human anatomy manual -...
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Human Anatomy ManualThe Skeleton
Laerdal TexasP.O. Box38.226 EM. 116Gatesville,Texas U.S.A.76528U.S.A.1-800-433-5539IntemationaI1-254-865-722124 Hour Fax 254-865-8011 ~ Laerdal'
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Skeleton
3 Skull
4 Vertebral Column
5-6 Vertebrae
7 Thorax
Clavicle
8 Scapula
9 Humerus
Radius and Ulna
10 Hand
11 Pelvis
Innominate
12 Femur
Tibia and Fibula
13 Patella
Foot
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INTRODUCTION
Osteology (from the Greek "Osteon", meaning bone) Is tha branch ofanatomy that describes the structure and functions of the skeletalsystem.
Bones provide a firm framework that gives shape to the body,supports Its parts, and protects vital organs such as the brain, heart,lungs, etc., from Injury.
The bones also facilitate body movement by acting In cooperationwith numerous muscles attached to the bones by tendons.
Bone growth and development continues from birth to about twentyyears of age.
Cartilage furnishes elastic, supporting connective tissues whichprotect the bones at the joints from shock and give the skeleton moreflexibility.
Infants have approximately three hundred fifty bones, many of whichfuse during the process of growth. Adults vary somewhat In the numberof bones, but a total of two hundred six bones Is considered normal ortypical.
The skeletal system consists of two divisions: the axial skeleton andthe appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton, the main framework of thebody, consists of the spine, skull, and chest. The appendicular skeletonconsists of the bones of the upper and lower extermltles.
The skull Is defined as the bony framework of the head. The 29 bonesof the skull include those of the cranium and face, the hyoid bone, andthe ear osslcles. The 8 cranial bones enclose a cavity within which arethe brain, 3 layers of protective membranes (pia mater, arachnoid, anddura mater), and numerous blood vessels. Fourteen Irregular bones,including the lower and upper Jaw bones, nasal bones, and cheek bones,form the bony framework of the face.
The human skull, compared with the skulls of other animals, displaysa relative decrease In the size of the face and a relative Increase In thesize of the cranium. There are actually 5 great cavities of the skull: twocavities, or orbits, enclosing the eyes; the nasal cavity, with Its twochambers separated by the septum; the oral cavity, with the Jaw bonesand maxillae, platlne, and sphenoid bones; and the cranial cavity.
There are Important cavities, called paranasal sinuses, In the walls ofsome df the skull bones adjacent to the nasal cavity. These sinuses havea lining of ciliated mucous membrane which is continuous with that ofthe nasal cavity, and they drain into the nasal passageways and help tomoisten them. The paranasal sinuses are useful resonating chambers forthe voice, but the continuity of the membrane with that of the nose andmouth permits infectious material to spread rapidly through the variouspassageways, as in the common coid.
The U-shaped bone In the neck, the hyoid bone, is the only bone thatdoes not meet with other bones to form a joint; ligaments connect itwith an extension of the temporal bone. Some of the muscles of thetongue and mouth Insert In the hyoid.
A word about the quality of our MPL skeletons. These are not modelsin the usual context of the word since models are first sculpted or carvedand then copied. Our skeletons are cast by hand from molds taken froma 5' 2" Human (male) skeleton and thus are not models but authenticanatomical reproductlons--wlth all the advantages of a human skeletonandnoneof thedisadvantages.
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Cervical
Body of sternum
Humerus
Xiphoid processof sternum
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacrum
CoccyxPubis
Ischium
2
IlIum
Calcaneus
SKELETON
Frontal
Temporal
Nasal Zygomatic
MaxillaMandible
Coracoid process
Scapula
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Flbuiu
Talus
~Tarsals,~~ ..
~'s-- Metatarsals
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SKULL
Coronal suture
Frontal
Temporal
Lambdoidal suture
Occipital
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Coronoid procell
Mandible
3
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Cervical(7)
Thoracic(12\
Lumbar(5)
4
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
AxI8
Sacrum
Coccyx
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VERTEBRAE
Atlas
Anterior tubercle
Superior articularfacet Transverse procell
Posterior tubercle
Axis
Body Superior articular facet
Tranlverse foramen
Transverse procell
LamIna
SplnOUI procell
Cervical Vertebra
Costotranlverse bar
Posterior tubercle
Body
Transverse jprocell t
Transverse foramen
Pedicle
Superior articular procell
Lamina
BIfId IplnOUI procell
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6
-
Thoracic Vertebra
Superior vertebral Dotch\
Superior articular proces8
TraD8vene proce88 withtranaverH coat a) facet
Body
Inferior coatal facet
Lumbar Vertebra
(lateral view)
BodyTraD8vene proce88
Spmou8 proce..
(from above)
Spmou8proce..
Inferior articular proce88Mammary proces8
Superior articularproce..
TraD8vene proce88
Pedicle'Y
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THORAX
First thoracic vertebra
Vertebrosternalor true ribs Stetnum
Manubrium
Manubriosternaljoint
Body
Xiphisternal Joint
Xiphoid process
Vertebrocostalor false ribs
Vertebralor fioating ribs
RIGHT CLAVICLE
(inferior view)
(superior view)Sternal articular facet
Acromial articular facet
Conoid tubercle
7
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LEFT SCAPULA
(dorsal view)
Scapular notch
Acromion SupraBplnouB fOBBa
Spine
Medial border
Inferior angle
(costal view)
Coracoid procesB
SubBcapuiar fGlBa
Acromion
Glenoid cavity
8
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RIGHT HUMERUS
(anterior view)
Greater tubercle
Surgical neck
~
II i
Radial fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Capitulum
Head
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove
RIGHT RADIUS AND ULNA
(anterior view)
Radial tuberosity
Medial epicondyle
Radius
Styloid process
Head
Neck. adial notch
[II,
'j
~iI)I}
11(1\
~Ulna
i \\1I .I,
Head
Styloid proce88
Ulnar notch
9
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10
LEFT HAND(dorsal view)
Proximal
f HamateCapitate
Carpals TriquetrumLunate
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PELVIS
Ilium
Iliac crestSacrum
Sacral foramen
Pubic arch
RIGHT INNOMINATE
Iliac crest
Anterior superior Iliac spine
Posterior superior Iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine
Superior ramus of pubis
Tuberosity of Ischium inferior ramus of pubis
Obturator foramenRamus of Ischium 11
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RIGHT FEMUR(posterior view)
Head
Greater trochanter
intertrochanteric line
Leller trochanter
RIGHT TIBIA AND FIBULA(anterior view)
\\ \l~i:i
,I Adductor tubercle
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial condyleStyloid procell
Head
Neck.
Fibula
jI
! HI
Medial epicondyle.
Medial condyle Lateral condyle
TibiaIntercondylar
fOil a
Lateral malleolulMedial maBeolUI
12
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(anterior view)
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Middle phalanx
Diltal phalanx
PATELLA
(posterior view)
~t.~ y-
, J.
""\
Medial articular facet Lateral articular facet
RIGHT FOOT(dorsal view)
Talu,
Navicular
J
-Lateral
}intermediate CUDelform,
.Medlal
~J}} _.~~. ",-
} Promoal phalanle,'\1.
,."...1
13
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C Copyright Medical Plastics Laboratory, Inc. Gatesville, Texas 76528DocumenU1004860 rev B
September 2003
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