs
• Pericardial cavity-heart – (pericardium-lines cavity)
• Pleural cavity-lungs – (pleural membrane-lines lung)
-- Abdominal-stomach, gall Bladder, Intestines, liver, pancreas -- Pelvic—reproductive organs and urinary bladder --Separated by diaphragm
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Membranes
• Thin, line cavities and cover organs
– Parietal – line wall of cavity
– Visceral – cover organs
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Abdominopelvic Regions
http://www.mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/introduction-to-human-anatomy-and-physiology
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4 abdominal quadrants
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Homeostasis
• “Staying the same”; steady state
• Stability despite fluctuations
• Adjustments made by the body to maintain balance by regulatory mechanisms.
• Negative Feedback—moves body toward homeostasis; Ex. Temperature
• Positive Feedback—Moves body away from homeostasis; Ex. Blood clot, lactating
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Can you think of some examples?
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Blood Sugar Maintenance
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Temperature Maintenance
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Homeostasis Project
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Anatomical Terminology The Language of Anatomy
• Anatomical Position Reference position for directions Standing posture, arms at sides, palms forward
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Directional Terms
• Superior/inferior
• Anterior/posterior
• Ventral (belly side)/dorsal (back side)
• Medial/lateral
• Proximal/distal
• Superficial/deep
• Axial/appendicular
• Ipsilateral/contralateral
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Body Planes and Sections
• A section is a cut.
• A cut is made along an imaginary line called a plane.
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Sagittal
Plane
Divides body into right &
left halves.
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Frontal
(Coronal)
Plane
Divides body into front &
back portions.
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Transverse
Plane
Divides body into upper &
lower portions.
A cross section
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Directional Terms and Planes Assignment
Create a presentation with pictures illustrating the following terms: Write a sentence for these:
Superior/inferior Anterior/posterior Ventral (belly side)/dorsal (back side) Medial/lateral Proximal/distal Superficial/deep
No sentence for these: Sagittal plane Coronal plane Transverse plane
15 slides plus cover slide
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For Example…
• The revolving restaurant is superior to the parking garage.
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The subway is inferior to the
street.
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Sagittal Plane